Cost-effectiveness of low-dose colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease in the netherlands.

AIMS: Recent trials have shown that low-dose colchicine (0.5 mg once daily) reduces major cardiovascular events in patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes. We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of low-dose colchicine therapy in patients with chronic coronary disease when added to standard background therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: This Markov cohort cost-effectiveness model used estimates of therapy effectiveness, transition probabilities, costs and quality of life obtained from the Low-dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) trial, as well as meta-analyses and public sources. In this trial, Low-dose colchicine was added to standard of care and compared to placebo. The main outcomes were cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, stroke and coronary revascularisation, quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), the cost per QALY gained (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio), and net monetary benefit. In the model, low-dose colchicine therapy yielded 0.04 additional QALYs compared with standard of care at an incremental cost of €455 from a societal perspective and €729 from a healthcare perspective, resulting in a cost per QALY gained of €12,176/QALY from a societal perspective and €19,499/QALY from a healthcare perspective. Net monetary benefit was €1,414 from a societal perspective and €1,140 from a healthcare perspective. Low-dose colchicine has a 96% and 94% chance of being cost effective, from respectively a societal and healthcare perspective when using a willingness to pay of €50,000/QALY. Net monetary benefit would decrease below zero when annual low-dose colchicine costs would exceed an annual cost of €221 per patient. CONCLUSION: Adding low-dose colchicine to standard of care in patients with chronic coronary disease is cost-effective according to commonly accepted thresholds in Europe and Australia and compares favourably in cost-effectiveness to other drugs used in chronic coronary disease.

Colchicine and diabetes in patients with chronic coronary artery disease: insights from the LoDoCo2 randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: Despite optimal treatment, patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of cardiovascular events, emphasizing the need for new treatment options. The Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) trial demonstrated that colchicine reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic CAD. This analysis determines the efficacy of colchicine in patients with chronic CAD and DM as well as the effect of colchicine on the development of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The LoDoCo2 trial randomized 5,522 patients to placebo or colchicine 0.5 mg once daily, with a median follow-up of 28.6 months. The primary composite endpoint was cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization. The effect of its treatment in patients with and without DM was evaluated by including an interaction term in the model. Results: A total of 1,007 participants (18.2%) had T2DM at baseline. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [(95% confidence interval (CI)] for the primary endpoint in the T2DM group was 1.52 (1.15-2.01, p < 0.01) compared with the group without T2DM. The HR for the treatment effect on the primary endpoint was 0.87 (0.61-1.25) in participants with T2DM and 0.64 (0.51-0.80) in participants without diabetes (pinteraction = 0.14). The incidence of new-onset T2DM was 1.5% (34 out of 2,270) in the colchicine group and 2.2% (49 out of 2,245) in the placebo group (p = 0.10). Discussion: In conclusion, based on the current evidence, the beneficial effects of colchicine on cardiovascular endpoints are consistent regardless of DM status. The potential benefits of colchicine in preventing new-onset DM need further investigation. These findings are only hypothesis-generating and require larger prospective trials to confirm the results.

Individual lifetime benefit from low-dose colchicine in patients with chronic coronary artery disease.

AIMS: Low-dose colchicine reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but absolute benefits may vary between individuals. This study aimed to assess the range of individual absolute benefits from low-dose colchicine according to patient risk profile. METHODS AND RESULTS: The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline-recommended SMART-REACH model was combined with the relative treatment effect of low-dose colchicine and applied to patients with CAD from the Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) trial and the Utrecht Cardiovascular Cohort-Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (UCC-SMART) study (n = 10 830). Individual treatment benefits were expressed as 10-year absolute risk reductions (ARRs) for myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death (MACE), and MACE-free life-years gained. Predictions were also performed for MACE plus coronary revascularization (MACE+), using a new lifetime model derived in the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry. Colchicine was compared with other ESC guideline-recommended intensified (Step 2) prevention strategies, i.e. LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) reduction to 1.4 mmol/L and systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduction to 130 mmHg. The generalizability to other populations was assessed in patients with CAD from REACH North America and Western Europe (n = 25 812). The median 10-year ARR from low-dose colchicine was 4.6% [interquartile range (IQR) 3.6-6.0%] for MACE and 8.6% (IQR 7.6-9.8%) for MACE+. Lifetime benefit was 2.0 (IQR 1.6-2.5) MACE-free years, and 3.4 (IQR 2.6-4.2) MACE+-free life-years gained. For LDL-c and SBP reduction, respectively, the median 10-year ARR for MACE was 3.0% (IQR 1.5-5.1%) and 1.7% (IQR 0.0-5.7%), and the lifetime benefit was 1.2 (IQR 0.6-2.1) and 0.7 (IQR 0.0-2.3) MACE-free life-years gained. Similar results were obtained for MACE+ and in American and European patients from REACH. CONCLUSION: The absolute benefits of low-dose colchicine vary between individual patients with chronic CAD. They may be expected to be of at least similar magnitude to those of intensified LDL-c and SBP reduction in a majority of patients already on conventional lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering therapy.

The long-term benefits of treatment with low-dose colchicine were estimated for 36 642 individuals with coronary heart disease, and compared with those of lipid- and blood pressure­lowering therapy. On average, low-dose colchicine was estimated to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years from 17.8 to 13.2% (a reduction of 4.6% points) and to afford 2.0 additional years of life without cardiovascular disease.Low-dose colchicine was estimated to be the most effective treatment in 49%, intensive blood pressure­lowering therapy in 28%, and intensive lipid-lowering therapy in 23% of patients.

C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at high risk of incident heart failure (HF), which may in part reflect the impact of systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine the association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and incident HF in patients with established CVD. METHODS: Patients from the prospective UCC-SMART (Utrecht Cardiovascular Cohort-Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease) cohort with established CVD, but without prevalent HF were included (n = 8,089). Incident HF was defined as a first hospitalization for HF. The association between baseline CRP and incident HF was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for established risk factors (ie, age, sex, myocardial infarction, smoking, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and kidney function). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 9.7 years (IQR 5.4-14.1 years), 810 incident HF cases were observed (incidence rate 1.01/100 person-years). Higher CRP was independently associated with an increased risk of incident HF: HR per 1 mg/L: 1.10 (95% CI: 1.07-1.13), and for last vs first CRP quartile: 2.22 (95% CI: 1.76-2.79). The association was significant for both HF with reduced (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04-1.14) and preserved ejection fraction (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.07-1.18) (P for difference = 0.137). Additional adjustment for medication use and interim myocardial infarction did not attenuate the association, and the association remained consistent beyond 15 years after the CRP measurement. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with established CVD, CRP is an independent risk marker of incident HF. These data support ongoing trial efforts to assess whether anti-inflammatory agents can reduce the burden of HF.

Association of Low-Dose Colchicine With Incidence of Knee and Hip Replacements : Exploratory Analyses From a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Trial.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a major contributor to pain and disability worldwide. Given that inflammation plays an important role in the development of osteoarthritis, anti-inflammatory drugs may slow disease progression. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether colchicine, 0.5 mg daily, reduces incident total knee replacements (TKRs) and total hip replacements (THRs). DESIGN: Exploratory analysis of the LoDoCo2 (Low-Dose Colchicine 2) randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000093684). SETTING: 43 centers in Australia and the Netherlands. PATIENTS: 5522 patients with chronic coronary artery disease. INTERVENTION: Colchicine, 0.5 mg, or placebo once daily. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was time to first TKR or THR since randomization. All analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: A total of 2762 patients received colchicine and 2760 received placebo during a median follow-up of 28.6 months. During the trial, TKR or THR was performed in 68 patients (2.5%) in the colchicine group and 97 (3.5%) in the placebo group (incidence rate, 0.90 vs. 1.30 per 100 person-years; incidence rate difference, -0.40 [95% CI, -0.74 to -0.06] per 100 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.69 [CI, 0.51 to 0.95]). In sensitivity analyses, similar results were obtained when patients with gout at baseline were excluded and when joint replacements that occurred in the first 3 and 6 months of follow-up were omitted. LIMITATION: LoDoCo2 was not designed to investigate the effect of colchicine in osteoarthritis of the knee or hip and did not collect information specifically on osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: In this exploratory analysis of the LoDoCo2 trial, use of colchicine, 0.5 mg daily, was associated with a lower incidence of TKR and THR. Further investigation of colchicine therapy to slow disease progression in osteoarthritis is warranted. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.

Drivers of mortality in patients with chronic coronary disease in the low-dose colchicine 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Low-dose colchicine significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic coronary disease. An increase of non-cardiovascular death raised concerns about its safety. This study reports cause-specific mortality and baseline predictors of mortality in the Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) trial. METHODS: Patients with chronic coronary disease were randomly allocated to colchicine 0.5 mg once daily or placebo on a background of optimal medical therapy. Cause-specific mortality data were analysed, stratified by treatment status. Multivariate analyses were performed to examine the predictors of mortality as well as cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death. RESULTS: After a median 28.6 months follow-up, 133 out of 5522 participants (2.4%) died. Forty-five deaths were cardiovascular (colchicine versus placebo: 20 [0.7%] versus 25 [0.9%], HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.44-1.44), while eighty-eight deaths were non-cardiovascular (53 [1.9%] versus 35 [1.3%]; HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.99-2.31). Forty-eight deaths were due to cancer (26 [0.9%] versus 22 [0.8%]), thirteen end-stage pulmonary disease (9 [0.3%] versus 4 [0.1%]), eight infection (4 [0.1%] versus 4 [0.1%]), five dementia (4 [0.1%] versus 1 [0.0%]) and five related multiple organ failure (3 [0.1%] versus 2 [0.1%]). Multivariable analysis demonstrated age > 65 years was the only independent baseline characteristic associated with non-cardiovascular death (HR, 3.65; 95% CI, 2.06-6.47). CONCLUSIONS: During the LoDoCo2 trial, assignment to colchicine was not associated with an adverse effect on any specific causes of death. Most deaths were related to non-cardiovascular causes, underscoring the importance of comorbidities as drivers of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic coronary disease.

The Effect of Years-Long Exposure to Low-Dose Colchicine on Renal and Liver Function and Blood Creatine Kinase Levels: Safety Insights from the Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The Low-Dose Colchicine-2 (LoDoCo2) trial showed that 2-4 years exposure to colchicine 0.5 mg once daily reduced the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. The potential effect of years-long exposure to colchicine on renal or liver function and creatine kinase (CK) has not been systematically evaluated and was investigated in this LoDoCo2 substudy. METHODS: Blood samples drawn from 1776 participants at the close-out visit of the LoDoCo2 trial were used to measure markers of renal function (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen [BUN]), liver function (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], γ-glutamyl transferase [GGT], bilirubin and albumin), and CK. Renal and liver function as well as hyperCKemia (elevated CK) were categorized to the degree of elevation biomarkers as mild, mild/moderate, moderate/severe, and marked elevations. RESULTS: In total, 1776 participants (mean age 66.5 years, 72% male) contributed to this analysis, with a median exposure to trial medication of 32.7 months. Compared with placebo, colchicine was not associated with changes in creatinine and BUN but was associated with elevations in ALT (30 U/L vs. 26 U/L; p < 0.01) and CK (123 U/L vs. 110 U/L; p < 0.01). Most elevations in ALT and CK were mild in both treatment groups. There were no moderate to marked ALT elevations (> 5-10 × upper limit of normal [ULN]) in both treatment groups, and 6 (0.7%) colchicine-treated vs. 2 (0.2%) placebo-treated participants had moderate to marked CK elevations (> 5-10 × ULN). CONCLUSION: In chronic coronary artery disease, 2-4 years of exposure to colchicine 0.5 mg once daily was associated with small elevations in ALT and CK, but was not associated with changes in renal function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://www.anzctr.org.au ; ACTRN12614000093684, 24 January 2014.

Association of genetic variations in ACE2, TIRAP and factor X with outcomes in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can manifest with varying disease severity and mortality. Genetic predisposition influences the clinical course of infectious diseases. We investigated whether genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes ACE2, TIRAP, and factor X are associated with clinical outcomes in COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study. All patients who visited the emergency department with SARS-CoV-2 infection proven by polymerase chain reaction were included. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ACE2 (rs2285666), TIRAP (rs8177374) and factor X (rs3211783) were assessed. The outcomes were mortality, respiratory failure and venous thromboembolism. Respiratory failure was defined as the necessity of >5 litres/minute oxygen, high flow nasal oxygen suppletion or mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Between March and April 2020, 116 patients (35% female, median age 65 [inter quartile range 55-75] years) were included and treated according to the then applicable guidelines. Sixteen patients (14%) died, 44 patients (38%) had respiratory failure of whom 23 required endotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation, and 20 patients (17%) developed venous thromboembolism. The percentage of TIRAP polymorphism carriers in the survivor group was 28% as compared to 0% in the non-survivor group (p = 0.01, Bonferroni corrected p = 0.02). Genotype distribution of ACE2 and factor X did not differ between survivors and non-survivors. CONCLUSION: This study shows that carriage of TIRAP polymorphism rs8177374 could be associated with a significantly lower mortality in COVID-19. This TIRAP polymorphism may be an important predictor in the outcome of COVID-19.

Colchicine reduces extracellular vesicle NLRP3 inflammasome protein levels in chronic coronary disease: A LoDoCo2 biomarker substudy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Colchicine reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease. Colchicine has broad anti-inflammatory effects and part of the atheroprotective effects have been suggested to be the result of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. We studied the effect of colchicine on extracellular vesicle (EV) NLRP3 protein levels and inflammatory markers, high sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6, in patients with chronic coronary disease. METHODS: In vitro, the NLRP3 inflammasome was stimulated in PMA-differentiated- and undifferentiated THP-1 cells. In vivo, measurements were performed in serum obtained from 278 participants of the LoDoCo2 trial, one year after randomization to colchicine 0.5 mg once daily or placebo. EVs were isolated using precipitation. NLRP3 protein presence in EVs was confirmed using iodixanol density gradient centrifugation. Levels of NLRP3 protein, hs-CRP and IL-6 were measured using ELISA. RESULTS: In vitro, NLRP3 inflammasome stimulation showed an increase of EV NLRP3 protein levels. EV NLRP3 protein levels were lower in patients treated with colchicine (median 1.38 ng/mL), compared to placebo (median 1.58 ng/mL) (p = 0.025). No difference was observed in serum NLRP3 protein levels. Serum hs-CRP levels were lower in patients treated with colchicine (median 0.80 mg/L) compared to placebo (median 1.34 mg/L) (p < 0.005). IL-6 levels were lower in patients treated with colchicine (median 2.07 ng/L) compared to placebo (median 2.59 ng/L), although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.076). CONCLUSIONS: Colchicine leads to a reduction of EV NLRP3 protein levels. This indicates that inhibitory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome might contribute to the atheroprotective effects of colchicine in coronary disease.

Colchicine in Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease in Relation to Prior Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Colchicine reduces risk of cardiovascular events in patients post-myocardial infarction and in patients with chronic coronary disease. It remains unclear whether this effect is related to the time of onset of treatment following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVES: This study investigates risk for major adverse cardiovascular events in relation to history and timing of prior ACS, to determine whether the benefits of colchicine are consistent independent of prior ACS status. METHODS: The LoDoCo2 (Low-Dose Colchicine 2) trial randomly allocated patients with chronic coronary disease to colchicine 0.5 mg once daily or placebo. The rate of the composite of cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or ischemia-driven coronary revascularization was compared between patients with no prior, recent (6-24 months), remote (2-7 years), or very remote (>7 years) ACS; interaction between ACS status and colchicine treatment effect was assessed. RESULTS: In 5,522 randomized patients, risk of the primary endpoint was independent of prior ACS status. Colchicine consistently reduced the primary endpoint in patients with no prior ACS (incidence: 2.8 vs 3.4 events per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-1.27), recent ACS (incidence: 2.4 vs 3.3 events per 100 person-years; HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.51-1.10), remote ACS (incidence: 1.8 vs 3.2 events per 100 person-years, HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.37-0.82), and very remote ACS (incidence: 3.0 vs 4.3 events per 100 person-years, HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51-0.96) (P for interaction = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of colchicine are consistent irrespective of history and timing of prior ACS. (The LoDoCo2 Trial: Low Dose Colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease [LoDoCo2] ACTRN12614000093684).

Experimental parameters and infarct size in closed chest pig LAD ischemia reperfusion models; lessons learned.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical models that resemble the clinical setting as closely as possible are essential in translating promising therapies for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Closed chest pig left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ischemia reperfusion (I/R) models are valuable and clinically relevant. Knowledge on the influence of experimental design on infarct size (IS) in these models is a prerequisite for suitable models. To this end, we investigated the impact of several experimental features (occlusion and follow-up time and influence of area at risk (AAR)) on IS. METHODS: A total of fifty-one female Landrace pigs were subjected to closed chest LAD balloon occlusion and evaluated in three substudies with varying protocols. To assess the relationship between time of occlusion and the IS, 18 pigs were subjected to 60-, 75- and 90 min of occlusion and terminated after 24 h of follow-up. Influence of prolonged follow-up on IS was studied in 18 pigs after 75 min of occlusion that were terminated at 1, 3 and 7 days. The relation between AAR and IS was studied in 28 pigs after 60 min of occlusion and 24 h of follow-up. The relation between VF, number of shocks and IS was studied in the same 28 pigs after 60 min of occlusion. RESULTS: Increasing occlusion time resulted in an increased IS as a ratio of the AAR (IS/AAR). This ranged from 53 ± 23% after 60 min of occlusion to 88 ± 2.2% after 90 min (P = 0.01). Increasing follow-up, from 1 to 3 or 7 days after 75 min of occlusion did not effect IS/AAR. Increasing AAR led to a larger IS/AAR (r2 = 0.34, P = 0.002), earlier VF (r2 = 0.32, P = 0.027) and a higher number of shocks (r2 = 0.29, P = 0.004) in pigs subjected to 60 min of occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: These experiments describe the association of occlusion time, follow-up duration, AAR and VF with IS in closed chest pig LAD I/R models. These results have important implications for future I/R studies in pigs and can serve as a guideline for the selection of appropriate parameters and the optimal experimental design.

Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine in patients with coronary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

AIMS: Recent randomized trials demonstrated a benefit of low-dose colchicine added to guideline-based treatment in patients with recent myocardial infarction or chronic coronary disease. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to obtain best estimates of the effects of colchicine on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS AND RESULTS: We searched the literature for randomized clinical trials of long-term colchicine in patients with atherosclerosis published up to 1 September 2020. The primary efficacy endpoint was MACE, the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. We combined the results of five trials that included 11 816 patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 578 patients. Colchicine reduced the risk for the primary endpoint by 25% [relative risk (RR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.92; P = 0.005], myocardial infarction by 22% (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.94; P = 0.010), stroke by 46% (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34-0.86; P = 0.009), and coronary revascularization by 23% (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.90; P < 0.001). We observed no difference in all-cause death (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.71-1.62; P = 0.73), with a lower incidence of cardiovascular death (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.55-1.23; P = 0.34) counterbalanced by a higher incidence of non-cardiovascular death (RR 1.38, 95% CI 0.99-1.92; P = 0.060). CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis indicates that low-dose colchicine reduced the risk of MACE as well as that of myocardial infarction, stroke, and the need for coronary revascularization in a broad spectrum of patients with coronary disease. There was no difference in all-cause mortality and fewer cardiovascular deaths were counterbalanced by more non-cardiovascular deaths.

[Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis]. / Niet-bacteriële trombotische endocarditis.

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), also known as non-infective endocarditis, is a rare condition characterised by formation of sterile fibrin and platelet depositions on heart valves. NBTE is commonly seen in advanced malignancies, auto-immune disorders and conditions associated with a hypercoagulable state. Patients are often asymptomatic. Clinical manifestations are a result of a multifocal systemic embolisms in brain, spleen, kidney, skin or extremities. Laboratory tests and blood cultures should be taken in the work-up to differentiate with an infectious endocarditis. Furthermore, a transthoracic or transoesophageal echocardiography should be performed. Often diagnosis can only be based on clinical signs and symptoms, without confirmation by imaging. Therapy includes anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin or non-vitamin K antagonists, treating the underlying disease and surgical intervention. In this article, we present two cases and argument to include NBTE in the differential diagnoses when systemic embolisms occur in patients with malignancies of auto-immune disorders.

Text-mining in electronic healthcare records can be used as efficient tool for screening and data collection in cardiovascular trials: a multicenter validation study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to validate trial patient eligibility screening and baseline data collection using text-mining in electronic healthcare records (EHRs), comparing the results to those of an international trial. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: In three medical centers with different EHR vendors, EHR-based text-mining was used to automatically screen patients for trial eligibility and extract baseline data on nineteen characteristics. First, the yield of screening with automated EHR text-mining search was compared with manual screening by research personnel. Second, the accuracy of extracted baseline data by EHR text mining was compared to manual data entry by research personnel. RESULTS: Of the 92,466 patients visiting the out-patient cardiology departments, 568 (0.6%) were enrolled in the trial during its recruitment period using manual screening methods. Automated EHR data screening of all patients showed that the number of patients needed to screen could be reduced by 73,863 (79.9%). The remaining 18,603 (20.1%) contained 458 of the actual participants (82.4% of participants). In trial participants, automated EHR text-mining missed a median of 2.8% (Interquartile range [IQR] across all variables 0.4-8.5%) of all data points compared to manually collected data. The overall accuracy of automatically extracted data was 88.0% (IQR 84.7-92.8%). CONCLUSION: Automatically extracting data from EHRs using text-mining can be used to identify trial participants and to collect baseline information.

Immunomodulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, and Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Atherosclerosis is responsible for the majority of cardiovascular disorders with inflammation as one of its driving processes. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, responsible for the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), has been studied extensively and showed to play a pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), and myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. Both the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream cytokines, IL-1ß and IL-18, could therefore be promising targets in cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerosis, CAD, and myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, the current therapeutic approaches targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream signaling cascade in atherosclerosis, CAD, and myocardial I/R injury are discussed.