Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Dyslipidemia in Adolescents from Chiapas, Mexico.

Cardiovascular disease risk throughout the life course is increased by abnormal blood lipid levels in youth. The dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) during adolescence might be related to abnormal blood lipids. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary GI, GL and dyslipidemia in adolescents from two marginalized regions of Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 213 adolescents. Food intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. The association between dyslipidemia and dietary GI or GL was tested by using logistic regression models. Low HDL-c was the most prevalent risk factor (47.4%), followed by hypertriglyceridemia (25.4%). In this population, overall dietary GI was not associated with dyslipidemia. A high dietary GL was associated with 2.39 higher odds of low HDL-c (95% CI: 1.21-4.74) when compared to low GL. Female adolescents with high dietary GL had 3.20 higher odds of hypertriglyceridemia (95% CI: 1.03-9.88), whereas no association was found for males. No associations were observed between overall dietary GL and total cholesterol or LDL-c. In adolescents from urban and rural communities in Chiapas, a high dietary GL was associated with a detrimental effect on HDL-c. In female adolescents, high GL was associated with hypertriglyceridemia.

Sociodemographic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents from indigenous areas in Chiapas, Mexico.

This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

Sociodemographic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents from indigenous areas in Chiapas, Mexico / Desigualdades sociodemográficas como factores de riesgo cardiovascular para adolescentes de zonas indígenas de Chiapas, México / Desigualdades sociodemográficas como fatores de risco cardiovascular para adolescentes de áreas indígenas de Chiapas, México

Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas de Chiapas, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal de prevalencia en comunidades urbanas y rurales de las regiones Tzotzil-Tzeltal y Selva, en Chiapas. Participó una muestra de 253 adolescentes, en la cual el 48% eran niñas y el 52% niños. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se estimó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, estratificados por sexo, área geográfica, nivel de estudios y etnia de las madres. Se analizó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con relación a las características sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. El HDL-c bajo (51%) fue el factor de riesgo cardiovascular predominante. Se observó una mayor prevalencia de obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol total en las niñas que en los niños. La alta presión arterial diastólica prevaleció en los niños. Los adolescentes del área urbana tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y resistencia a la insulina que los del área rural. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue mayor en los adolescentes cuyas madres tenían nivel de estudios ≥ 7 años que aquellos cuyas madres tenían bajo nivel de estudios. Las diferencias en la etnicidad materna también influyeron en la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina. Entre las principales conclusiones de este estudio, se destacan las desigualdades sociodemográficas y geográficas entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La promoción de un estilo de vida saludable entre la población joven es lo indicado para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas em Chiapas, México. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de prevalência em comunidades urbanas e rurais das regiões de Tzotzil-Tzeltal e Selva de Chiapas. Foi estudada uma amostra de 253 adolescentes, sendo 48% meninas e 52% meninos. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas por meio de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram estimadas as prevalências de fatores de risco cardiovascular, estratificadas por sexo, área geográfica, escolaridade e etnia das mães. A prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular foi analisada em relação às características sociodemográficas da população estudada. O HDL-c baixo (51%) foi o fator de risco cardiovascular predominante. Prevalências mais elevadas de obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol total limítrofe foram mais observadas em meninas do que em meninos. A pressão arterial diastólica elevada prevaleceu nos meninos. Adolescentes da área urbana apresentaram prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade e resistência à insulina maiores do que os da área rural. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e obesidade abdominal foi maior nos adolescentes cujas mães possuíam escolaridade ≥ 7 anos do que naqueles indivíduos cujas mães tinham baixa escolaridade. As diferenças de etnia das mães também foram observadas na prevalência de resistência à insulina. Dentre as principais conclusões, foram encontradas, neste estudo, desigualdades sociodemográficas e geográficas entre fatores de risco cardiovascular. Promover estilos de vida saudáveis entre a população jovem é o ideal para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.

Association of rs9939609-FTO with metabolic syndrome components among women from Mayan communities of Chiapas, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex cluster of risk factors, considered as a polygenic and multifactorial entity. The objective of this study was to determine the association of rs9939609-FTO polymorphism and MetS components in adult women of Mayan communities of Chiapas. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, sociodemographic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were obtained from 291 adult women from three regions of Chiapas, Mexico. The prevalence of MetS and the allele and genotype frequencies of the rs9939609-FTO were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with each of the MetS components. RESULTS: The MetS prevalence was 60%. We found a statistically significant association between rs9939609-FTO and hyperglycemia in the dominant model (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3-5.3; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Women from Mayan communities of Chiapas presented a high prevalence of MetS and a relevant association of the FTO variant with hyperglycemia. This is the first study carried out in these Mayan indigenous communities from Chiapas.

Intrauterine growth restriction and overweight, obesity, and stunting in adolescents of indigenous communities of Chiapas, Mexico.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and low-birth-weight (LBW) are determinant factors in the development of metabolic diseases in children and adolescents. To estimate the magnitude of the association between LBW and IUGR with stunting or obesity among adolescents of two indigenous regions of the southern State of Chiapas, Mexico. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We assessed a random sample of 303 adolescents selected from a birth cohort study (2003) conducted in three hospitals serving urban and rural communities of Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas, Mexico. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data from a sample of adolescents were correlated with their anthropometric data at birth (weight, length for age). Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals to measure the magnitude of the association among the variables of interest. Models were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: In all, 12% of the sample had LBW and 28.8% IUGR. In total, 29% of adolescents were overweight/obese and 21% were stunted. We found a statistically significant association between IUGR and a lower risk of being overweight/obese. A higher probability for stunting was observed for LBW and IUGR. CONCLUSIONS: Stunting and overweight/obesity prevalence in this population of adolescents was high and was associated with IUGR.

Dietary Carbohydrates and Insulin Resistance in Adolescents from Marginalized Areas of Chiapas, México.

Evidence of the role that dietary carbohydrates (total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL)) exerts on insulin levels in adolescents is controversial. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the association between dietary carbohydrates and insulin resistance in adolescents from Chiapas, México. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 217 adolescents. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary and biochemical data were obtained. Total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugars, dietary GI and GL were calculated from 24 h recalls. Two validated cut-off points for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were used as surrogates of insulin resistance. Fasting insulin levels ≥ 14.38 µU/mL were considered as abnormal. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between tertiles of dietary carbohydrates and insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia. In our study, adolescents with the highest dietary fiber intake had lower odds of HOMA-IR > 2.97 (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13-0.93) when adjusted for sex, age, body fat percentage and saturated fatty acids intake. No significant associations were found for the rest of the carbohydrate variables. In summary, high-fiber diets reduce the probability of insulin resistance in adolescents from marginalized areas of Chiapas, México.

[Evaluation of the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age: concordance between anthropometric indices in the indigenous population of Chiapas (Mexico)]. / Evaluación del estado nutricional en menores de 5 años: concordancia entre índices antropométricos en población indígena de Chiapas (México).

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional status is determined through various methods, including anthropometry. In children under 5 years of age indeces as weight/age (w/a), height/age (h/a), weight/height (w/h) and body mass index (BMI) are used. The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare the ability of different anthropometric indeces to identify children from marginalized communities in Chiapas (Mexico) with nutritional problems. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlation among the different anthropometric indeces to determine the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in poor rural areas with a background of short stature. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 1,160 children under 5 years of age in 13 high poverty communities in three regions of Chiapas. The variables studied were age, sex, weight and height. Nutritional status was determined through the indeces w/a, h/a, w/h and BMI. Field staff in charge of taking measurements of weight and height were trained and standardized. Kappa coefficients for agreement between the indeces were calculated. RESULTS: No correlation between BMI and w/a and h/a was found. The prevalence of malnutrition according to h/a was 64.8%. Only high concordance (0.726) between BMI and w/h was found. BMI showed a low prevalence of malnutrition and a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity rates. CONCLUSIONS: For a reliable and accurate diagnosis in individuals with a background of chronic malnutrition, it is recommended to use the four indeces together. Doing so it will reduce the risk of underestimating or overestimating nutritional status and will focus actions toward addressing and improving the health and nutrition of children living under extreme poverty conditions.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el estado nutricional se determina a través de diferentes métodos, entre ellos el antropométrico. En niños menores de 5 años se utilizan índices como peso para la edad (P/E), talla para la edad (T/E), peso/talla (P/T) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El propósito del presente artículo es analizar y comparar la capacidad de los distintos índices antropométricos para identificar problemas nutricionales en niños de comunidades marginadas de Chiapas, México. OBJETIVO: analizar la concordancia entre los diferentes índices antropométricos para determinar el estado nutricional de niños menores de5 años de edad en áreas rurales pobres con antecedentes de baja talla. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal en 1.160 niños menores de 5 años de edad en 13 comunidades de alta marginación de tres regiones de Chiapas. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, peso y talla. Se determinó la prevalencia del estado nutricional a través de los índices P/E, T/E, P/T e IMC. El personal de campo que realizó las mediciones de peso y talla fue capacitado y estandarizado. Se calculó el coeficiente de Kappa para analizar la concordancia entre los índices. RESULTADOS: no se encontró concordancia entre el IMC y P/E, T/E. La prevalencia de desnutrición según T/E fue de 64,8%. Solo se encontró concordancia alta (0,726) entre IMC y peso/talla. El IMC arrojó una prevalencia baja de desnutrición y una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que los índices P/E y T/E. CONCLUSIONES: para un diagnóstico confiable y preciso en la población con antecedentes de desnutrición crónica se recomienda utilizar los cuatro índices de manera conjunta. Para no subestimar ni sobreestimar su estado nutricional y focalizar las acciones de atención a la mejora del estado de salud y nutrición de los niños que viven en condiciones de pobreza extrema.

WHO body mass index for age charts overestimate thinness and overweight compared to international and US charts applied to indigenous and non-indigenous Mexican children

Assessments of whether children are thin (low body mass index for age) or overweight are based on body mass index (BMI for age and sex) charts published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We aimed to determine whether these charts indicated different prevalence of thinness and overweight (obesity included) in indigenous and non-indigenous school aged children from different regions and ethnic groups in Mexico. A probability proportional to size, cluster sampling method was employed in four regions of the country. We recruited 1,731 children aged 7.0-9.9 (507 indigenous from six ethnic groups and 1,224 non-indigenous). BMI was calculated according to age, and thinness and overweight classifications were compared according to cutoff values in the WHO, IOTF, and CDC references. The WHO reference generated the highest rates for thinness (12.5%) and overweight (30%) in children across regions and ethnic groups. The CDC reference estimated the lowest rates of thinness in children (5.5%), and the IOTF reference estimated the lowest rates of overweight (24.7%). Estimates of both thinness (8.3%) and overweight (13.4%) rates were lower in indigenous than non-indigenous groups (14.3% and 37.5%, respectively). The WHO BMI for age chart estimated higher rates of thinness and overweight in children compared to the CDC and IOTF charts. Because thinness as indicator of undernutrition status is relatively new, differences in body composition among indigenous and non-indigenous children may justify the need for more appropriate screening criteria to compare the growth status(AU)

La clasificación del estado nutricio de los niños con delgadez o con sobrepeso se realiza empleando el índice de masa corporal (IMC para la edad y el sexo) con las tablas de la OMS, IOTF y CDC. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si estas referencias resultan en diferentes prevalencias de delgadez y sobrepeso (obesidad incluida) en niños escolares indígenas y no indígenas de diferentes regiones de México. Se empleó un muestreo por conglomerados en cuatro regiones del país. Se reclutaron 1,731 niños con edades entre 7,0-9,9 (507 indígenas de cinco grupos étnicos y 1,224 no indigenas) durante 2006 y 2008. El IMC se calculó y se clasificó como delgadez y sobrepeso con los puntos de corte sugeridos por las referencias internacionales. Cuando se compararon las clasificaciones, la referencia de OMS generó la prevalencia más alta de delgadez (12,5%) y sobrepeso (30%) en niños de todas las regiones y grupos étnicos. La referencia de los CDC estimó las prevalencias más bajas de delgadez (5,5%) y la referencia IOTF produjo las proporciones más bajas de sobrepeso (24,7%). Las proporciones de delgadez (8,3%) y sobrepeso (13,4%) fueron más bajas en niños indígenas que en los no indígenas (14.3% y 37.5%, respectivamente). La referencia de la OMS del IMC para la edad produjo las prevalencias más altas de delgadez y sobrepeso en comparación con los estándares de CDC y IOTF. Dado que la delgadez como indicador de desnutrición en niños es de uso reciente, las diferencias encontradas entre indígenas y mestizos pueden justificar el contar con mejores herramientas de tamizaje en estudios de crecimiento(AU)

Evaluación del estado nutricional en menores de 5 años: concordancia entre índices antropométricos en población indígena de Chiapas (México) / Evaluation of the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age: concordance between anthropometric indices in the indigenous population of Chiapas (Mexico)

Introducción: el estado nutricional se determina a través de diferentes métodos, entre ellos el antropométrico. En niños menores de 5 años se utilizan índices como peso para la edad (P/E), talla para la edad (T/E), peso/talla (P/T) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El propósito del presente artículo es analizar y comparar la capacidad de los distintos índices antropométricos para identificar problemas nutricionales en niños de comunidades marginadas de Chiapas, México. Objetivo: analizar la concordancia entre los diferentes índices antropométricos para determinar el estado nutricional de niños menores de 5 años de edad en áreas rurales pobres con antecedentes de baja talla. Métodos: estudio transversal en 1.160 niños menores de 5 años de edad en 13 comunidades de alta marginación de tres regiones de Chiapas. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, peso y talla. Se determinó la prevalencia del estado nutricional a través de los índices P/E, T/E, P/T e IMC. El personal de campo que realizó las mediciones de peso y talla fue capacitado y estandarizado. Se calculó el coeficiente de Kappa para analizar la concordancia entre los índices. Resultados: no se encontró concordancia entre el IMC y P/E, T/E. La prevalencia de desnutrición según T/E fue de 64,8%. Solo se encontró concordancia alta (0,726) entre IMC y peso/talla. El IMC arrojó una prevalencia baja de desnutrición y una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad que los índices P/E y T/E. Conclusiones: para un diagnóstico confiable y preciso en la población con antecedentes de desnutrición crónica se recomienda utilizar los cuatro índices de manera conjunta. Para no subestimar ni sobreestimar su estado nutricional y focalizar las acciones de atención a la mejora del estado de salud y nutrición de los niños que viven en condiciones de pobreza extrema (AU)

Introduction: Nutritional status is determined through various methods, including anthropometry. In children under 5 years of age indeces as weight/age (w/a), height/age (h/a), weight/height (w/h) and body mass index (BMI) are used. The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare the ability of different anthropometric indeces to identify children from marginalized communities in Chiapas (Mexico) with nutritional problems. Objective: To analyze the correlation among the different anthropometric indeces to determine the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in poor rural areas with a background of short stature. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 1,160 children under 5 years of age in 13 high poverty communities in three regions of Chiapas. The variables studied were age, sex, weight and height. Nutritional status was determined through the indeces w/a, h/a, w/h and BMI. Field staff in charge of taking measurements of weight and height were trained and standardized. Kappa coefficients for agreement between the indeces were calculated. Results: No correlation between BMI and w/a and h/a was found. The prevalence of malnutrition according to h/a was 64.8%. Only high concordance (0.726) between BMI and w/h was found. BMI showed a low prevalence of malnutrition and a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity rates. Conclusions: For a reliable and accurate diagnosis in individuals with a background of chronic malnutrition, it is recommended to use the four indeces together. Doing so it will reduce the risk of underestimating or overestimating nutritional status and will focus actions toward addressing and improving the health and nutrition of children living under extreme poverty conditions (AU)