RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HBV and HIV coinfection is a common occurrence globally, with significant morbidity and mortality. Both viruses lead to immune dysregulation including changes in natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of antiviral defense and a promising target for HBV cure strategies. Here we used high-throughput single-cell analysis to explore the immune cell landscape in people with HBV mono-infection and HIV/HBV coinfection, on antiviral therapy, with emphasis on identifying the distinctive characteristics of NK cell subsets that can be therapeutically harnessed. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Our data show striking differences in the transcriptional programs of NK cells. HIV/HBV coinfection was characterized by an over-representation of adaptive, KLRC2 -expressing NK cells, including a higher abundance of a chemokine-enriched ( CCL3/CCL4 ) adaptive cluster. The NK cell remodeling in HIV/HBV coinfection was reflected in enriched activation pathways, including CD3ζ phosphorylation and ZAP-70 translocation that can mediate stronger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses and a bias toward chemokine/cytokine signaling. By contrast, HBV mono-infection imposed a stronger cytotoxic profile on NK cells and a more prominent signature of "exhaustion" with higher circulating levels of HBsAg. Phenotypic alterations in the NK cell pool in coinfection were consistent with increased "adaptiveness" and better capacity for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity compared to HBV mono-infection. Overall, an adaptive NK cell signature correlated inversely with circulating levels of HBsAg and HBV-RNA in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights into the differential signature and functional profile of NK cells in HBV and HIV/HBV coinfection, highlighting pathways that can be manipulated to tailor NK cell-focused approaches to advance HBV cure strategies in different patient groups.
RESUMO
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, to inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). Here we show that the majority of PLWH with ART suppressed HIV viral load, mount a detectable adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Humoral and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are comparable between HIV-positive and negative subjects and persist 5-7 months following predominately mild COVID-19 disease. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleoprotein are the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. We further show that the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses relates to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH. These findings suggest that inadequate immune reconstitution on ART, could hinder immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with implications for the individual management and vaccine effectiveness in PLWH.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Imunidade Humoral , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Formação de Anticorpos/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Genoma Humano , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Especificidade da Espécie , Doadores de TecidosAssuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Infecções por HIV/patologia , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Alanina , Amidas , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/métodos , Vacina BNT162 , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Relação CD4-CD8 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/virologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/virologia , Emtricitabina/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/crescimento & desenvolvimento , HIV-1/imunologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 Anéis , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Testes de Neutralização , Piperazinas , Piridonas , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Tenofovir/análogos & derivados , Falha de TratamentoRESUMO
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, to inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). We show that the majority of PLWH, controlled on ART, mount a functional adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Humoral and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are comparable between HIV-positive and negative subjects and persist 5-7 months following predominately mild COVID-19 disease. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid are the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. We further show that the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses relates to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH, in whom disparate antibody and T cell responses are observed. These findings suggest that inadequate immune reconstitution on ART, could hinder immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with implications for the individual management and vaccine effectiveness in PLWH.
RESUMO
There is an urgent need to understand the nature of immune responses generated against SARS-CoV-2, to better inform risk-mitigation strategies for people living with HIV (PLWH). Although not all PLWH are considered immunosuppressed, residual cellular immune deficiency and ongoing inflammation could influence COVID-19 disease severity, the evolution and durability of protective memory responses. Here, we performed an integrated analysis, characterizing the nature, breadth and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in PLWH, controlled on ART, and HIV negative subjects. Both groups were in the convalescent phase of predominately mild COVID-19 disease. The majority of PLWH mounted SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-specific antibodies with neutralizing activity and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses, as measured by ELISpot, at levels comparable to HIV negative subjects. T cell responses against Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid were the most prominent, with SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells outnumbering CD8 T cells. Notably, the overall magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses related to the size of the naive CD4 T cell pool and the CD4:CD8 ratio in PLWH, in whom disparate antibody and T cell responses were observed. Both humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 were detected at 5-7 months post-infection, providing evidence of medium-term durability of responses irrespective of HIV serostatus. Incomplete immune reconstitution on ART and a low CD4:CD8 ratio could, however, hamper the development of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and serve as a useful tool for risk stratification of PLWH. These findings have implications for the individual management and potential effectiveness of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH.