Quantum-enhanced greedy combinatorial optimization solver.

Combinatorial optimization is a broadly attractive area for potential quantum advantage, but no quantum algorithm has yet made the leap. Noise in quantum hardware remains a challenge, and more sophisticated quantum-classical algorithms are required to bolster their performance. Here, we introduce an iterative quantum heuristic optimization algorithm to solve combinatorial optimization problems. The quantum algorithm reduces to a classical greedy algorithm in the presence of strong noise. We implement the quantum algorithm on a programmable superconducting quantum system using up to 72 qubits for solving paradigmatic Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Ising spin glass problems. We find the quantum algorithm systematically outperforms its classical greedy counterpart, signaling a quantum enhancement. Moreover, we observe an absolute performance comparable with a state-of-the-art semidefinite programming method. Classical simulations of the algorithm illustrate that a key challenge to reaching quantum advantage remains improving the quantum device characteristics.

Benefits of Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging During Breast Tissue Expansion: Literature Review and Case Series.

Breast cancer results in up to 1.6 million new candidates for yearly breast reconstruction (BR) surgery. Two-stage breast reconstruction surgery with the use of a tissue expander (TE) is a common approach to reconstructing the breast after mastectomy. However, a common disadvantage encountered with the traditional breast TE is the magnetic injection port, which has been reported to cause injuries in patients undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Therefore this type of breast TE is labeled "MR unsafe." Recent technological advances have incorporated radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology in the TE to allow for the location of the injection port without magnetic components, resulting in an MR-conditional TE. This paper aims to review the information regarding the safety profile of TEs with magnetic ports and to gather distinct clinical scenarios in which an MR-conditional TE benefits the patient during the BR process. A literature review ranging from 2018 to 2022 was performed with the search terms: "tissue expander" OR "breast tissue expander" AND "magnetic resonance imaging" OR "MRI." Additionally, a case series was collected from each of the authors' practices. The literature search yielded 13 recent peer-reviewed papers, and 6 distinct clinical scenarios were compiled and discussed. Most clinicians find MRI examinations to be the state-of-art diagnostic imaging modality. However, due to the preexisting risks associated with TEs with magnetic ports, the MRI labeling classification should be considered when deciding which TE is the most appropriate for the patient requiring MRI examinations.

Estimating Quantum Hamiltonians via Joint Measurements of Noisy Noncommuting Observables.

Estimation of expectation values of incompatible observables is an essential practical task in quantum computing, especially for approximating energies of chemical and other many-body quantum systems. In this Letter, we introduce a method for this purpose based on performing a single joint measurement that can be implemented locally and whose marginals yield noisy (unsharp) versions of the target set of noncommuting Pauli observables. We derive bounds on the number of experimental repetitions required to estimate energies up to a certain precision. We compare this strategy to the classical shadow formalism and show that our method yields the same performance as the locally biased classical shadow protocol. We also highlight some general connections between the two approaches by showing that classical shadows can be used to construct joint measurements and vice versa. Finally, we adapt the joint measurement strategy to minimise the sample complexity when the implementation of measurements is assumed noisy. This can provide significant efficiency improvements compared to known generalizations of classical shadows to noisy scenarios.

Facial Allograft Donation: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the Experiences of Family Members.

Facial allograft transplantation can be regarded as a particular and complex type of donation because of its perceptibility and the importance of the face as an identity characteristic. As research on this topic is currently lacking, the objective of this study is to explore the experiences of the family members of the donor in facial allograft donation. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted separately with the donor's family members and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Six themes were identified: (1) Contrasting facial donation to that of more commonly donated organs; (2) Consenting to facial donation; (3) Expectations towards the recipient of the facial graft; (4) Expectations and consequences of restoration of the donor's face; (5) Relationship with the medical team during the process; and (6) Media attention. The findings of our study help to better support donor families through the facial donation process and to improve facial transplantation procedures.

The Lumbar Artery Perforator Flap in Breast Reconstruction.

SUMMARY: The lumbar artery perforator flap is a valuable alternative in breast reconstruction whenever the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap is not feasible because of insufficient or unavailable abdominal tissue. The advantage is the ideal shape and consistency of the flap, in addition to the option to perform a nerve anastomosis with the cluneal nerve. The anatomy is consistent, but there are some technical issues related to the short perforator and difficult surgical exposure in the lower back region. The inclusion of a vascular interposition graft improved the authors' results and facilitated their technical challenges and final inset of the flap. These videos guide the surgeon through the different steps involved in a breast reconstruction with the lumbar artery perforator flap.

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE ADRENAL GLAND TUMORS - SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE.

CONTEXT: Incidentally discovered solid adrenal tumors must be evaluated from two points of view: the risk of malignancy and the secretory feature. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the surgical technique option in relation with clinical and histopathologic features. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective study that included patients with adrenal gland tumors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All patients were operated between 2012 and 2019 by the same surgical team in a single center. RESULTS: The batch included 102 patients with adrenal tumors operated through open surgery (OS, n=41) and laparoscopic surgery (LS, n=61). Tumor localization was especially on the right adrenal gland (n=52, 50.98%). Primary origin of the adrenal gland tumors was in 82 cases (80.39%) and a metastatic origin in 16 cases. Average dimension for surgical resected tumors was 4.02 cm (0.9-12 cm) for the LS group as compared to 7.22 cm (1.3-19 cm) for OS group with a predominant type of surgery represented by adrenalectomy and a conversion rate of 2.94%. The hospital stay was 7.22 days (5-12 days) in the LS group versus 12.72 days (6-57 days) in OS group with significant differences (p<0.01). Also, the postoperative recovery was significantly different (6.5 days versus 2.62 days, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic approach represents the gold standard in adrenal gland tumors less than five centimeters in size. Adrenalectomy is mostly performed by LS and adenoma is the most frequent histopathologic type, while pheochromocytoma is operated through OS. LS has a significantly reduced hospitalization and postoperative stay compared to OS.

The role of alanine glyoxylate transaminase-2 (agxt2) in ß-alanine and carnosine metabolism of healthy mice and humans.

PURPOSE: Chronic ß-alanine supplementation leads to increased levels of muscle histidine-containing dipeptides. However, the majority of ingested ß-alanine is, most likely, degraded by two transaminases: GABA-T and AGXT2. In contrast to GABA-T, the in vivo role of AGXT2 with respect to ß-alanine metabolism is unknown. The purpose of the present work is to investigate if AGXT2 is functionally involved in ß-alanine homeostasis. METHODS: Muscle histidine-containing dipeptides levels were determined in AGXT2 overexpressing or knock-out mice and in human subjects with different rs37369 genotypes which is known to affect AGXT2 activity. Further, plasma ß-alanine kinetic was measured and urine was obtained from subjects with different rs37369 genotypes following ingestion of 1400 mg ß-alanine. RESULT: Overexpression of AGXT2 decreased circulating and muscle histidine-containing dipeptides (> 70% decrease; p < 0.05), while AGXT2 KO did not result in altered histidine-containing dipeptides levels. In both models, ß-alanine remained unaffected in the circulation and in muscle (p > 0.05). In humans, the results support the evidence that decreased AGXT2 activity is not associated with altered histidine-containing dipeptides levels (p > 0.05). Additionally, following an acute dose of ß-alanine, no differences in pharmacokinetic response were measured between subjects with different rs37369 genotypes (p > 0.05). Interestingly, urinary ß-alanine excretion was 103% higher in subjects associated with lower AGXT2 activity, compared to subjects associated with normal AGXT2 activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that in vivo, ß-alanine is a substrate of AGXT2; however, its importance in the metabolism of ß-alanine and histidine-containing dipeptides seems small.

The Prepectoral, Hybrid Breast Reconstruction: The Synergy of Lipofilling and Breast Implants.

Breast reconstruction modalities are based on autologous tissue transfer, implants, or a combination of both. The aim of an allogeneic breast reconstruction is to minimize the impact of the implant on surrounding tissues to achieve an aesthetically pleasing result. Accurate tissue coverage, proper implant selection, and implant location are the absolute concerns in planning an implant-based reconstruction. METHODS: A single surgeon's experience with the ergonomic, hybrid approach in primary and secondary breast reconstructions is presented. The hybrid approach is based on tissue expansion followed by serial sessions of fat grafting to augment the residual autologous (subcutaneous) compartment. The last step included the insertion of a prepectoral, ergonomic implant to obtain central core projection and additional volume. RESULTS: Fifty-six hybrid breast reconstructions were performed with a mean follow-up of 24.1 months. Aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction have been good with pleasing breast projection, natural breast motion, and optimal coverage of the prepectoral implants. CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid reconstructive approach is a reliable technique to improve the outcomes in implant-based breast reconstructions. The 2-step, prepectoral approach with expander-to-implant exchange allows better control of the final breast shape, and complications related to submuscular approaches are avoided. Fat grafting adds an autologous benefit to obtain natural results.

Acute Aerobic Exercise Leads to Increased Plasma Levels of R- and S-ß-Aminoisobutyric Acid in Humans.

Recently, it was suggested that ß-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) is a myokine involved in browning of fat. However, there is no evidence for an acute effect of exercise supporting this statement and the metabolic distinct enantiomers of BAIBA were not taken into account. Concerning these enantiomers, there is at this point no consensus about resting concentrations of plasma R- and S-BAIBA. Additionally, a polymorphism of the alanine - glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) gene (rs37369) is known to have a high impact on baseline levels of total BAIBA, but the effect on the enantiomers is unknown. Fifteen healthy recreationally active subjects, with different genotypes of rs37369, participated in a randomized crossover trial where they exercised for 1 h at 40% of Ppeak or remained at rest. Plasma samples were analyzed for R- and S-BAIBA using dual column HPLC-fluorescence. The plasma concentration of baseline R-BAIBA was 67 times higher compared to S-BAIBA (1734 ± 821 vs. 29.3 ± 7.8 nM). Exercise induced a 13 and 20% increase in R-BAIBA and S-BAIBA, respectively. The AGXT2 rs37369 genotype strongly affected baseline levels of R-BAIBA, but did not have an impact on baseline S-BAIBA. We demonstrate that BAIBA should not be treated as one molecule, given (1) the markedly uneven distribution of its enantiomers in human plasma favoring R-BAIBA, and (2) their different metabolic source, as evidenced by the AGXT2 polymorphism only affecting R-BAIBA. The proposed function in organ cross talk is supported by the current data and may apply to both enantiomers, but the tissue of origin remains unclear.

Pharmacokinetics of ß-Alanine Using Different Dosing Strategies.

Introduction: The ergogenic response following long-term ingestion of ß-alanine shows a high inter-individual variation. It is hypothesized that this variation is partially caused by a variable pharmacokinetic response induced by inferior dosing strategies. At this point most supplements are either taken in a fixed amount (× g), as is the case with ß-alanine, or relative to body weight (× g per kg BW), but there is currently neither consensus nor a scientific rationale on why these or other dosing strategies should be used. The aim of this study is to objectify and understand the variation in plasma pharmacokinetics of a single oral ß-alanine dose supplemented as either a fixed or a weight-relative dose (WRD) in an anthropometric diverse sample. Methods: An anthropometric diverse sample ingested a fixed dose (1,400 mg) (n = 28) and a WRD of ß-alanine (10 mg/kg BW) (n = 34) on separate occasions. Blood samples were taken before and at nine time points (up to 4 h) after ß-alanine ingestion in order to establish a pharmacokinetic profile. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated by the trapezoidal rule. Plasma ß-alanine was quantified using HPLC-fluorescence. Results: The variation coefficient (CV%) of the iAUC was 35.0% following ingestion of 1,400 mg ß-alanine. Body weight explained 30.1% of the variance and was negatively correlated to iAUC (r = -0.549; p = 0.003). Interestingly, the CV% did not decrease with WRD (33.2%) and body weight was positively correlated to iAUC in response to the WRD (r = 0.488; p = 0.003). Conclusion: Both dosing strategies evoked an equally high inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetic plasma profile. Strikingly, while body weight explained a relevant part of the variation observed following a fixed dose, correction for body weight did not improve the homogeneity in ß-alanine plasma response. We suggest to put more effort into the optimization of easy applicable and scientifically justified personalized dosing strategies.

Lumbar artery perforators: an anatomical study based on computed tomographic angiography imaging.

BACKGROUND: The free lumbar artery perforator flap has recently been introduced as a potentially valuable option for autologous breast reconstruction in a subset of patients. Up to date, few anatomical studies, exploring the lumbar region as a donor site for perforator- based flaps, have been conducted. METHODS: An anatomical study of the position of the dominant lumbar artery perforator was performed, using the preoperative computed tomographic angiography images of 24 autologous breast reconstruction patients. In total, 61 dominant perforators were determined, 28 on the left and 33 on the right side. A radiologist defined the position of the perforator as coordinates in an xy-grid. RESULTS: Dominant perforators were shown to originate from the lumbar arteries at the level of lumbar vertebrae three or four. Remarkably, approximately 85% of these lumbar artery perforators enter the skin at 7-10 cm lateral from the midline (mean left 8.6 cm, right 8.2 cm). CONCLUSION: This study concludes a rather constant position of the dominant perforator. Therefore, preoperative-computed tomographic angiography is not always essential to find this perforator and Doppler ultrasound could be considered as an alternative, thereby carefully assessing all advantages and disadvantages inherent to either of these imaging methods.

Intratissular expansion-mediated, serial fat grafting: A step-by-step working algorithm to achieve 3D biological harmony in autologous breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction involves the use of autologous tissues or implants. Occasionally, microsurgical reconstruction is not an option because of insufficient donor tissues. Fat grafting has become increasingly popular in breast surgery. The challenge with this technique is how to reconstruct a stable and living "scaffold" that resembles a breast. METHODS: Breast reconstruction (n = 7) was performed using intratissular expansion with serial deflation-lipofilling sessions. Mean age of the patients was 41 years (22-53). The expander generated a vascularized capsule at 8 weeks, which demarcated a recipient site between the skin and the capsule itself, and functioned as a vascular source for angiogenesis. Serial sessions of deflation and lipofilling were initiated at 8 weeks with removal of the expander at the completion of the treatment. An average of 644 ml (range, 415 ml-950 ml) of lipoaspirate material was injected to reconstruct the breast mound. An average of 4 (range, 3 to 5) fat-grafting sessions with a 3-month interval was needed to achieve symmetry with the contralateral breast. The average follow-up was 14 months (range, 9-29 months). MRI examination was performed at 8 months to analyze tissue survival and the residual volume. RESULTS: MRI examination retained tissue survival and the mean reconstructed breast volume was 386 ml (range, 231 ml-557 ml). An aesthetically pleasant breast mound was created, with a high satisfaction rate. CONCLUSION: We could reconstruct an aesthetically pleasant and stable breast mound in a selected group of patients by using intratissular expansion and fat grafting.

Bipedicled DIEAP flaps for reconstruction of limb soft tissue defects in male patients.

BACKGROUND: Extensive soft tissue deficiencies involving the limbs can be difficult to reconstruct and may require more than one microsurgical flap transfer to cover the defect. This can be particularly challenging in male patients, where the sacrifice of a donor muscle could result in considerable comorbidity. This paper describes the use of the bipedicled deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap to perform a one-stage reconstruction of extensive soft tissue defects in male patients. METHODS: By using preoperative multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography, the dominant perforators of the abdominal wall were identified and the bipedicled DIEAP flap was used for a one-stage reconstruction of complicated tissue loss in 12 male patients. In seven of these flaps, a microsurgical anastomosis between the two epigastric pedicles of the DIEAP flap was carried out. The feasibility of the procedure, clinical outcome, and possible associated comorbidities were evaluated. RESULTS: Successful large tissue reconstructions were performed using all four traditional zones of the DIEAP flap, with dimensions of flaps ranging from 20 × 8 to 50 × 17 cm. Venous congestion was seen to develop in two flaps, one of which was salvaged by performing an additional venous anastomosis, but the other flap failed to survive. Apart from this, complications were minimal. CONCLUSIONS: Soft tissue coverage of extensive wounds in male patients without sacrificing muscle flaps can be challenging. This extended utilization of the entire DIEAP flap has helped us to address this issue.

Esophagectomy in elderly patients: which is the best prognostic score?

Our study aimed to identify the best prognostic score for fitness for surgery and postoperative morbidity in elderly patients. A prospectively collected database of a consecutive series of patients with esophageal cancer evaluated for possible esophagectomy at our unit was analyzed. Fitness for surgery and postoperative morbidity were used as measures of outcome. The performances of the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) score, the Charlson Comorbidity Index, the age-related Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI), the American Society of Anesthesiologists scale and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were evaluated in elderly patients. Discrimination was measured with receiver operating characteristics curve analysis; calibration was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Age did not result a significant predictor for postoperative complications. In elderly patients, ACCI predicted the judgment of the multidisciplinary team about fitness for surgery with the best discrimination (C-index = 0.94). PNI had the best discrimination for postoperative complications (C-index = 0.71) in the elderly group. ACCI best predicted the fitness for surgery in elderly patients. In elderly patients, the most discriminative prognostic score for postoperative complication was PNI, which could be used at admission for surgery to correctly inform patients about their risk and, possibly, to take extra precaution in case of high risk.

Postoperative outcome after oesophagectomy for cancer: Nutritional status is the missing ring in the current prognostic scores.

BACKGROUND: Several prognostic scores were designed in order to estimate the risk of postoperative adverse events. None of them includes a component directly associated to the nutritional status. The aims of the study were the evaluation of performance of risk-adjusted models for early outcomes after oesophagectomy and to develop a score for severe complication prediction with special consideration regarding nutritional status. METHODS: A comparison of POSSUM and Charlson score and their derivates, ASA, Lagarde score and nutritional index (PNI) was performed on 167 patients undergoing oesophagectomy for cancer. A logistic regression model was also estimated to obtain a new prognostic score for severe morbidity prediction. RESULTS: Overall morbidity was 35.3% (59 cases), severe complications (grade III-V of Clavien-Dindo classification) occurred in 20 cases. Discrimination was poor for all the scores. Multivariable analysis identified pulse, connective tissue disease, PNI and potassium as independent predictors of severe morbidity. This model showed good discrimination and calibration. Internal validation using standard bootstrapping techniques confirmed the good performance. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition could be an independent risk factor for major complications and a nutritional status coefficient could be included in current prognostic scores to improve risk estimation of major postoperative complications after oesophagectomy for cancer.

Complex facial reconstruction by vascularized composite allotransplantation: the first Belgian case.

INTRODUCTION: Complex injuries to the central part of the face are difficult to reconstruct with the current plastic surgery methods. The ultimate one-staged approach to restore anatomy and vital facial functions is to perform a vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). METHODS: A 54-year-old man suffered from a high-energy ballistic injury, resulting in a large central facial defect. A temporary reconstruction was performed with a free plicated anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap. Considering the goal to optimally restore facial function and aesthetics, VCA was considered as an option for facial reconstruction. A multidisciplinary team approach, digital planning, and cadaver sessions preceded the transplantation. RESULTS: A digitally planned facial VCA was performed involving the bilateral maxillae, the hard palate, a part of the left mandible, and the soft tissues of the lower two-thirds of the face. Due to meticulous preparations, minimal adjustments were necessary to achieve good fitting in the recipient. At week 17, a grade 4 rejection was successfully treated; sensory and motor recovery was noted to occur from the fourth postoperative month. Several serious infectious and medical problems have occurred until 15-months postoperatively; following that, the clinical situation has remained stable. Two years postoperatively, the patient and his family are very satisfied with the overall outcome and social reintegration in the community is successful. CONCLUSION: The first face transplant in Belgium (#19 worldwide) was successful because of a meticulous 3-year preparation by a large multidisciplinary team. In our experience, preparatory cadaver dissections and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) modeling were valuable tools for an optimal intraoperative course and good alignment of the bony structures. Continuous long-term multidisciplinary follow-up is mandatory for surveillance of the complications associated with the immunosuppressive regime and for functional assessment of the graft.

Assessment of different prognostic scores for early postoperative outcomes after esophagectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Surgery remains the best curative option for oesophageal cancer. This demanding intervention performed on a high risk patient is accompanied by high morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to analyse the preoperative risk assessment using different comorbidity models inpatients operated for esophageal cancer in a tertiary unit. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on aprospectively collected database. The performance of several prognostic scores (POSSUM, P-POSSUM, O-POSSUM, Charlson and age adjusted Charlson, ASA score) was assessed in terms of early postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 137 patients diagnosed with oesophageal cancer, esophagectomy was performed in 43 cases.Postoperative mortality (11.62%) was best predicted by POSSUM score (10.48; 95% CI 9.37 -11.66). The observed morbidity was 58.13%, higher than that expected by POSSUM (48.24%; 95%CI, 44.82-51.66) with a morbidity ratio O E of 1.2. The area under the ROC curve for the physiological score of POSSUM and age adjusted Charlson index showed a good discriminatory power. The best performance was obtained for POSSUM equation, who showed to have the highest area under the ROC curve (0.826; 95%CI, 0.67-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: A thoroughly assessment of comorbidities and the surgeon's clinical assessment remain the best tool for patient selection for surgery.

Technical recommendations for penile replantation based on lessons learned from penile reconstruction.

Penile amputation is an exceptional surgical emergency. Immediate replantation yields a high success and low complication rate. We report a case of a self-inflicted penile amputation treated with successful microsurgical replantation. Postoperative edema caused minor skin slough and temporary venous congestion was treated with medicinal leech therapy. Follow-up at 18 months showed normal subjective sensation; voiding and erectile function were present. Surgical management and technique refinements are discussed, based on a review of the literature and on our experience in penile reconstruction.

Colon cancer at the molecular level--usefulness of epithelial-mesenchymal transition analysis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third form of cancer in both men and women. In Romania, the incidence of CRC in 2000 is 17.74 %ooo, in 2002 becoming the second cause of death. We reviewed a series of studies that are related to colon cancer and studied the epithelial-mesenchymal transition at the front of tumor invasion (EMT). Cellular phenotypic changes characteristic of EMT can be induced by the absence of transition cofactor (p300) involved in cellular regulation. Loss of syndecan-l marker is associated with local tumor stage and metastasis. Modulators of protein kinase resistance was associated with changes in genes involved in EMT (including vimentin hyperexpression) and genes involved in invasion (N-cadherin) with a decrease expression of genes involved in epithelial cell adhesion (E-cadherin). Progression in colon cancer is characterized by activating mutations in Ras genes and tumor growth factor action. Vimentin expression associated with EMT initiates molecular program. One of the characteristics of EMT is the loss of E-cadherin. TGF-p (transforming growth factor beta) induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colon cancer cell lines with the microsatellite stability, inducing cell invasion and migration. EMT is a critical early event involved in invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer, characterized by the presence of markers specific to each phenotype, epithelial or mesenchymal. Multiple biomarkers involved in the induction of EMT may represent future therapeutic target in the treatment of colonic neoplasia.

Expression of bmi-1 protein in cervical, breast and ovarian cancer.

UNLABELLED: B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-l) is a member of polycomb group, which participates in axial patterning, hematopoiesis, cell cycle regulation, and senescence. Overexpression of Bmi-1 has been reported in various human cancers and proved to be associated with poor survival. DISSUCION: Bmi-I is expressed by various tumors and therefore may contribute to malignant transformation. Bmi-I not only can lead mammary epithelial cells to senescence and immortalization, but also plays a key role in breast cancer. A significant correlation was observed between Bmi-1 expression and axillary lymph node metastases in lymph-ductal breast cancer. Bmi-1 is expressed in cervical cancer and correlated with a poorer prognosis, suggesting that this protein participates in the development and progress of cervical cancer. Regarding ovarian cancer, the results of several immunohistochemical studies revealed overexpression of Bmi-1, especially in poorly differentiated ovarian carcinoma. There is a strong correlation between histological grade, clinical stage and its expression. CONCLUSIONS: Human genes of polycomb group correlated with various hematological and epithelial cancers identify new mechanisms of malignant transformation and pave the way for developing new cancer treatments and identify new diagnostic markers. Bmi-1 and its expression in tissues taken from patients with cervical, breast and ovarian cancer could be a marker for diagnosis and prognosis, and not least a potential target of antitumor therapy.