Associação entre área de secção transversa do reto femoral e excursão diafragmática com o desmame de pacientes com traqueostomia na unidade de terapia intensiva / Association between rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion with weaning of tracheostomized patients in the intensive care unit

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre área de secção transversa do reto femoral e excursão diafragmática com sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos crônicos com traqueostomia. Métodos: Este foi um estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo. Incluímos pacientes críticos crônicos (aqueles submetidos à colocação de traqueostomia após 10 dias de ventilação mecânica). A área de secção transversa do reto femoral e a excursão diafragmática foram obtidas por ultrassonografia realizada dentro das primeiras 48 horas após a traqueostomia. Medimos a área de secção transversa do reto femoral e a excursão diafragmática para avaliar sua associação com o desmame da ventilação mecânica, incluindo sua capacidade de prever o sucesso no desmame e a sobrevida durante toda a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. Resultados: Foram incluídos 81 pacientes. Quarenta e cinco pacientes (55%) foram desmamados da ventilação mecânica. A mortalidade foi de 42% e 61,7% na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar, respectivamente. O grupo que falhou em relação ao grupo que obteve sucesso no desmame apresentou menor área transversa do reto femoral (1,4 [0,8] versus 1,84 [0,76]cm2, p = 0,014) e menor excursão diafragmática (1,29 ± 0,62 versus 1,62 ± 0,51cm, p = 0,019). Quando a área de secção transversa do reto femoral ≥ 1,80cm2 e a excursão diafragmática ≥ 1,25cm era uma condição combinada, apresentava forte associação com sucesso no desmame (RC ajustada de 20,81; IC95% 2,38 - 182,28; p = 0,006), mas não com sobrevida na unidade de terapia intensiva (RC ajustada de 0,19; IC95% 0,03 - 1,08; p = 0,061). Conclusão: O sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos crônicos foi associado a medidas maiores de área de secção transversa do reto femoral e da excursão diafragmática.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the relationship between the rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion with successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic critically tracheostomized patients. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study. We included chronic critically ill patients (those who underwent tracheostomy placement after 10 days under mechanical ventilation). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion were obtained by ultrasonography performed within the first 48 hours after tracheostomy. We measured rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion to assess their association with weaning from mechanical ventilation, including their potential to predict successful weaning and survival throughout the intensive care unit stay. Results: Eighty-one patients were included. Forty-five patients (55%) were weaned from mechanical ventilation. The mortality rates were 42% and 61.7% in the intensive care unit and hospital, respectively. The fail group in relation to the success group at weaning presented a lower rectus femoris cross-sectional area (1.4 [0.8] versus 1.84 [0.76]cm2, p = 0.014) and lower diaphragmatic excursion (1.29 ± 0.62 versus 1.62 ± 0.51cm, p = 0.019). When rectus femoris cross-sectional area ≥ 1.80cm2 and diaphragmatic excursion ≥ 1.25cm was a combined condition, it had a strong association with successful weaning (adjusted OR = 20.81, 95%CI 2.38 - 182.28; p = 0.006) but not with intensive care unit survival (adjusted OR = 0.19, 95%CI 0.03 - 1.08; p = 0.061). Conclusion: Successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic critically ill patients was associated with higher measurements of rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion.

Association between rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion with weaning of tracheostomized patients in the intensive care unit. / Associação entre área de secção transversa do reto femoral e excursão diafragmática com o desmame de pacientes com traqueostomia na unidade de terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the relationship between the rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion with successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic critically tracheostomized patients. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort study. We included chronic critically ill patients (those who underwent tracheostomy placement after 10 days under mechanical ventilation). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion were obtained by ultrasonography performed within the first 48 hours after tracheostomy. We measured rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion to assess their association with weaning from mechanical ventilation, including their potential to predict successful weaning and survival throughout the intensive care unit stay. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were included. Forty-five patients (55%) were weaned from mechanical ventilation. The mortality rates were 42% and 61.7% in the intensive care unit and hospital, respectively. The fail group in relation to the success group at weaning presented a lower rectus femoris cross-sectional area (1.4 [0.8] versus 1.84 [0.76]cm2, p = 0.014) and lower diaphragmatic excursion (1.29 ± 0.62 versus 1.62 ± 0.51cm, p = 0.019). When rectus femoris cross-sectional area ≥ 1.80cm2 and diaphragmatic excursion ≥ 1.25cm was a combined condition, it had a strong association with successful weaning (adjusted OR = 20.81, 95%CI 2.38 - 182.28; p = 0.006) but not with intensive care unit survival (adjusted OR = 0.19, 95%CI 0.03 - 1.08; p = 0.061). CONCLUSION: Successful weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic critically ill patients was associated with higher measurements of rectus femoris cross-sectional area and diaphragmatic excursion.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre área de secção transversa do reto femoral e excursão diafragmática com sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos crônicos com traqueostomia. MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo. Incluímos pacientes críticos crônicos (aqueles submetidos à colocação de traqueostomia após 10 dias de ventilação mecânica). A área de secção transversa do reto femoral e a excursão diafragmática foram obtidas por ultrassonografia realizada dentro das primeiras 48 horas após a traqueostomia. Medimos a área de secção transversa do reto femoral e a excursão diafragmática para avaliar sua associação com o desmame da ventilação mecânica, incluindo sua capacidade de prever o sucesso no desmame e a sobrevida durante toda a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 81 pacientes. Quarenta e cinco pacientes (55%) foram desmamados da ventilação mecânica. A mortalidade foi de 42% e 61,7% na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar, respectivamente. O grupo que falhou em relação ao grupo que obteve sucesso no desmame apresentou menor área transversa do reto femoral (1,4 [0,8] versus 1,84 [0,76]cm2, p = 0,014) e menor excursão diafragmática (1,29 ± 0,62 versus 1,62 ± 0,51cm, p = 0,019). Quando a área de secção transversa do reto femoral ≥ 1,80cm2 e a excursão diafragmática ≥ 1,25cm era uma condição combinada, apresentava forte associação com sucesso no desmame (RC ajustada de 20,81; IC95% 2,38 - 182,28; p = 0,006), mas não com sobrevida na unidade de terapia intensiva (RC ajustada de 0,19; IC95% 0,03 - 1,08; p = 0,061). CONCLUSÃO: O sucesso no desmame da ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos crônicos foi associado a medidas maiores de área de secção transversa do reto femoral e da excursão diafragmática.

Parameters of Bioelectrical Impedance Are Good Predictors of Nutrition Risk, Length of Stay, and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of nutrition risk in the intensive care unit (ICU) is limited by characteristics of critically ill patients, and new methods have been investigated for their applicability and predictive validity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters as predictors of nutrition risk and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of patients admitted to an ICU. The modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill score was used for assessment of nutrition risk, and BIA was performed in the first 72 hours of admission. Phase angle (PA) measurements were obtained, and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was used to classify patients by hydration status (BIVA >70%). Patients were followed until hospital discharge and evaluated for hospital mortality, ICU length of stay, length of hospitalization, and duration of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients were included (62.5 ± 14.1 years, 50.6% female). A PA <5.5o showed an accuracy of 79% (95% CI 0.59-0.83) in identifying patients at high nutrition risk and was associated with nearly 2 times greater risk for an ICU length of stay longer than 5 days (relative risk = 2.18 [95% CI 1.39-3.40]). Hyperhydration was a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio = 2.24 [95% CI 1.07-4.68]). Higher resistance and reactance values, adjusted for height, were found in survivors compared with nonsurvivors. CONCLUSION: The predictive validity of BIA was satisfactory for the assessment of nutrition risk, ICU length of stay, and mortality in critically ill patients.

Nutrition Risk Screening in Intensive Care Units: Agreement Between NUTRIC and NRS 2002 Tools.

BACKGROUND: The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommends nutrition screening in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and indicates the use of 2 tools: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) or Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (NUTRIC). This study aims to compare nutrition risk detected by NRS 2002 and NUTRIC to identify whether both tools are equivalent for clinical practice in the ICU. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2 hospital centers in the south of Brazil. Adult patients (≥18 years old) who stayed in the ICU for >24 hours were included. NUTRIC and NRS 2002 were compared with each other for their agreement in screening for nutrition risk. RESULTS: The study included 208 patients, most of them male (63.5%). The comparison between both nutrition screening tools showed fair agreement (κ = 0.39). Nearly half of the patients were classified at high nutrition risk by NUTRIC (47.6%), whereas only approximately one-third of the sample was classified similarly by NRS 2002 (35.6%). CONCLUSION: Despite the ability to identify patients with high nutrition risk, NUTRIC and NRS 2002 performed differently and were not concordant, suggesting that are not equivalent for clinical practice in the ICU.

Nutritional Risk in Emergency-2017: A New Simplified Proposal for a Nutrition Screening Tool.

BACKGROUND: There are many nutrition screening tools currently being applied in hospitals to identify risk of malnutrition. However, multivariate statistical models are not usually employed to take into account the importance of each variable included in the instrument's development. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate the concurrent and predictive validities of a new screening tool of nutrition risk. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was developed, in which 4 nutrition screening tools were applied to all patients. Length of stay in hospital and mortality were considered to test the predictive validity, and the concurrent validity was tested by comparing the Nuritional Risk in Emergency (NRE)-2017 to the other tools. RESULTS: A total of 748 patients were included. The final NRE-2017 score was composed of 6 questions (advanced age, metabolic stress of the disease, decreased appetite, changing of food consistency, unintentional weight loss, and muscle mass loss) with answers yes or no. The prevalence of nutrition risk was 50.7% and 38.8% considering the cutoff points 1.0 and 1.5, respectively. The NRE-2017 showed a satisfactory power to indentify risk of malnutrition (area under the curve >0.790 for all analyses). According to the NRE-2017, patients at risk of malnutrition have twice as high relative risk of a very long hospital stay. The hazard ratio for mortality was 2.78 (1.03-7.49) when the cutoff adopted by the NRE-2017 was 1.5 points. CONCLUSION: NRE-2017 is a new, easy-to-apply nutrition screening tool which uses 6 bi-categoric features to detect the risk of malnutrition, and it presented a good concurrent and predictive validity.

Impactos da implementação de um centro de referência em fórmulas nutricionais especiais / Impacts of implementing a reference center in special nutritional formulae

Introdução: Em 2005, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foi criado o Centro de Referência para Assessoria em Fórmulas Nutricionais Especiais (CR), com a finalidade de avaliar tecnicamente as solicitações de fórmulas nutricionais especiais (FNE), pelos usuários do SUS, à Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar características de solicitações e usuários e estimar custos em dois períodos pós-implantação do CR no Estado do RS. Métodos: A unidade de pesquisa foi cada solicitação de FNE. Os grupos de comparação foram constituídos por todas as solicitações avaliadas no primeiro (período 1 / n = 1077) e terceiro (período 2 / n = 944) anos de funcionamento do CR. Resultados: Houve aumento da proporção de solicitações judiciais (p<0,001), melhora do preenchimento das requisições (p<0,001) e do percentual de aprovações aos pedidos de FNE (p<0,001), para mais usuários (p=0,004). Aumentaram as solicitações para desnutridos (p=0,002) e idosos (p<0,001) e reduziram as duplicidades de solicitações no período (p<0,001). O custo estimado por usuário diminuiu de US$ 8,742 para US$ 6,297. Conclusões: A implantação do CR contribuiu para aprimorar o processo de solicitação e análise de pedidos de FNE, repercutindo em mais avaliações favoráveis ao fornecimento de fórmulas, para mais usuários, a menores custos

Introduction: In 2005, the Center of Reference (CR) for Consultancy in Nutritional Special Formulas was created in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in order to technically evaluate the requests for special nutritional formulas (SNF) made by SUS users to the State Department of Health. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of applications and users and to estimate costs in both periods after implementation of the CR in the state of RS. Methods: The research unit was each requested SNF. The comparison groups were composed of all requests evaluated in the first (period 1 / n = 1077) and third (period 2 / n = 944) years of the CR. Results: Increased proportion of court orders (p<0.001), improvement of the fulfillment of orders (p<0.001) and of the percentage of approvals of applications for SNF (p<0.001) for more users (p=0.004). There were increased requests for malnourished (p = 0.002) and elderly (p<0.001) and decreased duplications of requests in the period (p<0.001). The estimated cost per user declined from US$ 8,742 to US$ 6,297. Conclusions: The implementation of this CR has helped to improve the process to request and review applications for SNF, reflecting more favorable ratings in the supply of formulas, to more users and at lower costs

Criação e implantação do centro de referência para assessoria em fórmulas nutricionais especiais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Creation and implantation of a reference center for special nutritional formulas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Fórmulas nutricionais especiais apresentam um alto custo que as tornam inacessíveis à maioria da população, cabendo aos estados da Federação seu fornecimento, conforme demandado pelos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a criação e implantação de um Centro de Referência para Assessoria em Fórmulas Nutricionais Especiais, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O Centro de Referência foi criado por uma parceria entre a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul e o Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, com a finalidade de analisar, periodicamente, a adequação dos processos de solicitação de fórmulas nutricionais especiais. Desde sua criação, o Centro de Referência padronizou fórmulas consideradas essenciais e desenvolveu rotinas de avaliação, atuando em conjunto com funcionários envolvidos no fluxo de atendimento aos processos de solicitação e compra de fórmulas de alto custo, com o objetivo de padronizar condutas e otimizar a utilização dos recursos financeiros destinados a esta área. Estudos futuros são necessários para avaliação dos desfechos gerados após a implantação do Centro de Referência no atendimento às solicitações de fórmulas nutricionais especiais e averiguação dos custos associados.

Special nutritional formulas have high costs, which make them inaccessible to most of the population, and, as a consequence, in Brazil, each state is responsible for providing them on demand to the users of the Unified Health System. The objective of this study was to describe the creation and implantation of a Reference Center for Assistance in Special Nutritional Formulas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Reference Center was created by means of a partnership between the Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do Sul and the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, with the aim of analyzing on a regular basis the adequacy of the procedures requesting special nutritional formulas. Since its creation, the Reference Center standardized formulas considered essential and developed evaluation routines, working together with the staff involved in the process of requesting and buying high-cost formulas, with the aim of standardizing conducts and optimizing the use of financial resources provided to this area. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the outcomes generated after the implantation of the Reference Center to meet the demands for special nutritional formulas and investigate associated costs.