Addition of Mn to Ge quantum dot surfaces--interaction with the Ge QD {105} facet and the Ge(001) wetting layer.

The interaction of Mn with Ge quantum dots (QD), which are bounded by {105} facets, and the strained Ge wetting layer (WL), terminated by a (001) surface, is investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). These surfaces constitute the growth surfaces in the growth of Mn-doped QDs. Mn is deposited on the Ge QD and WL surface in sub-monolayer concentrations, and subsequently annealed up to a temperature of 400 ° C. The changes in bonding and surface topography are measured with STM during the annealing process. Mn forms flat islands on the Ge{105} facet, whose shape and position are guided by the rebonded step reconstruction of the facet. Voltage-dependent STM images reflect the Mn-island interaction with the empty and filled states of the Ge{105} reconstruction. Scanning tunneling spectra (STS) of the Ge{105} facet and as-deposited Mn-islands show a bandgap of 0.8 eV, and the Mn-island spectra are characterized by an additional empty state at about 1.4 eV. A statistical analysis of Mn-island shape and position on the QD yields a slight preference for edge positions, whereas the QD strain field does not impact Mn-island position. However, the formation of ultra-small Mn-clusters dominates on the Ge(001) WL, which is in contrast to Mn interaction with unstrained Ge(001) surfaces. Annealing to T < 160 °C leaves the Mn-clusters on the WL unchanged, while the Mn-islands on the Ge{105} facet undergo first a ripening process, followed by a volume gain which can be attributed to the onset of intermixing with Ge. This development is supported by the statistical analysis of island volume, size and size distribution. Increasing the annealing temperature to 220° and finally 375 ° C leads to a rapid increase in the Mn-surface diffusion, as evidenced by the formation of larger, nanometer size clusters, which are identified as germanide Mn5Ge3 from a mass balance analysis. This reaction is accompanied by the disappearance of the original Mn-surface structures and de-wetting of Mn is complete. This study unravels the details of Mn-Ge interactions, and demonstrates the role of surface diffusion as a determinant in the growth of Mn-doped Ge materials. Surface doping of Ge-nanostructures at lower temperatures could provide a pathway to control magnetism in the Mn-Ge system.

Coupled effects of ion beam chemistry and morphology on directed self-assembly of epitaxial semiconductor nanostructures.

We study the coupled effects of ion beam chemistry and morphology on the assembly of templated epitaxial nanostructures. Using a focused ion beam (FIB) system equipped with a mass-selecting filter, we pattern Si substrates with local ion doses of Si, Ge and Ga to control subsequent Ge(x)Si(1 - x) epitaxial nanostructure assembly. This capability to employ different templating species allows us to study how different incorporated ion species in the near surface region affect the ability to localize nucleation during subsequent epitaxial growth. Our results indicate that FIB-directed self-assembly is a complex process, dependent on dose-induced morphology in addition to ion-specific chemical effects.

Anion adsorption induced reversal of coherency strain.

Experimental results are presented for stress evolution, in vacuum and electrolyte, for the first monolayer of Cu on Au(111). In electrolyte the monolayer is pseudomorphic and the stress-thickness change is -0.60 N/m, while conventional epitaxy theory predicts a value of +7.76 N/m. In vacuum, the monolayer is incoherent with the underlying gold. Using a combination of first-principles based calculations and molecular dynamic simulations we analyzed these results and demonstrate that in electrolyte, overlayer coherency is maintained owing to anion adsorption.

Kinetic size selection mechanisms in heteroepitaxial quantum dot molecules.

Heteroepitaxial growth of Si(0.7)Ge(0.3)/Si(001) films under kinetically limited conditions leads to self-assembly of fourfold quantum dot molecules. These structures obtain a narrowly selected maximum size, independent of film thickness or annealing time. Size selection arises from efficient adatom trapping inside the central pit of the quantum dot molecule when the surrounding islands cojoin to form a continuous wall. Self-limiting growth of nanostructures has significant implications for novel nanoelectronic device architectures such as quantum cellular automata.

Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures.

OBJECTIVES: To examine (1) whether dust and surfaces in households of smokers are contaminated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); (2) whether smoking parents can protect their infants by smoking outside and away from the infant; and (3) whether contaminated dust, surfaces, and air contribute to ETS exposure in infants. DESIGN: Quasi-experiment comparing three types of households with infants: (1) non-smokers who believe they have protected their children from ETS; (2) smokers who believe they have protected their children from ETS; (3) smokers who expose their children to ETS. SETTING: Homes of smokers and non-smokers. PARTICIPANTS: Smoking and non-smoking mothers and their infants < or = 1 year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ETS contamination as measured by nicotine in household dust, indoor air, and household surfaces. ETS exposure as measured by cotinine levels in infant urine. RESULTS: ETS contamination and ETS exposure were 5-7 times higher in households of smokers trying to protect their infants by smoking outdoors than in households of non-smokers. ETS contamination and exposure were 3-8 times higher in households of smokers who exposed their infants to ETS by smoking indoors than in households of smokers trying to protect their children by smoking outdoors. CONCLUSIONS: Dust and surfaces in homes of smokers are contaminated with ETS. Infants of smokers are at risk of ETS exposure in their homes through dust, surfaces, and air. Smoking outside the home and away from the infant reduces but does not completely protect a smoker's home from ETS contamination and a smoker's infant from ETS exposure.

Origins of growth stresses in amorphous semiconductor thin films.

Stress evolution during deposition of amorphous Si and Ge thin films is remarkably similar to that observed for polycrystalline films. Amorphous semiconductors were used as model materials to study the origins of deposition stresses in continuous films, where suppression of both strain relaxation and epitaxial strain inheritance provides considerable simplification. Our data show that bulk compression is established by surface stress, while a subsequent return to tensile stress arises from elastic coalescence processes occurring on the kinetically roughened surface.

Origin of compressive residual stress in polycrystalline thin films.

We present a model for compressive stress generation during thin film growth in which the driving force is an increase in the surface chemical potential caused by the deposition of atoms from the vapor. The increase in surface chemical potential induces atoms to flow into the grain boundary, creating a compressive stress in the film. We develop kinetic equations to describe the stress evolution and dependence on growth parameters. The model is used to explain measurements of relaxation when growth is terminated and the dependence of the steady-state stress on growth rate.

Nonclassical smoothening of nanoscale surface corrugations.

We report the first experimental observation of nonclassical morphological equilibration of a corrugated crystalline surface. Periodic rippled structures with wavelengths of 290-550 nm were made on Si(001) by sputter rippling and then annealed at 650-750 degrees C. In contrast to the classical exponential decay with time, the ripple amplitude Alambda(t) followed an inverse linear decay, Alambda(t)=Alambda(0)/(1+klambdat), agreeing with a prediction of Ozdemir and Zangwill. We measure the activation energy for surface relaxation to be 1.6+/-0.2 eV, consistent with the fundamental energies of creation and migration on Si(001).

[Hypoglycemia caused by overdose of a new anti-arrhythmia agent: cibenzoline. 3 cases]. / Hypoglycémies au cours de surdosages par un nouvel antiarythmique: la cibenzoline. Trois observations.

Severe fasting hypoglycaemia were observed in three patients treated with cibenzoline, a new class I antiarrhythmic drug. Retrospective analysis of electrocardiographic changes and serum level determinations showed that these reactions were contemporaneous with intoxication by overdosage of the drug. None of the patients was taking any other drug known to produce this adverse reaction, and in the absence of any other cause of hypoglycaemia, we concluded that it was related to the administration of cibenzoline. Thus, cibenzoline is yet another class I antiarrhythmic agent producing hypoglycaemia as an adverse reaction. Serum insulin levels measured in two of the three patients during hypoglycaemia were inappropriately high, suggesting that cibenzoline might stimulate insulin secretion.

Dinitrophenol poisoning: a diagnosis to consider in undiagnosed fever.

A 32-year-old farmer had signs and symptoms of dinitrophenol poisoning after crop spraying with a herbicide containing derivatives of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Dinitrophenol causes toxicity by the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of cells throughout the body. In man the classic syndrome consists of lassitude, malaise, headache, increased perspiration, thirst, and dyspnea which may progress to hyperpyrexia, profound weight loss, respiratory failure, and death. Because dinitrophenol compounds are widely used, it is likely that some patients with unexplained fever have unrecognized dinitrophenol poisoning. Prompt recognition of the clinical manifestations of toxicity is vital for appropriate therapy. We describe a method for detection of dinitrophenol in plasma and urine.