RESUMO
Background: Simultaneous dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in Florida, USA, in 2020 resulted in 71 dengue virus serotype 1 and 86 WNV human cases. We hypothesized that we would find a number of DENV-1 positive mosquito pools, and that the distribution of these arbovirus-positive mosquito pools would be associated with those neighborhoods for which imported DENV cases have been recently reported in 2019 and 2020. Methods: We collected and screened Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles crucians, Culex coronator, Cx. nigripalpus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Miami-Dade County (Florida) for DENV and WNV by rRT-qPCR. Spatial statistical analyses were performed to capture positive mosquito pool distribution in relation to land use, human demography, environmental variables, mosquito trap placement and reported human travel associated DENV cases to guide future mosquito control outbreak responses. Findings: A rapid screen of 7,668 mosquitoes detected four DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2), nine DENV-4 and nine WNV-positive mosquito pools, which enabled swift and targeted abatement of trap sites by mosquito control. As expected, DENV-positive pools were in urban areas; however, we found WNV-positive mosquito pools in agricultural and recreational areas with no historical reports of WNV transmission. Interpretation: These findings demonstrate the importance of proactive arbovirus surveillance in mosquito populations to prevent and control outbreaks, particularly when other illnesses (e.g., COVID-19), which present with similar symptoms, are circulating concurrently. Growing evidence for substantial infection prevalence of dengue in mosquitoes in the absence of local index cases suggests a higher level of dengue endemicity in Florida than previously thought. Funding: This research was supported in part by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) grant 1U01CK000510-03, Southeastern Regional Center of Excellence in Vector Borne Diseases Gateway Program.
RESUMO
Introducción. Las recomendaciones internacionales sobre actividad física y tiempo dedicado a comportamientos sedentarios en niños a partir de la edad preescolar, plantean la necesidad de disponer de instrumentos de medición con propiedades psicométricas que permitan evaluar la dinámica a nivel de la población y las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar su salud. Objetivo. Evaluar la confiabilidad de un cuestionario para medir la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en niños desde preescolar hasta cuarto grado de primaria. Materiales y métodos. Ciento ocho padres respondieron el cuestionario, el cual incluía preguntas sobre las variables sociodemográficas y las relacionadas con la actividad física, incluido el tiempo de caminata hasta el colegio, los deportes organizados y las actividades de juego; entre los comportamientos sedentarios se incluyeron el transporte motorizado a la escuela, el tiempo de lectura, el transcurrido frente a pantallas y el sueño. Mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el método de Bland y Altman, se evaluaron la consistencia interna, la reproducibilidad y los límites de acuerdo, respectivamente. Resultados. La consistencia interna osciló entre 0,59 y 0,64 para la actividad física y entre 0,22 y 0,34 para los comportamientos sedentarios. Los mejores niveles de reproducibilidad se registraron para la caminata (kappa=0,79), el tiempo de viaje a la escuela (CCI=0,69), el deporte organizado (kappa=0,72), el tiempo dedicado a este (CCI=0,76), el transporte motorizado al colegio y el tiempo empleado para ello (kappa=0,82; CCI=0,8), así como para el uso del computador y el tiempo dedicado a esta actividad (kappa=0,71; CCI=0,59). Se registraron niveles de acuerdo de moderados a buenos para el tiempo de lectura, la siesta, los cursos extracurriculares, y el uso de computador y de consolas. Conclusión. El cuestionario suministró información confiable para la medición de la actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en niños menores de 10 años y podría emplearse en otros países latinoamericanos.
Introduction: International recommendations for physical activity and time spent in sedentary behaviors for children in their early years require the availability of measuring instruments with psychometric properties that allow for the assessment of population dynamics and interventions to improve health. Objective: To evaluate the reliability of a questionnaire to measure physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children from preschool to fourth grade. Materials and methods: One hundred and eight parents answered the questionnaire. The instrument included socio-demographic variables, as well as those associated with physical activity, including time walking to school, organized sports and playtime activities. Sedentary behaviors included motorized transport to school, reading and "screen time", sleeping and extracurricular courses. Internal consistency, reproducibility and agreement were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman limits of agreement method, respectively. Results: Internal consistency for physical activity ranged from 0.59 to 0.64, and for sedentary behaviors between 0.22 and 0.34. The highest reproducibility was found for walking to school and time spent on this (kappa=0.79, ICC 0.69), and organized sports, and time on this activity (kappa=0.72, ICC 0.76). Among sedentary behaviors, motorized transport to school and computer use showed kappas of 0.82 and 0.71, respectively; additionally, the time spent on these behaviors showed an ICC of 0.8 and 0.59, respectively. We found limits of agreement between moderate and good for reading time, napping, extracurricular courses, computer and console use. Conclusion: The questionnaire provided reliable information on the physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children under 10 years of age and could be used in other Latin American countries.
Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Infantil , Inquéritos e Questionários , Comportamento Sedentário , Pais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Colômbia , Atividades de LazerRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: International recommendations for physical activity and time spent in sedentary behaviors for children in their early years require the availability of measuring instruments with psychometric properties that allow for the assessment of population dynamics and interventions to improve health. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of a questionnaire to measure physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children from preschool to fourth grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eight parents answered the questionnaire. The instrument included socio-demographic variables, as well as those associated with physical activity, including time walking to school, organized sports and playtime activities. Sedentary behaviors included motorized transport to school, reading and "screen time", sleeping and extracurricular courses. Internal consistency, reproducibility and agreement were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman limits of agreement method, respectively. RESULTS: Internal consistency for physical activity ranged from 0.59 to 0.64, and for sedentary behaviors between 0.22 and 0.34. The highest reproducibility was found for walking to school and time spent on this (kappa=0.79, ICC 0.69), and organized sports, and time on this activity (kappa=0.72, ICC 0.76). Among sedentary behaviors, motorized transport to school and computer use showed kappas of 0.82 and 0.71, respectively; additionally, the time spent on these behaviors showed an ICC of 0.8 and 0.59, respectively. We found limits of agreement between moderate and good for reading time, napping, extracurricular courses, computer and console use. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire provided reliable information on the physical activity and sedentary behaviors in children under 10 years of age and could be used in other Latin American countries.
