Endoscopic ultrasound-guided versus percutaneous drainage for the management of post-operative fluid collections after distal pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative pancreatic fluid collections (POPFCs) can be drained using percutaneous or endoscopic approaches. The primary aim of this study was to compare rates of clinical success between endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage (EUSD) with percutaneous drainage (PTD) in the management of symptomatic POPFCs after distal pancreatectomy. Secondary outcomes included technical success, total number of interventions, time to resolution, rates of adverse events (AEs), and POPFC recurrence. METHODS: Adults who underwent distal pancreatectomy from January 2012 to August 2021 and developed symptomatic POPFC in the resection bed were retrospectively identified from a single academic center database. Demographic data, procedural data, and clinical outcomes were abstracted. Clinical success was defined as symptomatic improvement and radiographic resolution without requiring an alternate drainage modality. Quantitative variables were compared using a two-tailed t-test and categorical data were compared using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Of 1046 patients that underwent distal pancreatectomy, 217 met study inclusion criteria (median age 60 years, 51.2% female), of whom 106 underwent EUSD and 111 PTD. There were no significant differences in baseline pathology and POPFC size. PTD was generally performed earlier after surgery (10 vs. 27 days; p < 0.001) and more commonly in the inpatient setting (82.9% vs. 49.1%; p < 0.001). EUSD was associated with a significantly higher rate of clinical success (92.5% vs. 76.6%; p = 0.001), fewer median number of interventions (2 vs. 4; p < 0.001), and lower rate of POPFC recurrence (7.6% vs. 20.7%; p = 0.007). AEs were similar between EUSD (10.4%) and PTD (6.3%, p = 0.28), with approximately one-third of EUSD AEs due to stent migration. CONCLUSION: In patients with POPFCs after distal pancreatectomy, delayed drainage with EUSD was associated with higher rates of clinical success, fewer interventions, and lower rates of recurrence than earlier drainage with PTD.

Adrenal venous sampling for lateralization of cortisol hypersecretion in patients with bilateral adrenal masses.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in guiding the management of patients with corticotropin (ACTH)-independent glucocorticoid secretory autonomy and bilateral adrenal masses. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A cohort with 25 patients underwent AVS and surgical management. MEASUREMENTS: Cortisol was measured from the adrenal veins (AVs) and inferior vena cava (IVC). AV/IVC cortisol ratio and cortisol lateralization ratio (CLR) (dominant AV cortisol concentration divided by the nondominant AV cortisol concentration) were calculated. Posthoc receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated to determine the specificity of revised AV/IVC cortisol ratio and CLR in differentiating unilateral from bilateral disease. RESULTS: Patients underwent unilateral (n = 21) or bilateral (n = 4) adrenalectomy. The mean AV/IVC cortisol ratio for unilateral adrenalectomy was 12.1 ± 9.6 (dominant) and 4.7 ± 3.8 (contralateral) with a mean CLR of 3.6 ± 3.5. The mean AV/IVC cortisol ratio for bilateral adrenalectomy was 7.5 ± 2.1, with a mean CLR of 1.1 ± 0.6. At a mean follow-up of 22 months, one patient who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for the predicted bilateral disease developed recurrent mild autonomous cortisol secretion. Posthoc analyses demonstrated a specificity of 95%-100% for unilateral disease with AV/IVC cortisol ratio >9 for one side, <2.0 for the opposite side and a CLR > 2.3. The specificity was 80%-90% for bilateral disease with AV/IVC cortisol ratio >5.1 bilaterally and a CLR < 1.1. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with bilateral adrenal masses and ACTH-independent autonomous cortisol secretion, AVS can distinguish between unilateral and bilateral disease with high specificity and may guide surgical management.

Patency rates of hepatic arterial resection and revascularization in locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Arterial resection (AR) for pancreatic adenocarcinoma is increasingly considered at specialized centers. We aimed to examine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of hepatic artery (HA) occlusion after revascularization. METHODS: We included patients undergoing HA resection with interposition graft (IG) or primary end-to-end anastomoses (EE). Complete arterial occlusion (CAO) was defined as "early" (EO) or "late" (LO) before/after 90 days respectively. Kaplan-Meier and change-point analysis for CAO was performed. RESULTS: HA resection was performed in 108 patients, IG in 61% (66/108) and EE in 39% (42/108). An equal proportion (50%) underwent HA resection alone or in combination with celiac and/or superior mesenteric artery. CAO was identified in 18% of patients (19/108) with arterial IG least likely to occlude (p=0.019). Hepatic complications occurred in 42% (45/108) and correlated with CAO, symptomatic patients, venous resection, and postoperative portal venous patency. CAO-related operative mortality was 4.6% and significantly higher in EO vs LO (p = 0.046). Median CAO occlusion was 126 days. With change-point analysis, CAO was minimal beyond postoperative day 158. CONCLUSION: CAO can occur in up to 18% of patients and the first 5-month post-operative period is critical for surveillance. LO is associated with better outcomes compared to EO unless there is inadequate portal venous inflow.

Comparison of EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy and percutaneous drainage for distal biliary obstruction: A multicenter cohort study.

Background and Objectives: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CD) are alternate therapies to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stent placement for biliary decompression. The primary outcome of this study is to compare the technical and clinical success of PTBD to EUS-CD in patients with distal biliary obstruction. Secondary outcomes were adverse events (AEs), need for reintervention, and survival. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study from three different centers was performed. Cox regression was used to compare time to reintervention and survival and logistic regression to compare technical and clinical success and AE rates. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients with malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Results: A total of 86 patients (58 PTBD and 28 EUS-CD) were included. The two groups were similar with respect to age, gender, and cause of biliary obstruction, with malignancy being the most common etiology (80.2%). EUS-CD utilized lumen-apposing metal stents in 15 patients and self-expandable metal biliary stents in 13 patients. Technical success was similar been EUS-CD (100%) and PTBD (96.6%; P = 0.3). EUS-CD was associated with higher clinical success compared to PTBD (84.6% vs. 62.1%; P = 0.04). There was a trend toward lower rates of AEs with EUS-CD 14.3% versus PTBD 29.3%, odds ratio: 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.12-1.33, P = 0.14). The need for reintervention was significantly lower among patients who underwent EUS-CD (10.7%) compared to PTBD (77.6%) (hazard ratio: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02-0.24; P < 0.001). A sensitivity analysis of only patients with MBO demonstrated similar rate of reintervention between the groups in individuals who survived 50 days or less after the biliary decompression. However, reintervention rates were lower for EUS-CD in those with longer survival. Conclusion: EUS-CD is a technically and clinically highly successful procedure with a trend toward lower AEs compared to PTBD. EUS-CD minimizes the need for reintervention, which may enhance end-of-life quality in patients with MBO and expected survival longer than 50 days.

MELD-Na > 16 is associated with high peri-procedural and short-term mortality in patients with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated with emergent transarterial embolization.

PURPOSE: To evaluate prognostic factors associated with peri-procedural (30 days) and short-term (90 days) mortality in the United States cohort of patients following emergent transarterial embolization for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Patients with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated with emergent TAE between January 2001 and December 2019 were retrospectively identified (n = 24). Average age was 62 years (range, 23-78 year); 15 (62.5%) were men. Univariate and Cox proportional hazard modeling were used to determine independent predictors of overall survival (OS) following TAE. OS stratified by Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium score was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients (88%) died during a mean clinical follow-up period of 328 ± 139 days. MELD-Na score (HR 1.22 per 1-unit increase; 95% CI 1.06-1.46; p = 0.005) and pre-rupture ECOG PS score (HR 8.1; 95% CI 1.28-51.2; p = 0.026) were independent predictors of decreased overall survival. There was no significant association between overall survival and presence of cardiovascular co-morbidities (p = 0.60), hemorrhagic shock on presentation (p = 0.16), portal vein thrombus (p = 0.08), vasopressor support required (p = 0.79), intubation required (p = 0.40), acute kidney injury (p = 0.58), and number of packed red blood cell transfusions (p = 0.22). The median OS was 64 days. Median OS was significantly greater in patients with a MELD-Na score ≤ 16 as compared to those with a MELD-Na score > 16 (166.5 days vs 9 days, p = 0.011). Cumulative OS rates in those with a MELD-Na score ≤ 16 at 30, 60, 90, and 360 days were 79%, 64%, 64%, and 25%, respectively, vs 33%, 33%, 11%, and 0%, respectively, in those with a MELD-Na score > 16. CONCLUSION: MELD-Na > 16 is associated with very high peri-procedural (67% at 30 days) and short-term (89% at 90 days) mortality in patients with ruptured HCC treated with emergent transarterial embolization. A better understanding of these prognostic factors may help guide treatment decisions and provide realistic expectations when counseling patients and their families.

PSMA as a Theranostic Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Immunohistochemistry and 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET Using Cyclotron-Produced 68 Ga.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a validated target for molecular diagnostics and targeted radionuclide therapy. Our purpose was to evaluate PSMA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and hepatic adenoma (HCA); investigate the genetic pathways in HCC associated with PSMA expression; and evaluate HCC detection rate with 68 Ga-PSMA-11 positron emission tomography (PET). In phase 1, PSMA immunohistochemistry (IHC) on HCC (n = 148), CCA (n = 111), and HCA (n = 78) was scored. In a subset (n = 30), messenger RNA (mRNA) data from the Cancer Genome Atlas HCC RNA sequencing were correlated with PSMA expression. In phase 2, 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET was prospectively performed in patients with treatment-naïve HCC on a digital PET scanner using cyclotron-produced 68 Ga. Uptake was graded qualitatively and semi-quantitatively using standard metrics. On IHC, PSMA expression was significantly higher in HCC compared with CCA and HCA (P < 0.0001); 91% of HCCs (n = 134) expressed PSMA, which principally localized to tumor-associated neovasculature. Higher tumor grade was associated with PSMA expression (P = 0.012) but there was no association with tumor size (P = 0.14), fibrosis (P = 0.35), cirrhosis (P = 0.74), hepatitis B virus (P = 0.31), or hepatitis C virus (P = 0.15). Overall survival tended to be longer in patients without versus with PSMA expression (median overall survival: 4.2 vs. 1.9 years; P = 0.273). FGF14 (fibroblast growth factor 14) mRNA expression correlated positively (rho = 0.70; P = 1.70 × 10-5 ) and MAD1L1 (Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1) correlated negatively with PSMA expression (rho = -0.753; P = 1.58 × 10-6 ). Of the 190 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 31 patients with 39 HCC lesions completed PET; 64% (n = 25) lesions had pronounced 68 Ga-PSMA-11 standardized uptake value: SUVmax (median [range] 9.2 [4.9-28.4]), SUVmean 4.7 (2.4-12.7), and tumor-to-liver background ratio 2 (1.1-11). Conclusion: Ex vivo expression of PSMA in neovasculature of HCC translates to marked tumor avidity on 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET, which suggests that PSMA has the potential as a theranostic target in patients with HCC.

Long-term renal function outcomes after renal cryoablation complicated by major hemorrhage requiring selective transarterial embolization.

PURPOSE: To determine long-term renal function outcomes after renal cryoablation complicated by major hemorrhage requiring transarterial embolization compared to patients who underwent uncomplicated renal cryoablation without major hemorrhage. METHODS: Utilizing a matched cohort study design, retrospective review identified 23 patients who underwent percutaneous image-guided renal cryoablation complicated by major hemorrhage requiring ipsilateral transarterial embolization (TAE group) and a control group of 23 patients who underwent uncomplicated renal cryoablation matched 1:1 by age, gender and RENAL Nephrometry score at a single institution from 1/1/2005 to 12/31/2019. Primary outcome parameters included change in creatinine (mg/dl) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2; eGFR) from baseline and were compared between TAE and control group using a paired t-test. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher proportion of patients on pre-ablation anticoagulation in the TAE v. control group (30% v. 4%; p = 0.047), but all patients were off anticoagulation and with normal coagulation parameters at the time of cryoablation. Otherwise there were no significant differences in clinical, renal tumor, Charlson co-morbidity index, baseline renal function or cryoablation parameters between the TAE and control group. In the post-ablation period, there was trend toward greater increase in creatinine from baseline to worst post-ablation creatinine in the TAE v. the control group (+ 0.5 ± 0.7 mg/dl v. 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dl; p = 0.056). However, at a mean follow-up of 42.7 ± 35.7 months, there was no significant difference between the TAE and control group in creatinine (p = 0.68), eGFR (p = 0.60) or change from baseline in creatinine (p = 0.28), eGFR (p = 0.80) or CKD stage (p = 0.74). No patient required initiation of hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Selective transarterial embolization for post-renal cryoablation hemorrhage does not significantly affect long-term renal function compared to cryoablation alone. Pre-ablation anticoagulation despite normal coagulation at time of ablation may be a risk factor for post-ablation hemorrhage, and warrants further evaluation when considering pre-ablation embolization.

Transjugular Renal Biopsy Bleeding Risk and Diagnostic Yield: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to better define the safety and efficacy of transjugular renal biopsy (TJRB) based on published studies. Seventeen published articles were included (1,321 biopsies). Complications were classified as major if they resulted in blood transfusion or additional invasive procedures. All other bleeding complications were considered minor. Diagnostic tissue was obtained in 1,193 procedures (90.3%). The total incidence of bleeding complications among 15 articles with complete data was 202 of 892 procedures (22.6%): 162 (18.2%) minor and 40 (4.5 %) major. These results show that TJRB is a feasible procedure for obtaining renal tissue for diagnosis and that most complications are self-limiting.

The efficacy, safety, and predictors of outcomes of transarterial radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is a safe, effective modality of locoregional therapy for intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim to identify novel predictors of important outcomes of TARE therapy. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study of 166 patients treated with TARE for HCC at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2005-2015 and followed until December 2017. Multivariate logistic and stepwise regression analysis models were used to identify variables associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: The median OS and the median PFS were12.9  (95% CI: 11.0-17.3), and 8 months (95% CI: 6-11), respectively. Macrovascular invasion (HR: 1.9 [1.3-2.8]), Child-Pugh score (CPS) B or C vs. A (HR: 1.8 [1.2-2.7]), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status (ECOG-PS) 2 or 1 vs. 0 (HR: 1.6 [1.1-2.4]) and activity (A) of administered radiation dose (HR: 1.005[1.00-1.010), independently correlated with poorer OS. Infiltrative HCC (HR: 2.4 [1.3-4.5), macrovascular invasion (HR: 1.6 [1.1-2.7]), and high activity of administered radiation dose (HR: 1.005 [1.00-1.010) were associated with worse PFS. CONCLUSION: In HCC patients treated with TARE; macrovascular invasion, the activity of radiation dose, CPS, ECOG-PS, and infiltrative HCC predict OS and PFS.

Portomesenteric Venous Complications after Pancreatic Surgery with Venous Reconstruction: Imaging and Intervention.

Pancreatic surgery with en bloc venous resection and reconstruction is becoming increasingly common in the current era of expanding neoadjuvant oncologic therapies and advanced surgical techniques for patients with more anatomically complex tumors. However, patients who have alterations in their venous outflow are at increased risk for postoperative portomesenteric venous stenosis and/or thrombosis. Cross-sectional imaging for postoperative surveillance, including multiphase CT or MRI, is critical for recognizing portomesenteric venous complications and thus implementing early intervention and preventing complications related to portomesenteric venous hypertension. Hypertension-related complications include ascites, variceal or gastrointestinal bleeding, postprandial abdominal pain, intestinal edema, protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorptive diarrhea, and splenomegaly. Percutaneous transhepatic, transsplenic, and transjugular portomesenteric interventions, including venoplasty, stent placement, and thrombectomy or thrombolysis, are safe and effective options for restoring patency to the portomesenteric venous system. Preintervention CT or MRI and diagnostic catheter venography are important for procedural planning, while postintervention CT or MRI surveillance is critical for detecting recurrent stenosis or thrombosis, or de novo portomesenteric venous disease. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.

Evaluation of Technical Success, Efficacy, and Safety of Portomesenteric Venous Intervention following Nontransplant Hepatobiliary or Pancreatic Surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate technical success, efficacy and safety of portomesenteric venous (PMV) intervention for PMV stenosis or occlusion following nontransplant hepatobiliary or pancreatic (HPB) surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review identified 42 patients (mean age 60 y) with PMV stenosis (n = 33; 79%) or occlusion (n = 9; 21%) who underwent attempted PMV intervention following HPB surgery between June 1, 2011, and April 1, 2018. Main outcomes were technical success, primary patency rates, and complications. Technical success was compared by venous pathology and primary PMV patency based on anticoagulation status after the procedure using Fisher exact test. Rates of primary patency by stent group were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Technical success was 91% (n = 38/42) and significantly higher in patients with stenosis (n = 33/33; 100%) vs occlusion (n = 5/9; 56%) (P = .001). Primary presenting symptom resolved in 28 (87%) patients, including 6 (100%) patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. At mean imaging follow-up of 8.6 months ± 8.8, primary stent patency was 76%. There was no significant difference in primary stent patency based on anticoagulation status after the procedure (P = .48). There were 2 (4.8%) periprocedural complications. CONCLUSIONS: Portomesenteric venoplasty and stent placement following nontransplant HPB surgery is safe with a high rate of technical success if performed before chronic occlusion.

An innovative technique using a percutaneously placed guidewire allows for higher success rate for ERCP compared to balloon enteroscopy assistance in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is technically challenging in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Current approaches either have high failure rate, are resource intensive, or invasive. OBJECTIVE: To describe successful adoption of an old technique for performance of ERCP in patients with RYGB anatomy employing enteroscopy with the assistance of a percutaneously placed guidewire, which facilitates both reaching and cannulating the major papilla. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study in a tertiary-care center. We included patients with RYGB from 2015 to 2017 who underwent ERCP. We compared success rate and adverse events between rendezvous guidewire-assisted (RGA) and balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE) ERCP techniques. RESULTS: Thirty patients with RYGB underwent 62 ERCPs. The mean age was 62.2 ± 11 years with female predominance 83.3%. The procedures were performed using BAE 43/62 (69.3%), RGA 13/62 (21%), gastrostomy tube 5/62 (8.1%), and colonoscope 1/62 (1.6%). In patients with a native papilla (n = 37 ERCPs), clinical success rate with BAE was 36.8% compared to 100% with RGA (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in bleeding (P = 0.17), post-ERCP pancreatitis (P = 0.4), or luminal perforation (P = not estimated) between the two techniques in native papilla. The mean procedure time with the RGA was significantly shorter than successful BAE with mean difference: 33 min (95% CI 8-57 min, P = 0.01). Twenty-five ERCPs were performed in eight patients with non-native papilla. BAE success rate in non-native papilla was 95.8%. The mean procedure time of the BAE in non-native papilla was 111 ± 60 min. Native papillae were associated with a significantly higher BAE failure rate compared to non-native papillae (OR: 12; 95% CI 1.44-99.7, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: In patients with RYGB, RGA appears to be highly successful and safe in achieving clinical success for patients with native papilla as compared to BAE.

Future Liver Remnant Hypertrophy after Portal Vein Embolization Is Inversely Correlated with Intrahepatic Tumor Burden.

PURPOSE: To determine if there is a correlation between intrahepatic tumor volume and future liver remnant (FLR) hypertrophy after portal vein embolization (PVE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic colorectal cancer who underwent PVE from 2009 to 2017 and who had complete imaging follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. To maximize the accuracy of tumor volume measurements, 11 patients were excluded for having more than 5 intrahepatic tumors. Volumetric analyses of the patient livers before and after PVE, as well as pre-embolization intrahepatic tumor burden, were performed. RESULTS: A significant inverse correlation was observed between tumor volume and FLR hypertrophy after PVE (Spearman ρ = -0.53, P = .002). Initial FLR volume was also inversely correlated with subsequent hypertrophy (P = .01). Fourteen patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy 1 month prior to intervention. The number of chemotherapy cycles did not affect hypertrophy (P = .57). Patients with cirrhosis experienced less FLR hypertrophy than patients without cirrhosis (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with large intrahepatic tumor burden may experience limited FLR hypertrophy.

Comparison of Bleeding Complications between Transplenic versus Transhepatic Access of the Portal Venous System.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of bleeding complications between transplenic (TS) and transhepatic (TH) access in portal venous interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients who underwent TS or TH access for portal venous system interventions from January 2000 to August 2017. Only procedures with clinical and laboratory follow-up were included (n = 148). Twenty-four TS procedures were performed in 22 patients, and 124 TH procedures were performed in 114 patients. The main indications were for angioplasty/stent, embolization of varices/shunt, or portal vein embolization, with no difference between the groups. Mean patient age and sex were not significantly different between the groups (P values .445 and .682, respectively). Mean follow up was 2.3 years (range 0.1-14.2). There was no significant difference between the international normalized ratio (P = .300) and platelets (P = .234) before the procedure between the 2 cohorts. RESULTS: Technical success of vascular access and procedural success was achieved in 22/24 (91.6%) TS procedures and 120/124 (96.8%) TH procedures (P = .238). There was no significant difference in bleeding complications between the 2 groups (3/24 [12.5%] TS vs 10/124 [8.1%] TH; P = .44). There was no significant difference in major bleeding complications (SIR classification ≥ C; 1/24 [4.2%] TS vs 4/124 [3.2%] TH; P = .789).There was no significant difference in the hemoglobin before or after the procedure (g/dL), with average change -1.1 g/dL (range -3.4 to +1.0) in the TS group and 1.0 g/dL (range -4.5 to +1.9) in the TH group (P = .540). Finally, there was no significant difference in proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion after the procedure (P = .520), with 2 (8.3%) in the TS group requiring an average of 4 units (range 2-6) and 17 (13.7%) in the TH group requiring an average of 3.5 units (range 1-26). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest no significant difference in bleeding complications between TS and TH access for portal venous interventions.

Safety and Effectiveness of Palliative Tunneled Peritoneal Drainage Catheters in the Management of Refractory Malignant and Non-malignant Ascites.

PURPOSE: To determine the safety and effectiveness of tunneled peritoneal catheters in the management of refractory malignant and non-malignant ascites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An IRB-approved retrospective review was undertaken of patients who underwent ultrasound and fluoroscopy-guided tunneled peritoneal catheter placement for management of refractory malignant or non-malignant ascites between January 1, 2009, and March 14, 2014. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients (76 M/61 F, mean age 62.9 years) underwent tunneled peritoneal catheter placement for refractory malignant (N = 119; 86.9%) or non-malignant (N = 18; 13.1%) ascites. Technical success was 100% with no immediate complications. Nineteen patients (13.9%) experienced a total of 11 minor and 12 major complications. Nine patients developed a catheter-associated infection. The remaining complications included leakage at the dermatotomy site (N = 8), catheter dislodgement (N = 2), obstruction (N = 2), and groin pain (N = 2). Patients who developed a catheter-associated infection had a significantly longer catheter dwell time compared to those who did not develop an infection (median, 96.5 vs. 20 days; p < 0.01). Nine patients (6.6%) were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 128 patients, 125 died and the majority had a catheter in place (90.4%) at the time of death. There was one catheter-associated death (bacterial peritonitis; 0.8%). The median time from catheter placement to death was significantly shorter in patients with malignant versus non-malignant ascites (18.5 vs. 85 days; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Tunneled peritoneal drainage catheters are effective and relatively safe in the management of malignant and non-malignant ascites. Longer catheter dwell time may be a risk factor for catheter-associated infection, particularly in patients with a longer anticipated survival in the palliative setting.

Predictors and Outcomes of Postcontrast Acute Kidney Injury after Endovascular Renal Artery Intervention.

PURPOSE: To determine incidence, predictors, and clinical outcomes of postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) following renal artery stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 1,052 patients who underwent renal artery stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis; 437 patients with follow-up data were included. Mean age was 73.6 years ± 8.3. PC-AKI was defined as absolute serum creatinine increase ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or percentage increase in serum creatinine ≥ 50% within 48 hours of intervention. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for PC-AKI. The cumulative proportion of patients who died or went on to hemodialysis was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 71.1 months ± 68.4. PC-AKI developed in 26 patients (5.9%). Patients with PC-AKI had significantly higher levels of baseline proteinuria compared with patients without PC-AKI (odds ratio = 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.72; P = .004). Hydration before intervention, chronic kidney disease stage, baseline glomerular filtration rate, statin medications, contrast volume, and iodine load were not associated with higher rates of PC-AKI. Dialysis-free survival and mortality rates were not significantly different between patients with and without PC-AKI (P = .50 and P = .17, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated baseline proteinuria was the only predictor for PC-AKI in patients undergoing renal artery stent placement. Patients who developed PC-AKI were not at greater risk for hemodialysis or death.

Small Bowel Imaging: Computed Tomography Enterography, Magnetic Resonance Enterography, Angiography, and Nuclear Medicine.

Radiology examinations play a major role in the diagnosis, management, and surveillance of small bowel diseases and are complementary to endoscopic techniques. Computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance enterography are the cross-sectional imaging studies of choice for many small bowel diseases. Angiography still plays an important role for catheter-directed therapies. With the emergence of hybrid imaging techniques, radionuclide imaging has shown promise for the evaluation of small bowel bleeding and Crohn disease and may play a larger role in the future. This article reviews recent advances in technology, diagnosis, and therapeutic options for selected small bowel disorders.

Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy catheter placement without gastropexy: a co-axial balloon technique and evaluation of safety and efficacy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term safety and efficacy of a co-axial angioplasty balloon technique for percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy catheter placement (PRG). METHODS: A total of 65 percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy tube placements were performed with the co-axial angioplasty balloon technique from 10/1999 to 1/2014. This included 19 females and 46 males between the ages of 20-83. Without the use of T-fasteners for gastropexy, the gastrostomy tube was placed over a catheter-shaft angioplasty balloon as a co-axial system. The angioplasty balloon was used to sequentially approximate the stomach wall to the abdominal wall, dilate the tract, and was then used as a dilator to aid gastrostomy tube advancement into the gastric lumen. Technical success, complications, and dislodgements were evaluated by means of retrospective review of patient medical records and imaging. RESULTS: There was no procedural failure in any of the 65 placements. 30-day follow-up was available for 56 patients. 7 patients died within 30 days; none of the deaths were recorded as procedure-related. There was 1 major complication (1.5%) consisting of a colocutaneous fistula. There were 4 minor complications (6.2%). There was no occurrence of bleeding or skin infection while using this technique. CONCLUSIONS: PRG with the co-axial angioplasty-balloon technique is a safe and effective technique for gastrostomy placement.

Severe Acute Cardiopulmonary Failure Related to Gadobutrol Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Reaction: Successful Resuscitation With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Nonanaphylactic noncardiogenic pulmonary edema leading to cardiorespiratory arrest related to the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent gadobutrol has rarely been reported in the literature. Rarer is the association of hypokalemia with acidosis. We report 2 patients who had severe pulmonary edema associated with the use of gadobutrol contrast in the absence of other inciting agents or events. These cases were unique not only for their rare and severe presentations but also because they exemplified the increasing role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in resuscitation. Emergency extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation can be rapidly initiated and successful in the setting of a well-organized workflow, and it is a viable alternative and helps improve patient outcome in cases refractory to conventional resuscitative measures.