Body image dissatisfaction and symptoms of depression disorder in adolescents

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of body image dissatisfaction on symptoms of depressive disorder in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study that included 2,162 adolescents ages 18-19 born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, which was part of the joint RPS cohort (Brazilian birth cohorts of Ribeirão Preto-SP, Pelotas-RS, and São Luís-MA). Socioeconomic characteristics, nutritional status, mental health, and body image characteristics were evaluated. Body image was assessed by Stunkard's silhouettes scale. The presence of symptoms indicative of depressive disorder was investigated through a diagnostic interview MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). A theoretical model was built in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in order to investigate the relationship between the variables of the study. The relationship was estimated weighting the inverse probability of selection for the variables of adjustment: sex and nutritional status. Among the dissatisfied adolescents due to overweight, 66.54% were girls, 32.85% were overweight, and 11.99% were obese (P<0.01). There was a significant association between dissatisfaction due to overweight and symptoms of depressive disorder (P=0.01), and there was no evidence of the same association with dissatisfaction due to thinness. Therefore, only dissatisfaction due to overweight was associated with the symptoms of depressive disorder in the evaluated adolescents.

Body image dissatisfaction and symptoms of depression disorder in adolescents.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of body image dissatisfaction on symptoms of depressive disorder in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study that included 2,162 adolescents ages 18-19 born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, which was part of the joint RPS cohort (Brazilian birth cohorts of Ribeirão Preto-SP, Pelotas-RS, and São Luís-MA). Socioeconomic characteristics, nutritional status, mental health, and body image characteristics were evaluated. Body image was assessed by Stunkard's silhouettes scale. The presence of symptoms indicative of depressive disorder was investigated through a diagnostic interview MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). A theoretical model was built in a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in order to investigate the relationship between the variables of the study. The relationship was estimated weighting the inverse probability of selection for the variables of adjustment: sex and nutritional status. Among the dissatisfied adolescents due to overweight, 66.54% were girls, 32.85% were overweight, and 11.99% were obese (P<0.01). There was a significant association between dissatisfaction due to overweight and symptoms of depressive disorder (P=0.01), and there was no evidence of the same association with dissatisfaction due to thinness. Therefore, only dissatisfaction due to overweight was associated with the symptoms of depressive disorder in the evaluated adolescents.

Effect of recovery period of mixture pasture on cattle behaviour, pasture biomass production and pasture nutritional value.

Pasture management that considers pasture growth dynamics remains an open question. Conceptually, such management must allow for grazing only after the recuperation of the pasture between two separate timely grazing periods when pasture reaches optimum recovery, as per the first law of Voisin's rational grazing system. The optimum recovery period not only implies a pasture with better nutritional value and higher biomass yield but one that also reduces the production of enteric methane (CH4) to improve the grazing efficiency of cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate three different recovery periods (RP) of mixed grasses on the grazing behaviour of heifers, as well as herbage selectivity, herbage yield and nutritional value, in vitro degradability and CH4 production. Based on these criteria, three pasture RPs of 24 (RP24), 35 (RP3) and 46 (RP46) days were evaluated in six blocks using a randomized block design. At each predetermined RP, samples of the pasture were taken before the animals were allowed to graze. Right after collecting the pasture samples, heifers accessed the pasture during 4 h consecutively for grazing simulation and behavioural observations. We also measured the bite rate of each animal. The pasture growing for 24 days had the highest biomass production, best nutritional value, best efficiency of in vitro CH4 relative emission (ml) per DM degraded (g) and bite rate of the three RPs. Heifers all selected their herbage, irrespective of RP, but with different nutritional value and higher in vitro degradability. However, this did not change the production of in vitro CH4. Considering the growth conditions of the area where the study was performed, we recommend the shorter RP24 as the most suitable during the summer season. The study's findings support the idea of management intervention to increase the quality of grazing systems.

Maintenance enteral electrolyte solutions for neonatal calves: sodium acetate and osmolarity effects / Soluções eletrolíticas enterais de manutenção para bezerros neonatos: efeitos do acetato de sódio e da osmolaridade

The use of hypotonic electrolytic solutions in enteral fluid therapy is still understudied in calves. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions with different concentrations of sodium acetate and different osmolarities in calves. For this, 18 Holstein calves, six male and 12 female, 20 days old and weighing around 52kg, were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and each group received one of the treatments. The three electrolytic solutions contained the same components in different concentrations, resulting in a hyposmotic, an isosmotic and a hyperosmotic solution. Each animal was maintained in enteral fluid therapy for 12 hours with infusion rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1. Abdominal circumference, body weight, feces consistency, glucose and plasma lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO- 3 and BE were measured at the following times: T0h, T6h, T12h and T24h. The hyposmotic solution did not generate the onset of diarrhea, while the isosmotic and the hyperosmotic did. Regardless of the dose used, acetate did not cause metabolic alkalosis in the evaluated animals. The results suggest that the use of hyposmotic solution in diarrheic calves, dehydrated and without metabolic acidosis, may be clinically important.(AU)

O uso de soluções eletrolíticas hipotônicas na hidratação enteral ainda é pouco estudado em bezerros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de soluções eletrolíticas enterais de manutenção com diferentes concentrações de acetato de sódio e diferentes osmolaridades em bezerros. Para isso, foram utilizados 18 bezerros, seis machos e 12 fêmeas, holandeses, com 20 dias de nascidos e pesando por volta dos 52kg. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos e cada grupo recebeu um dos tratamentos. As três soluções eletrolíticas continham os mesmos componentes, mas em diferentes concentrações, resultando em uma solução hiposmótica, uma isosmótica e uma hiperosmótica. Cada animal foi mantido em hidratação enteral durante 12 horas com taxa de infusão de 15mL kg-1h-1. Foram aferidos perímetro abdominal, peso corporal, consistência das fezes, glicose e lactato plasmático, pH, pCO2, HCO- 3 e excesso de base nos seguintes tempos: T0h, T6h, T12h e T24h. A solução hiposmótica não gerou aparecimento de diarreia, enquanto a isosmótica e a hiperosmótica geraram. Independentemente da dose utilizada, o acetato não causou alcalose metabólica nos animais avaliados. Os resultados sugerem que o uso da solução hiposmótica em bezerros diarreicos, desidratados e sem acidose metabólica, pode ser clinicamente importante.(AU)

Combination of electrochemical biosensor and textile threads: A microfluidic device for phenol determination in tap water.

Microfluidic devices constructed using low cost materials presents as alternative for conventional flow analysis systems because they provide advantages as low consumption of reagents and samples, high speed of analysis, possibility of portability and the easiness of construction and maintenance. Herein, is described for the first time the use of an electrochemical biosensor for phenol detection combined with a very simple and efficient microfluidic device based on commercial textile threads. Taking advantages of capillary phenomena and gravity forces, the solution transportation is promoted without any external forces or injection pump. Screen printed electrodes were modified with carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles followed by covalent binding of tyrosinase. After the biosensor electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry technique, the optimization of relevant parameters such as pH, potential of detection and linear range for the biosensor performance was carried out; the system was evaluated for analytical phenol detection presenting limit of detection and limit of quantification 2.94nmolL-1 and 8.92nmolL-1 respectively. The proposed system was applied on phenol addition and recovery studies in drinking water, obtaining recoveries rates between 90% and 110%.

Dermatite alérgica à picada de Culicoides em muar: relato de caso / Allergic dermatitis due to bite of Culicoides in muar: case report

A dermatite alérgica à picada de ectoparasitos é uma enfermidade alergoparasitária bastante comum entre animais domésticos, sendo relatada principalmente em pequenos ruminantes e em animais de companhia. Contudo, a doença é pouco diagnosticada na clínica de equídeos devido a similaridades nosológicas com outras dermatopatias. Objetivou-se, com este relato de caso, descrever a síndrome clínica, o plano diagnóstico e a conduta terapêutica de um muar acometido por essa enfermidade. Atendeu-se, no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Pernambuco, uma mula de oito anos de idade, que apresentava lesões cutâneas pápulo-crostosas e pruriginosas com evolução clínica de dois anos. Em três situações anteriores, a doença havia sido tratada como dermatite fúngica por outros médicos veterinários. Para o diagnóstico, foram solicitados exame citopatológico e parasitológico de pele, cultivo bacteriológico e fúngico, análise histopatológica e hemograma. Os exames demonstraram uma dermatite superficial perivascular eosinofílica crônica, sendo indicada a terapia tópica com dimetilsufóxido, sulfadiazina, ureia e vitamina A. O protocolo terapêutico mostrou-se satisfatório, permitindo completa remissão do quadro clínico. Este trabalho relatou achados clínicos e patológicos da dermatite alérgica à picada de Culicoides spp. em muar, além de alertar sobre a importância de exames complementares para a realização do diagnóstico diferencial e para o direcionamento terapêutico adequado.(AU)

Allergic dermatitis to ectoparasite bites is a common parasitic disease among domestic animals, being reported mainly in small ruminants and companion animals. However, the disease is poorly diagnosed in equine clinics due to nosological similarities with other skin diseases. The aim of this case report was to describe the clinical syndrome, the diagnostic plan and the therapeutic management of a mule affected by this disease. An 8-year-old mule was observed at Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, presenting papular-crusted and pruritic cutaneous lesions with clinical evolution of two years. In three previous situations, the disease had been treated as fungal dermatitis by other veterinarians. For the diagnosis, cytopathological and parasitological examination of the skin, bacteriological and fungal culture, histopathological analysis and blood count were performed. The exams showed a chronic eosinophilic perivascular superficial dermatitis. A topical therapy with dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfadiazine, urea, and vitamin A was indicated. The therapeutic protocol was satisfactory, allowing complete remission of the clinical condition. This work reported clinical and pathological findings of allergic dermatitis to the bites of Culicoides spp. in muar, in addition to alerting about the importance of complementary examinations for the accomplishment of the differential diagnosis and adequate therapeutic orientation.(AU)

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrrolidine Alkaloid from Leaves of Piper amalago L.

Supercritical fluid extraction was used to extract the alkaloid N-[7-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(Z),4(Z)-heptadienoyl]pyrrolidine from leaves of Piper amalago L. A three-level orthogonal array design matrix, OAD OA9(34), was used for optimization of the parameters of supercritical extraction of the alkaloid, employing supercritical carbon dioxide: extraction time (20, 40, and 60 min), temperature (40, 50, and 60°C), pressure (150, 200, and 250 bar), and the use of cosolvents (ethanol, methanol, and propyleneglycol). All parameters had significant effect on the alkaloid yield. The alkaloid yield after 60 min of extraction without cosolvents at 9 different conditions (32) in terms of temperature (40, 50, and 60°C) and pressure (150, 200, and 250 bar) was also evaluated. The optimal yield (≈3.8 mg g-1) was obtained with supercritical CO2 + methanol (5% v : v) at 40°C and 200 bar for 60 min of extraction.

Complete Genome Sequence of the BeAn 58058 Virus Isolated from Oryzomys sp. Rodents in the Amazon Region of Brazil.

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the BeAn 58058 virus (prototype) strain, isolated from a wild rodent Oryzomys sp. in the Utinga forest, Belém, state of Pará, Brazil in 1963. The genome of this virus showed similarity to the Poxviridae family, suggesting its inclusion in a possible new genus.

The split crest technique and dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review aimed to determine: (1) the expected bone volume gain with the split crest technique, and (2) how the use of surgical instruments affects the performance of this technique. An electronic search was performed in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Twenty-seven articles met the selection criteria and were subjected to meta-analysis of bone gain and survival rate; 17 reported the use of conventional surgical instruments and nine the use of surgical ultrasound. A total of 4115 implants were installed in 1732 patients (average patient age 52 years). The overall implant survival rate was 97%. The average bone gain in studies that used conventional surgical instruments was 3.61mm, while this was 3.69mm in those that used ultrasound. Only two studies presented a low risk of bias. The greatest problems identified during the qualitative analysis were related to random selection of the population and the absence of statistical analysis. The split crest technique appears to be a promising and effective technique to gain bone width, regardless of the surgical instruments used. Considering the diversity of the studies and implant types, no definitive recommendations can be made, especially with regard to the best instruments and implant design to be used.

Dairy heifers benefit from the presence of an experienced companion when learning how to graze.

Pasture remains important on many dairy farms, but the age of first contact with pasture varies depending on the month of birth, weaning age, and farm management. Regardless of age, naïve dairy heifers must learn to graze when first introduced to pasture. This study investigated whether being grouped with experienced dairy cows would affect the development of grazing behaviors. Sixty-three Holstein heifers (mean ± SD 14.2 ± 1.3 mo; 546 ± 60.7 kg) and 21 dry Holstein cows (2.6 ± 0.8 lactations; 751 ± 53.9 kg) were assigned into 7 groups of 12 animals (3 dry cows and 9 naïve heifers), and each was divided and assigned to an experienced (3 cows and 3 heifers) and nonexperienced (6 heifers) sub-group. Sub-groups were introduced to pasture in different paddocks without visual contact with any other cattle. No difference was found in the time after introduction to the paddock for heifers to first attempt to nibble grass [experienced: 0:23 (0:17-0:43) vs. nonexperienced 0:40 (0:35-0:46); median (quartile 1 - quartile 3), h:mm]. However, heifers grouped with experienced cows showed a shorter latency to begin grazing [experienced: 0:47 (0:28-00:52) vs. nonexperienced 2:13 (1:25-2:30)]. During the first hour after introduction to pasture, heifers in the experienced treatment showed fewer stomping events [experienced: 2.5 (1.25-4) vs. nonexperienced: 6.5 (4-8)] and vocalized less often [experienced: 3.5 (1.25-5.75) vs. nonexperienced: 7 (5-8.75)]. After this initial period, animals in both subgroups began to graze normally; treatments did not differ in grazing behaviors over the 3-d observation period. These results indicate that grouping heifers with pasture-experienced cows improves grazing behavior of dairy heifers in the first hours following introduction to pasture.

Strategies used by dairy family farmers in the south of Brazil to comply with organic regulations.

The aims of this study were to investigate the environmental, feeding, and health management of organic (ORG) family dairy farms in the south of Brazil in comparison with conventional (CONV) farms, and to assess their degree of compliance with Brazilian organic legislation and the strategies they adopt to accomplish this (n=17 per group). During 2 visits to each farm in March and September, 2010, observations were made on the environment, feed, and health management, followed by bulk milk testing, clinical evaluation, and breed assessment of each individual cow, and an evaluation of diseases and treatments reported within the period. Additional data were collected directly from the farmers through direct interviews. The number of lactating cows was, on average, 11 (range 5 to 19) in the ORG and 16 (range 7 to 42) in the CONV herds. The ORG herds presented a lower percentage of the Holstein breed; whereas CONV herds were predominantly Holstein, in the ORG herds, only 2 herds were 100% Holstein and the remaining herds were crosses of Holstein, Jersey, and Gir (Bos indicus) cattle. Milk production per cow was lower (10.2 vs. 15.1 ± 1.22 L/cow, respectively) in ORG than in the CONV farms. The ORG farms offered less concentrate feed than CONV farms and had better pasture management. Organic farmers reported using phytotherapic and homeopathic products, and pasture management as a strategy to keep infection levels of endo- and ectoparasites low, whereas CONV farmers regularly used anthelmintics and acaricides. Milk production was lower in ORG than in CONV farms, but cow health and condition scores were broadly similar, indicating that the with these strategies ORG farms were able to secure levels of animal welfare comparable with CONV farms while complying with organic regulation, although at the cost of lower cow productivity.

Phenological Patterns and Preferences for Aromatic Compounds by Male Euglossine Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Two Coastal Ecosystems of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

In order to investigate phenological patterns and seasonal and geographic variations in the preference for fragrances of Euglossini males, monthly sampling was carried out from August 2007 to July 2009 in two coastal areas of Atlantic Forest in Ubatuba, northern coast of the state of São Paulo. Fourteen aromatic baits were used, 3 of them in the first year (August 2007 to July 2008) and the other 11 in the second year (August 2008 to July 2009). A total of 1,475 individuals from 22 species were collected. The highest frequency of the individuals of the majority of the sampled species occurred in the hot/super-humid season. However, Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) showed peaks of abundance in the cold/less-humid season on Anchieta Island. Seasonal variation in fragrance choice by males was not registered. Males of El. cingulata showed preference for ß-ionone on Anchieta Island and for benzyl acetate in the Picinguaba region, characterizing the single example of geographic variation in preference for scent baits we recorded.

Fratura de fíbula e lesões de ligamento colateral e menisco lateral em muar: relato de caso / Fibula fracture and injuries to the collateral ligament and lateral meniscus in mules: case report

Relata-se a ocorrência de fratura de fíbula e lesões de ligamento colateral e menisco lateral em um muar, fêmea, de dois anos de idade, provavelmente produzida por um coice na região da articulação femorotibiopatelar do membro pélvico esquerdo. O animal apresentava claudicação de grau 5 desse membro e obteve melhora após bloqueio dos nervos fibular, tibial e safena e da articulação afetada. O exame radiográfico da região acometida revelou fratura do terço proximal da fíbula e, ao exame ultrassonográfico, observaram-se pontos anecoicos no ligamento colateral lateral e menisco.

This is a report of the occurrence of fibula fracture and injuries of the collateral ligament and lateral meniscus in a two year old mule, probably due to a kick in the joint area of the femurtibiopatellar left pelvic limb. The animal presented degree 5 lameness which improved after a nerve block of the affected joint. Radiographic examination of the affected area revealed a fracture on the proximal third of the fibula, and the ultrasound examination showed anechoic points observed in the lateral collateral ligament and meniscus.

Crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) in flowering plants in a Brazilian "Cerrado" ecosystem.

Although crab spiders are common in flowering plants, their relations with plant species and its floral traits have been poorly known in the Neotropics. Observations regarding plant habits, floral visitors and also floral characteristics such as anthesis, odour, shape, colour and floral resources were recorded in flowering plant species of an area of "Cerrado" on a 2 km long trail. Misumenops argenteus and Misumenops pallens accounted for 62.86% of the spiders captured on 22 flowering plant species. The plants Senna rugosa (Fabaceae), Styrax ferrugineus (Styracaceae) and Banisteriopsis campestris (Malpighiaceae), hosted, each one, about 10 to 17% of the total spiders collected and these plants had diurnal anthesis, bee-attractive flower colours such as yellow (S. rugosa), white (S. ferrugineus), and pink (B. campestris), poricidal anthers as well as being visited by bees which evidenced bee-pollination syndrome. This study is the first survey regarding crab spiders and their associations with plant species of the "Cerrado".

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and expression are upregulated in sites affected by periodontal disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of purine nucleosides, playing a key role in the purine salvage pathway. Activated T cells seem to rely heavily on PNP to remain functionally active and are particularly sensitive to PNP deficiency. The role of PNP in periodontal tissues has not been characterized thus far. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the activity and expression of PNP in the gingival tissues of periodontitis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients consecutively admitted for treatment had their periodontal clinical variables recorded and their gingival crevicular fluid collected. After periodontal treatment the patients were seen once a month for plaque and bleeding control, and had their periodontal variables recorded and gingival crevicular fluid collected at 90 and 180 d. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase-specific activity was assessed using a spectrophotometer through the addition of the PNP substrate analog 2-amino-6mercapto-7-methyl purine riboside to the gingival crevicular fluid. In parallel, PNP expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR in gingival biopsies and cell culture. RESULTS: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was higher in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontally diseased sites, which was positively correlated with improvements of the clinical variables. Treatment of periodontal disease induced a striking decrease of PNP activity in periodontally diseased sites. Expression of PNP was more pronounced in mononuclear cells and endothelial cells of the gingiva, and the mRNA levels were 5.7-fold higher in inflamed tissues compared with control samples. CONCLUSION: Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and expression are upregulated in periodontally diseased sites and can be detected in the gingival crevicular fluid.

Short-term behavioural effects of weaning age in outdoor-reared piglets.

Age at weaning affects the behaviour of piglets weaned in conventional confined environments. The adaptation of piglets to this event, which exposes piglets to important stressors, has not been examined in detail in outdoor systems. The aim of this study was to compare the behaviour of piglets weaned at 3 or 4 weeks of age in an outdoor production system. Six replicates of four piglets born and raised outdoors, originated from different litters but previously acquainted, were weaned at the age of approximately 20 (D20) or 30 (D30) days in 36 m2 outdoor pens and offered high-quality diets. Their behaviour was recorded by direct visual observation during four consecutive days after weaning (days 1 to 4). Data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA. An effect of weaning age was observed on feeding and rooting ( P < 0.01), and a day-by-weaning age interaction for escape attempts, vocalizing, walking and fighting ( P < 0.01), and playing ( P < 0.03). Compared to D30 piglets, D20 piglets showed a higher frequency of escape attempts on day 1, vocalized more during days 1 and 2, and walked more during days 1 to 3 ( P < 0.05). Feeding behaviour, on the other hand, was higher in D30 piglets on days 1 to 3 ( P < 0.05). On days 3 and 4, D30 piglets spent more time interacting with peers (playing and fighting; P < 0.05) and on day 4 were more active than D20 piglets ( P < 0.05). As previously reported in confined environments, age at weaning affected the behaviour of piglets raised on the outdoors system. Weaning appeared to be more stressful for the piglets at 3 than at 4 weeks of age. The impact of weaning age on welfare cannot be ignored, especially when outdoor breeding of pigs is proposed to address welfare concerns of the public.

Effect of water trough type on the drinking behaviour of pasture-based beef heifers.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different trough types on the water consumption and drinking behaviour of pasture-based beef heifers. Two trials were implemented with 32 beef heifers to test two different types of water troughs, namely a rectangular concrete trough (RC) and a round polyvinyl chloride water tank (PVC). In Trial 1, both troughs were simultaneously available to groups of four animals within eight paddocks. In Trial 2, the animals were distributed in pairs throughout 16 paddocks and, in a crossover design, were exposed to one type of trough at a time. In both trials, estimated water intake was per four animals. Number of drinking bouts, time spent drinking and amount of water intake from the RC and PVC trough were recorded in both trials. Data were statistically analysed by analysis of variance. In Trial 1, group and trough effect were in the model. In Trial 2, stage, pair and trough were tested. In Trial 1, where both types of troughs were available, animals had a higher number of drinking bouts (3.32 v. 0.57 ± 0.09; P < 0.01), longer drinking periods (144.21 v. 22.81 ± 7.3 s; P < 0.01) and greater intake (160.21 v. 23.76 ± 13.06 l; P < 0.01) from the PVC water tank, compared to the RC trough. In Trial 2, all groups drank more often (5.10 v. 3.28 ± 0.32; P < 0.001), for longer periods (167.23 v. 115.23 ± 15.61 s; P < 0.02) and with higher intake (141.36 v. 118.47 ± 5.01 l; P < 0.02) from the PVC than from the RC trough. Thus, heifers not only prefer, but also drink more from a PVC water tank in comparison to a RC trough.

Produção e qualidade do pasto de coastcross consorciado ou não com amendoim forrageiro com ou sem aplicação de nitrogênio / Production and quality of coastcross pasture associated or not with forage peanut with or without nitrogen

Avaliaram-se a taxa de acúmulo foliar (TAF), a produção total de forragem (PTF), a composição química da forragem e os valores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) do coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) e do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) em pastagem consorciada. Foram avaliados os tratamentos (parcelas): coastcross + A. pintoi sem nitrogênio (CA0); coastcross + A. pintoi com 100kg de nitrogênio (CA100); coastcross com 200kg de nitrogênio (C200) e coastcross + A. pintoi com 200kg de nitrogênio (CA200), e as estações (subparcelas) do ano inverno, primavera, verão e outono. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com duas repetições. Os tratamentos com os maiores níveis de adubação de nitrogênio apresentaram TAF mais alto que os demais (P<0,05). No verão ocorreu a maior PTF, seguida da primavera, outono e inverno, mas estes não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para as variáveis proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e digestibilidade in vitro de matéria seca, tanto para as frações de folhas do coastcross, como para a planta inteira do A. pintoi. A adubação nitrogenada, quando aplicada à pastagem de coastcross singular ou associada ao amendoim forrageiro, proporcionou aumento da TAF e da PTF, com maior produtividade e qualidade no verão.

Forage accumulation rate (FAR), total forage production (TFP), chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of coastcross pasture mixed with Arachis pintoi (AP) were evaluated. Treatments plots were: coastcross + A. pintoi without N (CA0); coastcross + A. pintoi with 100kg of N (CA100); coastcross with 200kg of N (C200); and coastcross + A. pintoi with 200kg of N (CA200); and seasons of the year (split-plots): winter, spring, summer, and autumn were analyzed. A randomized block design was used subdivided into time plots, with two replications. Treatments with the highest fertilizer levels presented higher FAR than others (P<0.05), with higher TFP during the summer, followed by spring, autumn, and winter, with no differences among then. There were no differences (P>0.05) among treatments for CP, NDF, and IVDMD on coastcross leaf fractions and Arachis pintoi whole plant. Nitrogen fertilization, when applied to single coastcross pasture or mixed with forage peanut, increased accumulation rate and forage accumulation, with higher productivity and quality in summer.

Erosive effect of an antihistamine-containing syrup on primary enamel and its reduction by fluoride dentifrice.

AIM: This study evaluated the action of an antihistamine-containing syrup (Claritin D) on enamel that was subsequently submitted or not to applications of fluoride dentifrice. METHODS; Two hundred sixty-four slices (n=44 per subgroup) prepared from exfoliated primary molars were evaluated in hardness tests. Six subgroups were submitted to different treatments for 10 days. The controls underwent pH cycling with (positive control) or without (negative control) three daily immersions in fluoride dentifrice/distilled water slurry. The test subgroups related to daytime use of the antihistamine syrup underwent pH cycling and two 5-min applications of Claritin D, coupled or not to the three daily immersions in the fluoride slurry. The subgroups related to nocturnal use of the syrup were submitted to the same procedures of daytime subgroups, respectively, but with one of the applications of Claritin D lasting for 8 h. RESULTS: The median hardness values obtained after use of the syrup were significantly lower than the initial ones. Equivalent values for subgroups submitted to fluoride applications in addition to treatment with the syrup were significantly higher. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the antihistamine-containing syrup reduced the hardness of primary enamel and that, in this experiment, the use of fluoride dentifrice was able to diminish this erosive effect.