Sex differences in response to the odor of alpha androstenone.

Additional analyses of ratings by 98 male and 102 female college students assigned to one of four odor conditions showed no significant correlations for the methyl anthranilate or skatole odor conditions, but the pattern of correlations for men and women was different in the alpha androstenone condition, e.g., if men found alpha androstenone pleasant they tended to rate the target male positively.

Introversion-extraversion and dimensions of olfactory perception.

A possible relationship between odor perception and introversion-extraversion was explored. 195 subjects completed Eysenck's Introversion-Extraversion Scale and rated strength, familiarity, and pleasantness of four odors. Zero-order correlations were examined and the data were factor analyzed. The introversion-extraversion items formed a factor separate from three olfactory factors.

Human (Homo sapiens) responses to the pig (Sus scrofa) sex pheromone 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one.

Previous studies have suggested that the pig sex pheromone 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one may function as a human sex pheromone. Two hundred male and female college students were assigned to one of four odor conditions (androstenone, methyl anthranilate, skatole, and a no-odor control) and were asked to rate photographs of a male stimulus and to rate their own mood in the presence of each odorant. There was a significant overall sex by treatment condition interaction. Men in the androstenone condition rated the stimulus male as more passive, and women in the androstenone condition rated themselves as less sexy; these effects were specific to the androstenone condition.

Choices among marital observation coding systems.

It is argued that researchers and therapists could benefit from a detailed comparison of marital observation coding systems. The five chosen for comparison are Weiss' Marital Interaction Coding System, Gottman's Couples Interaction Scoring System, Filsinger's Dyadic Interaction Scoring Code, Olson and Ryder's Marital and Family Interaction Coding System, and Raush's Coding Scheme for Interpersonal Conflict. The strengths and weaknesses of each are noted, along with recommendations for their use in clinical situations.

An empirical typology of dyadic formation.

The background of and justification for empirical typologies are outlined. Various family typologies are discussed. Data from a random sample of 291 couples are subjected to a cluster analysis on the dyadic interaction, dyadic preference, dyadic stability, and identification as a pair by others of the couple. Seven types of dyadic formation were found: Uncommitted; Structurally Isolated, Wife-Supported; Self-Selected Committed; Structurally Committed; Vital; Unformed; and Wife-Removed. The types are shown to differ on value consensus and couple happiness, as well as on some background factors. The contribution of the work to theories of dyadic formation and family typologies is discussed.

A measure of interpersonal orientation: the Linking People Scale.

A 15-item Likert scale, the Liking People Scale, was developed to measure that aspect of interpersonal orientation. Liking people is conceived as a personality construct which serves a mediational function in social interaction. Three cumulative studies are reported. The samples include college students in two regions of the country and a random sample of adults from a large metropolitan area. People low on Liking People spend less time with others, are more socially anxious, tend to be introverted, and are less adept at judging the characteristics of other people. The relationship of Liking People to other measures of affiliative characteristics is examined.

Empirically derived personality types among male and female college students.

Data on the 16 PF obtained from 130 male and female college students were cluster analyzed to produce an empirical personality typology. Two different clustering algorithms were compared. Seven personality types emerged: 1) Well-Adjusted Conservative, 2) Ego-Involved Neurotic, 3) Norm Independent, 4) Socially-Detached Neurotic, 5) Superego Controlled, 6) Self-Assured Experimenter, and 7) Tough-Minded Controlled. Not only did the types differ significantly in personality, but they also were found to be significantly different on nine different measures of interpersonal orientation. Since the types did give intuitive insight into the nature of personality as particular combinations of personality traits and also were different on variables other than those used for the classification, the scientific utility of the typological approach received support.