Skewed autonomy-relatedness in preadolescents' conceptions of their relationships with mother, father, and best friend.

Healthy adaptation within all close relationships--whether with parents, friends, or romantic partners--involves striking a balance between connectedness to and independence from the relationship partner. For some individuals, adaptation within one or more relationships is skewed, or characterized by either an excessive concern for closeness that impedes autonomy (preoccupied stance) or an excessive concern for autonomy that inhibits closeness (avoidant stance). In this study with boys and girls aged 9-14 years, children who reported a preoccupied or avoidant stance toward their mother displayed increased social impairment in the peer group over time. There were predictable associations among children's stances toward mother, father, and best friend. Children resembled their best friend in relationship stance. The study illustrates the advantages of applying common relationship constructs (e.g., autonomy-relatedness) to the study of diverse close relationships.

Victimization by peers: associations with children's reports of mother-child interaction.

Children who are chronically victimized by peers are at risk for personal difficulties. This study examined whether victimization is associated with mother-child interaction at home. Preadolescents (N = 184; mean age = 11.7 years) reported on their mother's child-rearing practices and on how they cope during conflicts with their mother. Peers reported on victimization at school. Sex-specific links between perceived family interaction and peer victimization were found. For boys, victimization was associated with perceived maternal overprotectiveness, especially when boys reported reacting with fear during mother-child conflict. For girls, victimization was associated with perceived maternal rejection and with girls' reports of aggressive coping during mother-child conflict. Results support the theory that parenting that hinders children's development of gender-salient competencies (autonomy for boys and communion for girls) places children at risk for peer victimization.

NMR solvent shift data for methoxylated xanthones.

The NMR spectra of 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyanthones, 1,3-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,5-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 3,6-, and 4,5-dihydroxyxanthones, 1,3,6- and 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthones, and 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, as well as those of the corresponding methyl ethers and acetates, were recorded. The spectra of the methyl ethers were measured in deuterochloroform, benzene, trifluoroacetic acid, and 3% trifluoroacetic acid in benzene. The solvent shift parameters for the methoxyl resonances are tabulated and discussed.