Site contamination health risk assessment case study involving tenant relocation from a former gasworks site.

An Adelaide suburban public-housing residential site with 16 apartments was investigated after complaints of odor in some yard areas. A distinct 0.5-m layer of dark, odorous (tarry), contaminant material, which in some areas had been covered with plastic sheeting, was subsequently found beneath the topsoil across most of the site. This material appeared to extend beneath the apartments. Analysis indicated high levels of cyanide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), consistent with gasworks waste. Historical investigation revealed that the site was originally owned by a gas company and that a large gasometer (gas-storage tank) existed in one corner of the site. This finding of significant soil contamination precipitated a decision by the health and housing authorities to notify tenants immediately and to plan for their relocation. In addition to tending to the consequent personal disruption and logistical difficulties this posed, a detailed risk assessment process was developed. Urine samples were collected before and after relocation and analyzed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. In addition, samples of tap water, indoor and outdoor air, indoor and ceiling dust, carpets, and soil from tillage areas were analyzed for PAHs. Data indicated a low health risk associated with tenancy on the site. This report presents details of the health risk assessment process undertaken and discusses vindicative reasons for tenant relocation.

Development of a tolerable daily intake for N-nitrosodimethylamine using a modified benchmark dose methodology.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an environmental contaminant that has recently been detected in Australian drinking-water supplies and that is principally generated in chloramination systems. NDMA is acutely toxic to humans at high doses, is genotoxic after cytochrome P-450 metabolism, and is carcinogenic in several animal species. An extremely large lifetime cancer dose-response study reported by Peto and colleagues (1984, 1991a, 1991b) of NDMA in drinking water given to rats is used in risk assessment by various jurisdictions. We have recently reported on use of an Australian modified benchmark dose (mBMD) methodology for developing tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) and guideline values for environmental carcinogens based on cancer dose response in the low-dose region, and have applied this to the NDMA rat liver tumor data. The application of a suite of mathematical models to the incidence data for hepatocellular carcinomas and hemangiosarcomas, followed by arithmetic and exponential-weight averaging of the 5% extra risk dose (mBMD(0.05)) for the various models, produced an mBMD(0.05) range of 0.020-0.028 mg/kg/d. This was then divided by a range of modifying factors to account for seriousness of the carcinogenic endpoint, adequacy of the database, and inter- and intraspecies differences, generating a TDI range of 4.0 to 9.3 ng/kg/d. This may be employed in developing guideline values for NDMA in environmental media.

Application of benzo(a)pyrene and coal tar tumor dose-response data to a modified benchmark dose method of guideline development.

Assessment of cancer risk from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been traditionally conducted by applying the conservative linearized multistage (LMS) model to animal tumor data for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), considered the most potent carcinogen in PAH mixtures. Because it has been argued that LMS use of 95% lower confidence limits on dose is unnecessarily conservative, that assumptions of low-dose linearity to zero in the dose response imply clear mechanistic understanding, and that "acceptable" cancer risk rests on a policy decision, an alternative cancer risk assessment approach has been developed. Based in part on the emerging benchmark dose (BMD) method, the modified BMD method we used involves applying a suite of conventional mathematical models to tumor dose-response data. This permits derivation of the average dose corresponding to 5% extra tumor incidence (BMD0.05) to which a number of modifying factors are applied to achieve a guideline dose, that is, a daily dose considered safe for human lifetime exposure. Application of the modified BMD method to recent forestomach tumor data from BaP ingestion studies in mice suggests a guideline dose of 0.08 microg/kg/day. Based on this and an understanding of dietary BaP, and considering that BaP is a common contaminant in soil and therefore poses human health risk via soil ingestion, we propose a BaP soil guideline value of 5 ppm (milligrams per kilogram). Mouse tumor data from ingestion of coal tar mixtures containing PAHs and BaP show that lung and not forestomach tumors are most prevalent and that BaP content cannot explain the lung tumors. This calls into question the common use of toxicity equivalence factors based on BaP for assessing risk from complex PAH mixtures. Emerging data point to another PAH compound--H-benzo(c)fluorene--as the possible lung tumorigen.

Severe congenital lead poisoning in a preterm infant due to a herbal remedy.

A preterm infant born to a woman with chronic lead poisoning was found to have the highest blood lead level recorded for a surviving neonate. Parenteral calcium disodium edetate, but not oral succimer, was effective in reducing the infant's lead burden in the neonatal period. An exposure assessment revealed the mother's long-term ingestion of lead-contaminated herbal tablets as the source.