Designing and conducting qualitative research across countries and cultures: challenges for inclusiveness and rigour.

Qualitative research is fundamental to understanding the nature and complexity of human phenomena. While cultural and psychometric validations exist for quantitative tools, the same cannot be said of qualitative ones. There are other many challenges when conducting a multinational qualitative study, which includes different cultural and linguistic 'biases'. This paper presents some key issues that researchers may encounter when designing and developing multinational and multicultural qualitative studies, and also provides some strategies to overcome difficulties and ensure rigour.

The association between personality trait and the development of postoperative complications in enterostomized patients. Systematic review of literature.

AIM: To investigate the presence of association between the personality trait and the onset of postoperative complications in patients undergoing enterostomy packaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic review of the literature. RESULTS: Type D personality traits and those with a low tendency to optimism and temperament (ex. anxiety-depressive syndrome) would seem to be associated with an increased risk of developing postoperative psychiatric morbidity and reduced levels of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in enterostomized patients for colorectal cancer (CRC). Also, type-D personality, has been associated with greater risk of multiple comorbidities including an increased risk of heart failure unrelated to other sociodemographic causes 32-34-35. Personality with little tendency to optimism may represent a predictive factor on the development of psychological suffering one year after the diagnosis of CRC 3. Patients with personality traits associated with reduced levels of life satisfaction and / or reduced coping capacity require longer hospitalization time 26. DISCUSSION: Several studies highlight the presence of association between personality traits oriented to performance, persistence and extroversion and outcomes in various areas of surgery 14,2,-27,30. However, in almost all cases, the outcomes measured do not correspond to the early post-operative complications defined in the inclusion criteria but to mediumlong term psychological and rehabilitative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: From the review study, no sources were found concerning the association between the personality trait and the onset of early postoperative complications in enterostomised patients, highlighting, furthermore, a lack of data on the subject involving the entire field of abdominal surgery. KEY WORDS: Personality trait, Enterostomy, Post-operative complications.