Inflammatory markers and auto-Abs to type I IFNs in COVID-19 convalescent plasma cohort study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) contains neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that may be useful as COVID-19 passive immunotherapy in patients at risk of developing severe disease. Such plasma from convalescent patients may also have additional immune-modulatory properties when transfused to COVID-19 patients. METHODS: CCP (n = 766) was compared to non-convalescent control plasma (n = 166) for soluble inflammatory markers, ex-vivo inflammatory bioactivity on endothelial cells, neutralising auto-Abs to type I IFNs and reported adverse events in the recipients. FINDINGS: CCP exhibited a statistically significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels (0.531 ± 0.04 vs 0.271 ± 0.04; (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07371-0.4446; p = 0.0061) and 0.900 ± 0.07 vs 0.283 ± 0.07 pg/mL; (95% [CI], 0.3097-0.9202; p = 0.0000829) and lower IL-10 (0.731 ± 0.07 vs 1.22 ± 0.19 pg/mL; (95% [CI], -0.8180 to -0.1633; p = 0.0034) levels than control plasma. Neutralising auto-Abs against type I IFNs were detected in 14/766 (1.8%) CCPs and were not associated with reported adverse events when transfused. Inflammatory markers and bioactivity in CCP with or without auto-Abs, or in CCP whether or not linked to adverse events in transfused patients, did not differ to a statistically significant extent. INTERPRETATION: Overall, CCP exhibited moderately increased inflammatory markers compared to the control plasma with no discernible differences in ex-vivo bioactivity. Auto-Abs to type I IFNs detected in a small fraction of CCP were not associated with reported adverse events or differences in inflammatory markers. Additional studies, including careful clinical evaluation of patients treated with CCP, are required in order to further define the clinical relevance of these findings. FUNDING: French National Blood Service-EFS, the Association "Les Amis de Rémi" Savigneux, France, the "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (Medical Research Foundation)-REACTing 2020".

Impact of donor ferritin testing on iron deficiency prevention and blood availability in France: A cohort simulation study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Implementing a ferritin testing policy for whole blood (WB) donors may prevent iron deficiency (ID, ferritin <26 ng/mL) and anaemia, but may induce donation losses. As part of a national prevention plan in France, we aimed to estimate its impact on ID, anaemias and WB donations among donors at high risk of ID. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A micro-simulation model was developed to evaluate different scenarios compared to the current situation without ferritin testing as a reference scenario. The following scenarios were simulated: a minimum scenario with a 6-month deferral for donors with absent iron store (AIS, ferritinemia <15 ng/ml), a main scenario with additional delayed invitations for donors with ferritinemia 15-25 ng/ml and a supplementation scenario with additional iron supplementation for 50% of the donors with AIS. RESULTS: In the main scenario, 52,699 WB donations per year were estimated to be lost after 1 year (-8%), falling to 27,687 (-4.7%) after 5 years. IDs and anaemias were reduced by 13.6% and 29.3%, respectively, after 1 year. The supplementation scenario increased the number of prevented IDs and anaemias to 24.1% and 35.4%, respectively, after 1 year, and halved the number of anaemias at 5 years. The latter scenario also had the least impact on the number of donations (-3.2% after 5 years). CONCLUSION: A ferritin testing policy resulting in delayed donations for ID donors is effective in reducing IDs and anaemias, but significantly impacts the number of donations, thereby posing a self-sufficiency challenge.

Iron deficiency among French whole-blood donors: first assessment and identification of predictive factors.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) among French whole-blood (WB) donors to identify factors associated with ID and to generate decision trees. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective National multicentre study was performed on WB donors from March 11, to April 5th, 2019. Samples were selected randomly to perform serum ferritin. ID was defined as ferritin value under 26 ng/ml. All results were stratified by sex. Factors associated with ID were analysed using multivariate logistic regression model. CART algorithm was used for decision trees. RESULTS: Eleven thousand two hundred fifty eight WB donors were included. ID was more frequent in women (39·5%) than in men (18·0%). Among 7200 repeated donors, women below 50 yo had a higher risk (OR = 2·37; [1·97-2·85] IC95) than those above 50 yo. Factors associated with ID were: haemoglobin level under the threshold at donation n-1 except for women and n-2 donation; a low mean corpuscular haemoglobin at n-1 and n-2 donations; a shorter interval since n-1 donation and between n-1 and n-2 donations except for women; and women who had given three or four times in the last year. CART algorithm defined high risk of ID subgroups within three populations of donors, new female donors, repeated male donors and repeated female donors. In these identified subgroups, prevalence of ID was up to 72·1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed the high prevalence of ID among French WB donors, identified well-known and new factors associated with ID and defined algorithms predicting ID in three populations.

Predisposing factors for anti-D immune response in D- patients with chronic liver disease transfused with D+ platelet concentrates.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have indicated that the risk of anti-D alloimmunization following D-incompatible platelet (PLT) transfusion is low in hematology and oncology patients. We investigated the rate of anti-D alloimmunization in RhD-negative (D- ) patients with chronic liver disease transfused with D+ platelet concentrates (PCs) and the factors involved, at a liver transplant (LT) center. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We reviewed the blood bank database from January 2003 to October 2016. D- patients who had received D+ PLT transfusions were eligible if they had undergone antibody screening at least 28 days after the first D+ PC transfusion, had no previous or concomitant exposure to D+ blood products, and had not received anti-D immunoglobulins. RESULTS: Six of the 56 eligible patients (10.7%) had anti-D antibodies. All had received whole blood-derived PCs. Four of 20 patients (20%) untransplanted or transfused before LT and only two of 36 patients (5.6%) transfused during or after LT produced anti-D antibodies. These two patients were on maintenance immunosuppression based on low-dose steroids and tacrolimus. The factors identified as significantly associated with anti-D immune response were the presence of red blood cell immune alloantibodies before D+ PLT transfusion (p = 0.003), and D+ PLT transfusion outside the operative and postoperative (5 days) periods for LT (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: D- patients with chronic liver disease transfused with D+ PLTs before LT are at high risk of developing anti-D antibodies. Preventive measures should be considered for these patients.

Blood products use in France: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Blood products use has increased in France between 2000 and 2011. To understand the reasons for this increase, data about transfused patients and transfusion practices needed to be updated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was performed with health care establishments. Diagnoses and indication for the transfusion, pretransfusion laboratory results, and blood products used were collected during a randomly selected 24-hour period in 2011. All patients who received at least one blood product delivered on the survey day were included. RESULTS: A total of 10,794 blood products were requested for 4720 patients: 8688 red blood cell (RBC) units, 842 platelet (PLT) concentrates, and 1264 fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) units. Hematologic and cancer pathologies included 46% of transfused patients, 34% of the patients had transfusions in a surgical context, and 32.4% of transfused patients were receiving medication with an impact on transfusion. Nearly half of RBC transfusions were performed with hemoglobin levels of less than 8 g/dL. PLT transfusions for prophylactic indication were prescribed with PLT counts of less than 20 × 109 and 50 × 109 /L in 56.9 and 86.6% of patients, respectively. RBCs and PLTs transfusion practices were in agreement with national guidelines. FFP units were involved in 8.0% of all prescriptions. Among these, 57.4% were requested in the context of an acute hemorrhage and 8.4% for plasma exchange. The median of FFP use (n = 2) in a nonsurgical context, excluding plasma exchange, suggests an insufficient dosing of FFP. CONCLUSION: Except for insufficient FFP dosing per patient and limitations on assessment of indications for prescribing, transfusion practices were in agreement with national guidelines.

Outcome of occupational electrical injuries among French electric company workers: a retrospective report of 311 cases, 1996-2005.

This study reviewed records of all electrical incidents involving work-related injury to employees Electricité de France (EDF) from 1996 through 2005 and analysed data for 311 incidents. The results are compared with 1231 electrical incidents that occurred during 1970-1979 and 996 incidents during 1980-1989. A total of 311 electrical incidents were observed. The medical consequences of electrical incident remain severe and particularly, the current fatality rate (3.2%) is similar to that recorded in the 1980s (2.7%) and 1970s (3.3%). Among individuals with non-fatal incidents, any change has occurred in the prevalence of permanent functional sequelae (23.6% in the 1970s vs. 27.6% in the 1980s and 32.5% currently). An increase in the incidence of neuropsychiatric sequelae (5.4% in the 1980s vs. 13% currently) has been observed and they are now the second most common type of sequelae after those directly related to burns. Among the neurological sequelae, peripheral nervous system disorders are the most common, as observed in the 1980s. Since the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has changed between the two periods, we can only report that the current prevalence of PTSD is 7.6%. This study emphasises the need for specific management of neurological and psychological impairments after electrical injuries, including especially early recognition and initiation of effective treatment.

Toward universal varicella-zoster virus (VZV) genotyping: diversity of VZV strains from France and Spain.

Thirty-one isolates from France and Spain were genotyped using a published method analyzing DNA sequence variation in open reading frame (ORF) 22, together with an evaluation of three well-characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in ORF 38, 54, and 62. Nineteen were allocated to the European (E) genotype, six were mosaic-1 (M1), and two were mosaic-2 (M2). Four strains were assigned to a new genotype, mosaic-4 (M4). All isolates were wild type, with no Oka vaccine-associated markers. No isolates of the mosaic-3 (M3) or Japanese (J) genotype were observed. We also evaluated 13 selected isolates of E, J, M1, and M2 strains (9 of the 31 described above) using an alternative genotyping method based on the assessment of multiple SNP located in ORF 1, 9, 10, 21, 31, 50, 54, 62, and 68. This method assigns wild-type varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains to seven genotypes: A1, A2, J1, B1, B2, C, and C1. VZV isolates identified as E (ORF22 method) had the genetic signature of genotype C VZV strains, M1 strains were A1, and M2 were A2. No J strains were detected, but parental Oka and vaccine Oka (genotype J) corresponded to genotype J1. M4 isolates (B) share the SNP array observed for M1 and E viruses, and probably represent recombinants between African-Asian (M1) and European (E) viruses. The two genotyping methods, using entirely different genomic targets, produced identical clusters for the strains examined, suggesting robust phylogenetic linkages among VZV strains circulating in Europe.

Repertoire, diversity, and differentiation of specific CD8 T cells are associated with immune protection against human cytomegalovirus disease.

To determine the correlates of immune recovery from active human CMV (HCMV) disease, we compared the antigenic repertoire, diversity, magnitude, and differentiation of HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells in HIV-HCMV coinfected subjects with no, cured, or active HCMV disease and in healthy HIV-negative HCMV-positive controls. ELISPOT-IFN-gamma assays using peptide pools spanning the pp65 and immediate early 1 (IE1) HCMV proteins showed that HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells had a significantly broader antigenic repertoire and greater diversity in HIV-positive patients controlling HCMV replication than in those with active HCMV disease, but the magnitude of the CD8 T cell response did not differ between the different groups. HCMV-specific T cells mainly were focused against IE1 during the short-term recovery from retinitis, and switched toward pp65 during long-term recovery. HCMV-specific T cells displaying an "early" (CD8+CD27+CD28+) and "intermediate" (CD8+CD27-CD28+) differentiation phenotype were increased significantly during long-term recovery compared with other HIV-positive patients and were nearly undetectable during active HCMV disease. HCMV-specific T cells with a "late" (CD8+CD27-28-) differentiation phenotype predominated in all cases. Therefore, restoration of immune protection against HCMV after active HCMV disease in immunodeficient individuals is associated with enlarged repertoire and diversity, and with early differentiation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells, thus defining immune correlates of protection against diseases caused by persistent viruses.

Phenotypic characterisation of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase: a method to study cytomegalovirus isolates resistant to foscarnet.

A phenotypic method was developed to test mutations in the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA polymerase gene (UL54) suspected to confer resistance to foscarnet. This method was used to determine the biochemical phenotype of wild-type and mutated HCMV DNA polymerases that had been synthesised in vitro as follows. The UL54 genes were amplified from foscarnet-resistant and -sensitive isolates by PCR and the products were cloned into an expression vector under the control of a T7 promoter. Mutations were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis into wild-type gene UL54 and then polymerases were synthesised by using a commercially available coupled transcription/translation system. Polymerase activity was measured with and without foscarnet by detecting the incorporation of digoxigenin-labelled nucleotides into the growing DNA chain. The results of this non-radioactive assay were consistent with those obtained with the conventional radioactive assay. It was found that the activity of polymerases containing the V715M or E756K mutations was inhibited by foscarnet at concentrations 70- and 30-fold higher than that of wild-type polymerase, respectively. Change N495K and a combination of changes K415R and S291P, both observed in foscarnet-resistant isolates, induced a 5- and 10-fold decrease in susceptibility to foscarnet, respectively. This non-radioactive phenotypic assay could be useful for the characterisation of mutations that confer HCMV resistance to foscarnet.

Early selection of a new UL97 mutant with a severe defect of ganciclovir phosphorylation after valaciclovir prophylaxis and short-term ganciclovir therapy in a renal transplant recipient.

We describe the emergence of a new ganciclovir resistance mutation in the UL97 gene of human cytomegalovirus, deletion of codon 601, after valaciclovir and short-term ganciclovir therapy following kidney transplantation. Its role in ganciclovir resistance was supported by decreased ganciclovir phosphorylation in a recombinant vaccinia virus system.

Natural polymorphism of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase lies in two nonconserved regions located between domains delta-C and II and between domains III and I.

We described the natural polymorphism of cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase in 42 unrelated isolates susceptible to ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. All variations, including an eight-amino-acid deletion, were located between domains delta-C and II and between domains III and I, suggesting that these specific residues are not involved in enzymatic functions.

Prevalence of viral infection markers by polymerase chain reaction amplification and interferon-alpha measurements among patients undergoing lumbar puncture in an emergency department.

Aseptic meningitis is a frequent diagnosis in emergency departments. Nevertheless, viral investigations are not carried out currently and the viral etiology in adult population has not been studied extensively. We conducted a prospective study including all consecutive patients undergoing lumbar puncture during a 15 months period in an adult emergency department. Bloody and purulent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were excluded. The main tests undertaken were: CSF genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for neurotropic viruses and serum and CSF interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) measurements. Among 194 patients included, 45 had and 149 did not have aseptic meningitis. Of 45 patients with aseptic meningitis, 10 had alternative non-virological final diagnosis, and 35/45 were presumed to have neurological disorders of viral origin. Patients (27/35) completed virological analysis: 21/27 (78%) had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 8 patients, Varicella zoster virus (VZV): 5, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): 2, herpes simplex virus (HSV): 1, human herpes virus 6: 1) or only raised serum or CSF IFN-alpha (4 patients). Overall, 59% of patients with a positive viral PCR had either CSF or serum raised IFN-alpha. Twentyone patients without meningitis had either positive viral PCR (enterovirus: 3 patients) or only high serum IFN-alpha level (18 patients). In the setting of aseptic meningitis diagnosed in an adult emergency department, viruses are the most common agents encountered, with enterovirus and VZV as the two main etiological agents. Current CSF viral genome amplification and IFN-alpha measurement are informative and could be useful to confirm the viral origin of various neurological disorders, although the sensitivity and specificity of IFN-alpha measurement for the diagnosis of viral infection need further confirmation.

Borna disease virus RNA in immunocompromised patients in southwestern France.

Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic RNA virus with a wide host range. Human infections, although controversial, have been described in Europe, Asia, and the United States. The present study investigated the existence of BDV infections in immunocompromised human beings, namely, 82 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and 80 therapeutically immunosuppressed patients. BDV p40 RNAs were detected in peripheral white blood cells with reverse transcription-nested PCR and hybridization in, respectively, 11 (13.41%) and 1 (1.25%) of the two groups of patients. BDV p24 RNAs were identified in only one of those. BDV RNA was detected in the absence of any neuropsychiatrical illness, suggesting that BDV infections may occur in asymptomatic carriers. The severity and particularity of cellular immunosuppression could explain the significantly increased detection of BDV RNA in HIV-infected patients.

Quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA by real-time PCR for occurrence of CMV disease in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.

In HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) included in the Predivir cohort, we have evaluated the usefulness of CMV DNA quantitation by a TaqMan PCR assay from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) to predict CMV disease occurrence. In parallel with the immune restoration after treatment by HAART, the percentage of positive samples decreased progressively from 7.3% at Day 0 to 3.5% at Month 12. Among the CMV markers, the smallest concordance with PBL CMV TaqMan PCR, as evaluated by kappa, was observed with pp65 antigenemia, whereas concordance with all other CMV markers was high. Among the 16 patients with CMV DNA copies at least once >100/150,000 cells, CMV disease occurred in six during follow-up, whereas among the 159 patients with CMV DNA copies always <10/150,000 cells, CMV disease occurred in three and among the seven patients with CMV DNA copies >10 and <100 occurred in only one. In univariate Cox models, all the CMV markers including PBL CMV TaqMan PCR >10/150,000 cells (RR: 27.6, IC95: 7.1-107.2), the CD4 cell count <75 cells/mm(3) and the HIV viral load >100,000 copies/ml were predictive for CMV disease. In a stepwise multivariate analysis, which should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of events (n = 10), three covariates were associated independently with CMV disease: pp65 antigenemia >100 nuclei/200,000, PBL CMV TaqMan PCR >10 copies/150,000 cells and HIV viral load remaining or increasing >100,000 copies/ml.

Monitoring of human cytomegalovirus infections in heart transplant recipients by pp65 antigenemia.

BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnostic techniques offer the opportunity of early diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromized patients at risk of developing CMV disease and syndrome. The use of CMV pp65 antigenemia as a predictor of CMV syndrome and disease in heart transplant recipient after induction therapy was studied retrospectively. METHODS: One hundred and nineteen consecutive heart transplant recipients treated with induction therapy who survived more then 14 d were monitored for CMV infection. Ninety-four recipients were seropositive for CMV. Twenty-five recipients were seronegative for CMV and received grafts from seropositive donors. Pre-emptive therapy was used in seropositive patients when CMV pp65 antigenemia was greater than 50 antigen-positive cells per 2 x 10(5) peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL); prophylactic therapy was done only in seronegative recipient matched with seropositive donor. RESULTS: High-level CMV pp65 antigenemia (50 antigen-positive cells 2 x 10(5) PBL) occurred in 34% (41 of 119) of patients at a median of 44 d following transplantation. In seropositive recipients, 16% (15 of 94) of patients developed CMV invasive disease or syndrome, and in seronegative recipients 20% (5 of 25) of patients developed CMV disease or syndrome. Sixty-six per cent (62 of 94) of CMV seropositive patients were identified as not requiring pre-emptive therapy. In seropositive and seronegative recipients, the sensibility and negative predictive value of the cut-off level of 50 antigen positive cell for CMV disease and syndrome was 100%. The specificity was 79% and positive predictive value was 49%. CONCLUSION: Because of the excellent sensibility and negative predictive value of the cut-off level of 50 antigen positive cell per 2 x 10(5) PBL, application of pre-emptive therapy guided by high level of CMV pp65 antigenemia in the context of induction therapy allow to omit antiviral therapy in many at risk patients. In the context of pre-emptive and prophylactic therapy, the cut-off level of 50 antigen positive cell do not allow to predict with accuracy the development of CMV disease or syndrome.

Hepatitis C virus-Epstein-Barr virus interaction in patients with AIDS.

Immortalization of B cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and their subsequent proliferation leads to B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in immunocompromised patients. The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has recently been raised, and an interaction between HCV and EBV is supported by recent in vitro experiments. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo interactions between HCV and EBV in patients with AIDS, i.e., patients exposed to the risk of EBV-related B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A total of 135 patients were prospectively studied. Serological and molecular markers of HCV, EBV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were sought. All the patients harbored latent EBV infection, and 20% had detectable HCV RNA in serum. No significant relationship was found between HIV, HCV, and EBV viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or plasma. There was no difference between anti-HCV-positive and -negative patients or between HCV RNA-positive and -negative patients with regard to the prevalence of EBV markers, especially EBV replication markers. The presence of EBV replication markers was not related to HCV RNA seropositivity or to HCV viral load. Five patients subsequently developed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, none of whom had markers of EBV or HCV replication. These results argue against an in vivo interaction between HCV and EBV in patients with AIDS, and against a role of HCV infection in the occurrence of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in these patients.

Prophylaxis of herpesvirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised older patients.

In older patients, prophylaxis of herpesvirus infections mainly involves preventing the recurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and complications of herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients, while in immunocompromised patients it is more concerned with the prevention of opportunistic virus reactivation. HSV ocular infection is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness in the US. The effectiveness of aciclovir 400mg twice daily in preventing the recurrence of HSV eye disease in immunocompetent patients has been well demonstrated. The issue of treatment duration for patients with highly recurrent ocular herpes remains unresolved. Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is one of the most common neuralgic illnesses worldwide. Some progress in prevention of PHN has been made with a combination of antiviral therapy (famciclovir or valaciclovir), started within 72 hours of onset of the rash, and analgesic treatment. However, the best prevention of PHN is the prevention of herpes zoster disease, and the varicella vaccine is an option which over the next few years will be tested in clinical trials. For immunocompromised patients of any age, restoring immunity prevents herpesvirus disease, as demonstrated for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Specific antiviral therapy during the initial period after transplantation could prevent reactivation of HSV or CMV in seropositive recipients. Whether pre-emptive therapy or prophylaxis with ganciclovir is the optimal approach against CMV remains controversial, and the relative merits and limitations of each approach may guide the choice. In stem cell transplantation, pre-emptive therapy with foscarnet avoids the neutropenia and related complications associated with ganciclovir. In renal transplant recipients, universal prophylaxis of CMV infection with valaciclovir has the same efficacy as ganciclovir. Although it is relatively toxic, cidofovir should be further evaluated because of its in vitro activity against most DNA viruses.

Prospective evaluation of risk factors of cutaneous drug reactions to sulfonamides in patients with AIDS.

BACKGROUND: Persons with HIV infection have increased rates of drug eruptions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the risk factors of drug eruptions in response to sulfonamides in patients with AIDS, using a case-control analysis. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six patients who were hospitalized for pneumocystosis or toxoplasmosis were evaluated at the onset of treatment for various risk factors, which were then compared among patients with (48, 36%) and without (88, 64%) a drug eruption. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, high CD8(+) cell count and age less than 36 years indicated a risk of drug eruption (respective odds ratios: 3.5 [95% CI 1.6-7.8], P =.002, and 2.1 [95% CI 1-4.6], P =.06). Markers of viral replication for HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and parvovirus B19, slow acetylation phenotype or genotype, and glutathione level were not associated with a risk. Administration of corticosteroids had no preventive effect. CONCLUSIONS: Our results challenge several current concepts regarding drug eruptions by discarding a strong association with glutathione deficiency, slow acetylation, or active viral infections and by showing no preventive effect of corticosteroids.