Anxiety, anhedonia, and related food consumption in Israelis populations:An online cross-sectional study two years since the outbreak of COVID-19.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted daily life. Beyond severe health and economic consequences, psychological consequences have surfaced that require in-depth research to understand the pandemic's effects on mental health. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the association between anxiety levels and anhedonia with food consumption patterns and changes in body weight over the two years since the COVID-19 outbreak in Israel. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized non-randomized sampling through an online survey that included 741 study participants aged 18 to 94. participants were asked to complete the Beck's Anxiety Questionnaire, the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale for Anhedonia Measurement, the Mediterranean Nutrition Questionnaire, and self-reports of body weight and serving size changes. Results: Those who reported severe anxiety and anhedonia reported the highest intake of fats, sugars, and carbohydrates and the highest weight gain (e.g., Butter and cream food: severe anxiety (M = 1.342, SEM = 0.217); low anxiety (M = 0.682, SEM = 0.042), Sweet pastries: severe anxiety (M = 4.078, SEM = 0.451); low anxiety (M = 3.175, SEM = 0.436)). Anhedonic participants consumed more sweetened beverages (M = 0.987, SEM = 0.013) than hedonic participants (M = 0.472, SEM = 0.231). Among participants that gained weight, severe anxiety participants consumed significantly more salty pastries (M = 2.263, SEM = 0.550) than those with low anxiety (M = 1.096, SEM = 0.107; p = .003). A significant interaction was found between weight, anxiety, and consuming salty pastries. High anxiety subjects and weight gain declared the highest intake of this food (p = .018); Significant interactions were found between those with severe anxiety and anhedonia, who reported the highest consumption of butter and cream (p = .005) and salty pastries (p = .021). Significant associations were found between weight and anhedonia and weight and anxiety levels (p = .000, p = .006 - respectively). Conclusions: The outbreak of COVID-19 and its long-term presence strengthen the negative psychological aspects and increase the consumption of foods high in fat and sugar. Further attention to nutritional health is needed since crises may occur, and we must be prepared to prevent adverse consequences.

The feasibility of home monitoring of young people with cystic fibrosis: Results from CLIMB-CF.

BACKGROUND: CF is traditionally assessed in clinic. It is unclear if home monitoring of young people with CF is feasible or acceptable. The COVID-19 pandemic has made home monitoring more of a necessity. We report the results of CLIMB-CF, exploring home monitoring's feasibility and potential obstacles. METHODS: We designed a mobile app and enrolled participants with CF aged 2-17 years and their parents for six months. They were asked to complete a variety of measures either daily or twice a week. During the study, participants and their parents completed questionnaires exploring depression, anxiety and quality of life. At the end of the study parents and participants completed acceptability questionnaires. RESULTS: 148 participants were recruited, 4 withdrew prior to starting the study. 82 participants were female with median (IQR) age 7.9 (5.2-12 years). Median data completeness was 40.1% (13.6-69.9%) for the whole cohort; when assessed by age participants aged ≥ 12 years contributed significantly less (15.6% [9.8-30%]). Data completeness decreased over time. There was no significant difference between parental depression and anxiety scores at the start and the end of the study nor in CFQ-R respiratory domain scores for participants ≥ 14 years. The majority of participants did not feel the introduction of home monitoring impacted their daily lives. CONCLUSIONS: Most participants felt home monitoring did not negatively impact their lives and it did not increase depression, anxiety or decrease quality of life. However, uptake was variable, and not well sustained. The teenage years pose a particular challenge and further work is required.

[Separation of the airways: historical aspects]. / Zur Geschichte der Seitentrennung der Atemwege.

Techniques to separate the airways to both lungs were employed in the laboratory by renowned physiologists like Pflüger and C. Bernard to study gas exchange. Pflüger's catheter, as used by Wolffberg in 1871 in the dog, essentially constituted an early example of endobronchial single lumen tube, and was to be the first airway separator introduced into man by Loewy and v. Schrötter in 1905 in experiments on circulation. As a variation of this device the carinal hook made ist appearance used by Hess in 1912 in rabbits. While the endobronchial catheters afforded airtight access to only one lung at a time for concomitantly studying ventilation in both lungs, a short tracheal cannula was combined with one introduced into the left main bronchus by Head in 1889, constituting as it were the prototype of double lumen (DL) tubes applicable to rabbits and turtles even. Werigo described 1892 a coaxial DL-tracheostomy cannula for dogs which construction principle was adopted in the first DL-bronchoscope used in man. In lung surgery during the 30s and 40s the ventilated lung was prevented from drowning by pus or secretions from the lung under surgery by sealing off ist main bronchus, either by endobronchial intubation or by a bronchial blocker inserted alongside the endotracheal tube. This principle gave rise to sophisticated devices, from the fixed combination of tube and blocker to the present-day tube housing a movable blocker. Remarkably, DL-intubation in its proper sense then was performed in bronchospirometry only. This technique was introduced by Jacobaeus upon suggestion of Liljestrand when dissatisfied with the restriction to sequential spirometry by customary bronchoscopic catheterization, relying on Frenckner's ingenious DL-bronchoscope. Rubber DL-tubes were developed by Gebauer 1939 and Zavod 1940 exclusively with bronchospirometry in mind, even E. Carlens primarily constructed his tube to improve this procedure. After its usage in over 100 bronchospirometries it was introduced for the first time in November 1949 for its familiar purpose: the resection of a tuberculous abscess in the right upper lobe. Once introduced into thoracic anaesthesia, the DL-principle so far fostered a wide variety of tube designs.

Synthesis of angular triquinanes from 1-Alkynylbicyclo[3.2. 0]hept-2-en-7-ones. A tandem alkoxy-cope ring Expansion/Transannular ring closure reaction.

Addition of ethenyllithium reagents to the carbonyl group of dialkyl squarate-derived 1-alkynylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-7-ones (15), followed by a TBAF workup, results in a low-temperature anion-accelerated alkoxy-Cope rearrangement which proceeds by way of a strained cyclic allene intermediates (e.g.,17). This leads to the formation of angularly fused triquinanes (e.g., 20) in which each of the rings is functionally differentiated. Bicyclo[6.3. 0]undecadienones (e.g., 36) are the major products when the reactions are quenched with aqueous bicarbonate rather than TBAF. Under analogous conditions 2-alkylidene-1-alkynylbicyclo[3.2. 0]heptan-7-ones also give bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienones by a mechanism that was established to involve a 1,5-hydrgen shift in a strained allene intermediate. The synthetic scope and mechanism of these and related transformations are discussed.

Oxy-cope rearrangements of bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenones. Synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.1]non-1(4)-en-6-ones and bicyclo[5.2. 1]dec-1(10)-en-5-ones.

6-exo-Methylbicyclo[3.2.0]hepten-7-ones and their 2-alkylidene analogues are readily prepared from dialkyl squarates. These compounds undergo facial oxy-Cope ring expansions upon treatment with vinyllithium; the former leads to bicyclo[4.2. 1]non-1(4)-en-6-ones and the latter to the first examples of bicyclo[5.2.1]dec-1(10)-en-5-ones, compounds having exceptionally strained bridgehead double bonds. The transformations are controlled by the 6-exo-methyl group in the starting material along with the substituent at position-1 (bridgehead) which force attack of the lithium reagent from the concave face of the starting material, thus allowing the cyclopentenyl or alkylidene groups to participate in the sigmatropic event.

Fat embolism syndrome.

The fat embolism syndrome is a moderately rare, often fatal, complication of trauma injuries, especially those involving long-bone fractures. The syndrome is a complex of cardiac, respiratory, and neurological symptoms that can initially present in ways that make diagnosis difficult or mimic other disorders. This article reviews the syndrome's pathophysiology, diagnostic signs, clinical manifestations, preventive and supportive measures, and the problems associated with anesthetic management of patients with the syndrome.

Expression of the G glycoprotein gene of human respiratory syncytial virus in Salmonella typhimurium.

The attachment protein, G, of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an M(r) 84K to 90K species which has a high content of N-linked and O-linked carbohydrates. The unglycosylated form of this protein was expressed by inserting a full-length cDNA copy of the mRNA from the A2 strain of RSV into a prokaryotic expression vector under the control of the lambda PL promoter. Salmonella typhimurium cells transformed with the G-containing plasmid synthesized a protein of M(r) 40,000 that specifically reacted with polyclonal and two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies raised against the native RSV G glycoprotein. Recombinant G protein was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Cotton rats immunized with the recombinant G protein produced serum antibodies to the G glycoprotein that neutralized RSV in vitro. The study demonstrates that the G protein of RSV can be expressed in bacteria and that at least one neutralizing epitope is not structurally dependent on carbohydrates.

[Internal jugular vein catheter--success rate and complications with reference to educational status]. / Der Vena jugularis interna Katheter--Erfolgsrate und Komplikationen unter Berücksichtigung des Ausbildungsstandes.

In a prospective study the success and complications of internal jugular vein catheterization in relation to the degree of experience were investigated. The internal jugular vein catheter were placed in 200 patients by experienced anaesthetists and by anaesthetists not experienced in this procedure as well. In the case of physicians trained in this procedure, the success rate was 98 percent, whereas in the case of inexperienced collegues, the success rate was 83 percent with a high number of attempted punctures. In addition to the increased rate of haematoma, during the learning period, the incidence of accidental arterial punction was 18 percent resulting in a temporary Horners-syndrome in one patient. In the group of experienced anaesthetists the accidental arterial puncture occurred only in 3 percent without any haematome. In one patient the procedure was interrupted because of temporary AV-Block (3rd degree). The complications of internal jugular vein cannulation are reviewed and the methods to avoid them are presented.

Genetic analysis of fusion recombinants and presence of noncomplementing diploids in Bacillus megaterium.

We have attempted to undertake genetic analysis in Bacillus megaterium using the technique of protoplast fusion that has been successfully applied in Staphylococcus and Streptomyces. Efficient production of protoplasts, fusion and regeneration techniques have been established. However, variability in numbers and types of recombinants using two-, three-, and four-factor crosses was observed throughout these studies. No linkages were detected, even between loci known to be linked by cotransduction with bacteriophage MP13. These results were similar to those reported by Alföldi and coworkers using B. megaterium strain 216, even though the experimental design was significantly changed. During initial subculturing, segregants were observed in a 1:2:2 ratio of noncomplementing diploids:parental-1:parental-2. The ratio changed dramatically after seven subcultures. Double recombinants appeared after nine subcultures. These results corroborate those reported in B. subtilis and suggest that there is a locus-inactivation phenomenon present in Bacillus which is not evident in Streptomyces or Staphylococcus. Until the mechanism is elucidated, protoplast fusion should not be used for chromosomal mapping in B. megaterium. However, it can be used to transfer plasmids among the bacilli at a frequency of 10(-5)-10(-6) per regenerated protoplast.

Afferent C-fibres in rats after neonatal capsaicin treatment.

Excitability of afferent C-fibres in a skin nerve was studied in 28 rats treated with capsaicin on day two of their lives (80 mg/kg, s.c.). At the age of 4-5 months they were subjected to experiments in which recordings were made from single C-fibre units of saphenous nerve. The effectivity of neonatal capsaicin treatment in blocking reactions to the irritating action of the toxin was evaluated with the wiping test. Five untreated rats served as controls. In capsaicin treated animals afferent cutaneous C-fibres were diminished by more than 50%. No significant change was found, however, in the spectrum of kinds of cutaneous receptors. In particular, the ratio between nociceptors responding to heat and mechanical stimuli (polymodal nociceptors, MH-units) and other C-fibre receptors, such as sensitive cold units was not changed significantly. Furthermore, in the animals neonatally treated with capsaicin conduction velocities of afferent C-fibres and thresholds to mechanical and thermal stimuli were not significantly altered. In both capsaicin treated and control samples, the spike conduction in most of the mechano- and heat sensitive C-nociceptors was blocked by acute topical application of this toxin to the nerve stem. It is concluded that part of the afferent C-fibres survived neonatal capsaicin treatment, even in those rats that showed complete intensitivity to the toxin in behavioural tests.

Altered excitability of afferent C-fibres of the rat distal to a nerve site exposed to capsaicin.

Excitability of afferent C-fibres in saphenous and coccygeal nerves of rats was studied distal to a nerve site treated with 1% capsaicin for half an hour one day before. This treatment induced the following changes. (a) Fewer C-fibres than in control nerves were excited by natural skin stimulation among those driven by electrical nerve stimulation. Comparison of compound action potentials derived from capsaicin-treated and from untreated contralateral coccygeal nerves indicated that the total number of excitable C-fibres was also diminished. (b) Whereas in a normal rat nerve virtually all unmyelinated nociceptors responding to heat stimulation are also driven by strong mechanical stimuli (MH-nociceptors, polymodal nociceptors), most of them were found to respond only to heat stimulation after local capsaicon treatment of the nerve.

Unmyelinated nociceptive units in two skin areas of the rat.

Responses of unmyelinated afferent fibres were investigated in two skin nerves of Sprague-Dawley rats. The units were tested as to whether they responded to mechanical probing of the skin, to controlled radiant heat stimulation, and/or to cooling of the skin (to less than or equal to 5 degrees C). Ninety-six units in a n. saphenaus and 129 units in a n. coccygealis were studied, which were identified as afferents by means of the above-mentioned stimuli. In both nerves mechano- and heat-sensitive units (CMHs) were most frequent (56% in n. saphenaus and 74% in n. coccygealis). There were, however, significantly more purely mechanoceptive units (CMs) in n. saphenaus than in n. coccygealis (30% vs 5%). In contrast cold-sensitive units (CCs) were more frequent in n. coccygealis. They constituted 25% of the afferent C-fibres in this nerve. When testing heat sensitivity of CMHs with ramp stimuli raising the temperature to 55 degrees C at a rate of 0.8 degree C/s, heat thresholds had a wide range of between 30 and 55 degrees C. Since CMHs with low heat thresholds had the highest discharge rates and the greatest dynamic sensitivity in the range of noxious temperatures, they most probably also had nociceptive functions. It was shown that the low heat thresholds of some CMHs were not due to sensitization by preceding heat stimuli. It is argued that low-frequency discharges (less than or equal to 2 Hz) observed in some nociceptive CMHs of the rat at non-noxious temperatures are insignificant for nociception. When comparing discharges during a first ramp heat stimulus to 50 degrees C (rise time 1 degree C/s) with those during a second stimulus of identical time course delivered 5-10 min later, 44% of the CMHs were sensitized, 24% were desensitized and the remainder were not clearly influenced. We did not find a significant correlation between initial heat thresholds and tendency to sensitization or desensitization.

The effect of capsaicin application to a peripheral nerve on impulse conduction in functionally identified afferent nerve fibres.

Capsaicin applied locally to a coccygeal or saphenous nerve of rats was shown to block impulse conduction in unmyelinated afferent nerve fibres. Shortly after application of capsaicin (1% dissolved in 10% Tween 80 in paraffin oil) conduction of C-fibre--but not A-fibre--compound action potentials across the application site was markedly diminished. No recovery occurred during the period of observation, i.e. up to 2 h afterwards. C-Fibre compound action potentials stimulated and recorded proximal to the application site seemed to be unaffected. Solvent application had no effect. Recording from single units revealed that nociceptive C-fibres responding to strong mechanical and heat stimulation (MH units, polymodal nociceptors) were blocked. In contrast, unmyelinated cold fibres were not affected. The selective block of MH units indicates different membrane properties of unmyelinated MH and cold units not only at the receptive nerve endings, but also at the axons, to which capsaicin was applied.

[Immunological aspects concerning prophylaxis of surgical postoperative infections]. / Immunologische Aspekte der Infektionsprophylaxe.

New immunological aspects have broadened the therapeutic possibilities of treating surgical infections. An insufficient defence mechanism will increase the risk of postoperative infectious complications. The in-vivo-skin test using 3 antigens is apt to control the defense mechanism of a surgical patient. The author emphasizes that anergy mostly depends on the patients age and/or the presence of a malignant tumour. Anergy makes the patient more sensible to infections.

Temporal orientation and education. A direct relationship in normal people.

Neurologists usually do not take socioeconomic status into account when evaluating temporal orientation. Our data indicate that this is a mistake: temporal orientation related directly to education, one measure os socioeconomic level, in New Jersey residents. The neurologist should suspect an abnormality in temporal orientation for patients with (1) some college training and (2) no education beyond high school, if they misstate the day of the month by more than one or three days, respectively.