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1.
J Infect Dis ; 207 Suppl 2: S70-7, 2013 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23687292

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines recommend phasing-out stavudine because of its risk of long-term toxicity. There are two mutational pathways of stavudine resistance with different implications for zidovudine and tenofovir cross-resistance, the primary candidates for replacing stavudine. However, because resistance testing is rarely available in resource-limited settings, it is critical to identify the cross-resistance patterns associated with first-line stavudine failure. METHODS: We analyzed HIV-1 resistance mutations following first-line stavudine failure from 35 publications comprising 1,825 individuals. We also assessed the influence of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, and HIV-1 subtype on the proportions of mutations associated with zidovudine vs. tenofovir cross-resistance. RESULTS: Mutations with preferential zidovudine activity, K65R or K70E, occurred in 5.3% of individuals. Mutations with preferential tenofovir activity, ≥ two thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) or Q151M, occurred in 22% of individuals. Nevirapine increased the risk of TAMs, K65R, and Q151M. Longer therapy increased the risk of TAMs and Q151M but not K65R. Subtype C and CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R, but only CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R without Q151M. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, or subtype, tenofovir was more likely than zidovudine to retain antiviral activity following first-line d4T therapy.


Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Farmacorresistência Viral , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/genética , RNA Viral/análise , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/administração & dosagem , Adenina/administração & dosagem , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Alcinos , Benzoxazinas/administração & dosagem , Ciclopropanos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Quimioterapia Combinada , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Nevirapina/administração & dosagem , Organofosfonatos/administração & dosagem , RNA Viral/genética , Estavudina/administração & dosagem , Tenofovir , Zidovudina/administração & dosagem
3.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 28(9): 1124-30, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22129096

RESUMO

The molecular characterization of non-B HIV type 1 subtypes and the sociodemographic baseline characteristics have been studied for 114 non-B HIV-1-infected patients followed at the University Hospital of Bordeaux, France, and diagnosed as HIV infected between 1989 and 2009. Individuals enrolled in this study were mainly women with heterosexual transmission in West and Central Africa and who have been discovered to be HIV positive during pregnancy. Nevertheless, HIV acquisition among individuals born in France was significantly increasing. Recombinant form CRF02_AG was the most frequent subtype (38%) among a highly diverse viral background since 19 subtypes and CRFs have been characterized with a maximal diversity observed in the past decade.


Assuntos
Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/genética , Filogenia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genética , Produtos do Gene pol do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genética , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Variação Genética , Genótipo , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Gravidez , RNA Viral/genética , Recombinação Genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto Jovem
4.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 27(12): 1345-7, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21453163

RESUMO

More than 50 HIV-1-infected patients, naive of antiretroviral therapy (ART) but eligible for first line ART in JJ Hospital, Mumbai, India were investigated for surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs); all but one virus belonged to subtype C; we could observe SDRMs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors in 9.6% of the patients.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Índia
5.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 26(11): 1247-8, 2010 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20939688

RESUMO

In a background of high genomic HIV-1 variability with a predominance of CRF11_cpx and CRF22_01A1, we have studied the emergence of resistance mutations in isolates from Central African patients at failure of d4T-AZT/3TC/NVP-EFV plus two at failure of a PI-including regimen; the resistance mutations observed are those which are expected on HIV-1 subtype B.


Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Adolescente , Adulto , Substituição de Aminoácidos/genética , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , República Centro-Africana , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Falha de Tratamento , Adulto Jovem
6.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 26(3): 343-50, 2010 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20334569

RESUMO

The reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences of HIV-1 subtype C isolates from Indian patients at failure (according to WHO clinical or immunological criteria) of a first-line treatment including d4T/AZT-3TC-NVP/EFV were compared to those of HIV-1 isolates from naive patients and analyzed for drug resistance mutations (DRMs), which were interpreted according to ANRS and Stanford algorithms. All viruses were of subtype C. We have observed a decrease of the polymorphism at positions 36 and 214 of RT while D121Y, V179I, and Q217E could be new DRMs. Numerous crucial DRMs to NRTIs and NNRTIs could be recorded including TAMs of pathway 1 and K65R. According to both algorithms, the accumulation of DRMs may induce resistance to second-line NRTIs including tenofovir.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Alcinos , Benzoxazinas/uso terapêutico , Ciclopropanos , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla/genética , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Lamivudina/uso terapêutico , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estavudina/uso terapêutico , Falha de Tratamento , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico
7.
J Clin Virol ; 47(2): 161-9, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20022297

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the first cause of viral infection in immunocompromised transplanted patients. OBJECTIVES: Here, five HCMV genes were studied to investigate the existence of recombination events in clinical strains ex vivo. STUDY DESIGN: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted on 21 strains from 16 renal and 5 lung transplant recipients. RESULTS: Nucleotidic polymorphism ranged from 6.6% (US3) to 12% (UL40), with a significant proportion of missense mutations (39-69%), some of which could have a functional impact. Analysis of the concatenated sequence (4804 nucleotides for each strain) evidenced two clusters of sequences presenting a reticulate topology suggestive of recombination events (SplitsTree). Phi-test pointed numerous phylogenetically conflicting signals indicating a high statistical probability of recombination. The subsequent bootscan analysis was consistent with these data. CONCLUSIONS: These results reinforce the prominent role of recombination in HCMV evolutionary history and adaptation to its host.


Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus/virologia , Citomegalovirus/classificação , Citomegalovirus/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Recombinação Genética , Transplante , Adaptação Biológica , Adulto , Análise por Conglomerados , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , DNA Viral/química , DNA Viral/genética , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA
8.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 25(7): 713-6, 2009 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19563236

RESUMO

In France the recommendation is to sequence the RT gene of HIV-1 isolates prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy. The data are routinely used for molecular characterization of the viruses yielding the subtype or CRF of the isolates investigated together with the absence or presence of drug resistance mutations. In this study, we performed bootscanning analysis on the whole pol gene, in which in vitro and in vivo intersubtype recombination has been reported to occur frequently. We showed that out of 15 HIV-1 isolates, two exhibited a recombination unexpected by this routine sequencing method.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Recombinação Genética , Produtos do Gene pol do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genética , Adulto , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Feminino , França , Infecções por HIV/sangue , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , RNA Viral/análise , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Produtos do Gene pol do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/análise
9.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 25(6): 633-5, 2009 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19534630

RESUMO

Analysis of reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences of 382 HIV-1 isolates from untreated and treated patients recruited in JJ Hospital (Mumbai, India) between 2002 and 2008 shows that subtype C is largely predominant (98%) and that non-C sequences cluster with A1, B, CRF01_AE, and CRF06_cpx.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência
11.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 24(11): 1467-73, 2008 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19032068

RESUMO

This study demonstrates for the first time HIV-1 resistance mutations to all classes of antiretroviral drugs available in Algeria (NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs) in treated patients at failure. Moreover, it is shown that mutations to NRTIs and PIs can be observed in untreated patients in this country where there is high HIV-1 diversity.


Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , RNA Viral/genética , Argélia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Protease de HIV/genética , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência , Falha de Tratamento
12.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 23(12): 1563-8, 2007 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18160014

RESUMO

This study explores amino acid changes of the reverse transcriptase (rt) of CRF01_AE isolates from pregnant women naive to antiretroviral drugs before and 2, 6, and 52 weeks after exposure to single dose nevirapine (sdNVP). Results based on 51 observations showed that the proportion of isolates with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) RMs in the group treated with sdNVP (n = 35) increased from 0% pre-NVP to 22.9% at week 2 postpartum (pp) and 22.9% at week 6 pp. In the group treated with zidovudine + sdNVP (n = 16), the proportion with RM was 31.3% and 18.8% at weeks 2 and 6 pp, respectively. Only a few RMs were still detected at week 52 pp. No apparent subtype-specific treatment-related mutations were detected. NNRTI RM occurrence in CRF01_AE strains is similar to subtype A, D, and CRF02_AG strains after exposure to antiretroviral drugs for PMTCT.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Mutação , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Camboja , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/enzimologia , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Gravidez , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico
13.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 23(9): 1119-26, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17919107

RESUMO

Access to antiretroviral therapy has expanded in many developing countries, including India. The standard first-line regimens consist of a combination of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in a fixed drug combination. Data regarding resistance to these drugs are scarce, especially in children. We evaluated the pattern of polymorphism and potential drug resistance mutations (DRMs) in HIV-1 isolates from 48 children naive to antiretroviral therapy attending the outpatient clinics of the Tuberculosis Research Center in Chennai. The samples were subjected to genotyping of reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease genes. All the samples showed significant polymorphisms in both RT and protease genes, but none had major DRMs. The currently recommended generic first-line antiretroviral drug combination is an appropriate treatment strategy for HIV-1-infected children in India.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Protease de HIV/genética , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/enzimologia , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético , Análise de Sequência de DNA
14.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 23(9): 1155-60, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17919113

RESUMO

We performed HIV-1 drug resistance genotypic analysis of viral isolates from 100 antiretroviral (ARV)-naive, recently HIV-1-infected (between 2002 and 2006) individuals from Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). The overall prevalence of HIV-1 variants with resistance mutations to reverse transcriptase, protease, or fusion inhibitors was 6%. The majority of isolates were CRF02_AG. Compared with a previous study carried out by our group in 2001-2002 in a similar population in Abidjan, our findings confirm the circulation and transmission of HIV-1 carrying key ARV drug resistance mutation.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Adulto , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/enzimologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Filogenia , Prevalência , Análise de Sequência de DNA
15.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 23(2): 335-40, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17331042

RESUMO

We present here the first data available on resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in India. In these subtype C isolates, we have observed most of the mutations noted in reverse transcriptase (RT) for subtype B with some additional substitutions (at positions 98, 203, 208, and 221) that will warrant attention in the algorithms used.


Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/genética , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Infecções por HIV/genética , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Índia , Mutação/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Falha de Tratamento
16.
AIDS ; 21(1): 103-6, 2007 Jan 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17148975

RESUMO

We studied a case of recent infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1. Over 16 months off-therapy, the CD4 cell count decreased from 419 to 184 cells/mul. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) then led to an incomplete virological response but to an immunological benefit, concurrently with a shift to CCR5-only tropism and a reduction in replication capacity. ART, even if suboptimal, can be of interest in the case of MDR virus infection.


Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1 , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Receptores CCR5/metabolismo , Carga Viral
17.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 22(4): 357-66, 2006 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16623640

RESUMO

Non-B HIV-1 viruses are predominant in developing countries where access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) is progressively being intensified. It is important to obtain more data on the susceptibility of these viruses to available ARVs. CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and subtype C strains of HIV-1 obtained from untreated patients from Vietnam, Cote d'Ivoire, and India were analyzed for their in vitro susceptibility to NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, and an entry inhibitor (T-20) using a recombinant viral assay (PHENOSCRIPT). The corresponding viruses, which had been previously sequenced in reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (prot), plus envelope (env) C2/V3 genes and had therefore been fully characterized, were further sequenced in env HR1 + HR2 regions. CRF01_AE isolates are sensitive to NRTIs and NNRTIs with the exception of one isolate that exhibits a decreased susceptibility to NNRTIs associated with a I135T substitution in RT. CRF02_AG and subtype C viruses are sensitive to NRTIs and NNRTIs but some CRF02_AG isolates tend to be resistant to abacavir, potentially related to associated substitutions of RT at positions 123 (D123N) plus 135 (I135V). Whereas all but one CRF01_AE isolates are fully susceptible to PIs, some CRF02_AG and, more frequently, some subtype C isolates are resistant to atazanavir. The role of substitutions in prot at positions of secondary resistance mutations 20, 36, 63, and 82 is raised with a potentially crucial role of the V82I substitution. Finally, all viruses tested, regardless of the CRF or subtype, are fully susceptible to T-20.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/enzimologia , Fenótipo , Côte d'Ivoire , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla/genética , Genes env , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Protease de HIV/genética , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Índia , Vietnã
18.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 22(4): 367-72, 2006 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16623641

RESUMO

We have sequenced different genes of HIV-1 strains from infected individuals recruited in various geographic parts of Algeria; phylogenetic trees were constructed yielding molecular characterization of these strains. Subtype B accounts for 56% of the samples studied and is therefore the predominant subtype, particularly in the north part of the country; but there is a high diversity of the virus including CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx, CRF02/CRF06 interrecombinants, and different other intersubtype and/or inter-CRF recombinants. The prevalence of these non-B viruses increases in the south part of Algeria that borders sub-Saharan African countries. The high diversity of HIV-1 in Algeria has implications for virological follow-up, resistance surveys, and vaccine design.


Assuntos
Variação Genética , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/classificação , HIV-1/genética , Epidemiologia Molecular , Adolescente , Adulto , Argélia/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Genes Virais , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Protease de HIV/genética , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/análise , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Especificidade da Espécie , Carga Viral/estatística & dados numéricos
19.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 21(12): 1031-4, 2005 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16379606

RESUMO

Nevirapine (NVP) single dose is widely used in developing countries to prevent HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. However, this regimen selects key drug resistance mutations that can impair further HAART efficacy. We studied the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase genotype from 29 Ivoirian women 1 month after an NVP single-dose prophylaxis. NVP resistance mutations were observed in six (20.7%) women. The majority of the isolates were CRF02_AG. These results confirm previous studies and suggest the need for different prophylaxis regimens in this setting.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Mutação , Nevirapina/farmacologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Adulto , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Quimioprevenção , Côte d'Ivoire , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Transcriptase Reversa do HIV/genética , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nevirapina/administração & dosagem , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Filogenia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Análise de Sequência de DNA
20.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses ; 21(7): 667-72, 2005 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16060839

RESUMO

Based on partial env and pol (protease and RT) subtyping, we recently documented that the majority (>80%) of the HIV-1 strains that circulate in Côte d'Ivoire were CRF02_AG and about 11% were recombinants or could not be clearly assigned to a known subtype or CRF. In order to determine in more detail the precise structure of these viruses we sequenced the full-length genomes for six such strains. Bootscan and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that four strains were complex and unique CRF02_AG/CRF09_cpx recombinants, one was a CRF02_AG/CRF06_cpx recombinant, and one was a pure CRF09_cpx. Reanalysis of the remaining recombinants asserted the predominance of CRF09_cpx within intersubtype recombinants and circulation of CRF09_cpx in Côte d'Ivoire. More detailed analysis of the CRF09_cpx strains revealed also that part of the pol gene belonged to subtype K. This is the first time that such recombinants are described.


Assuntos
HIV-1/genética , Côte d'Ivoire , Produtos do Gene env/genética , Produtos do Gene pol/genética , HIV-1/classificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Especificidade da Espécie
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