Self-perceived role and knowledge of community pharmacists in organ donation.

BACKGROUND: Although a majority of North Americans is in favor of organ donation, registration remains challenging. Community pharmacists are highly accessible frontline health care professionals that could contribute to a new common registration donation consent system. AIM: The objective of the study was to assess self-perceived professional role and organ donation knowledge of community pharmacists in Quebec. METHOD: We designed a telephone interview survey using a three round modified Delphi process. Following questionnaires testing, we randomly sampled 329 community pharmacists in Quebec. Following administration, we validated the questionnaire by conducting an exploratory factorial analysis using principal component followed by a varimax rotation and rearranging domains and items accordingly. RESULTS: A total of 443 pharmacists were contacted, 329 provided answers to the self-perception role and 216 of them completed the knowledge questionnaire. Overall, community pharmacists of Quebec had a positive view on organ donation and demonstrated interest in acquiring knowledge. Respondents have identified lack of time and high pharmacy attendance as non-limiting barriers to implementing the intervention. The average score on the knowledge questionnaire was 61.2%. CONCLUSION: With the implementation of an appropriate education program to address this knowledge gap, we believe that community pharmacists could be key players in registered organ donation consent.

Big Is Bad: Stereotypes About Organizational Size, Profit-Seeking, and Corporate Ethicality.

Individuals tend to hold a dim view of for-profit corporations, believing that profit-seeking comes at the expense of ethicality. In the present research, we show that this belief is not universal; rather, people associate ethicality with an organization's size. Across nine experiments (N = 4,796), people stereotyped large companies as less ethical than small companies. This size-ethicality stereotype emerged spontaneously (Study 1), implicitly (Study 2), and across industries (Study 3). Moreover, we find this stereotype can be partly explained by perceptions of profit-seeking behavior (Supplementary Studies A and B), and that people construe profit-seeking and its relationship to ethicality differently when considering large and small companies (Study 4). People attribute greater profit-maximizing motives (relative to profit-satisficing motives) to large companies, and these attributions shape their subsequent judgments of ethicality (Study 5; Supplementary Studies C and D).

Are You Listening to Me? The Negative Link Between Extraversion and Perceived Listening.

Extraverts are often characterized as highly social individuals who are highly invested in their interpersonal interactions. We propose that extraverts' interaction partners hold a different view-that extraverts are highly social, but not highly invested. Across six studies (five preregistered; N = 2,456), we find that interaction partners consistently judge more extraverted individuals to be worse listeners than less extraverted individuals. Furthermore, interaction partners assume that extraversion is positively associated with a greater ability to modify one's self-presentation. This behavioral malleability (i.e., the "acting" component of self-monitoring) may account for the unfavorable lay belief that extraverts are not listening.

Refractory Dabigatran-Induced Hemorrhage Despite Multiple Idarucizumab Administration and Renal Replacement Therapy.

PURPOSE: This case report describes a patient with dabigatran accumulation due to acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease, requiring multiple administration of idarucizumab along with renal replacement therapy because of rebound effect causing numerous episodes of bleeding. SUMMARY: An 86-year-old man on dabigatran etexilate 110 mg twice daily for stroke prevention with atrial fibrillation was admitted to the hospital for bowel obstruction and severe acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease. The patient had an abnormal coagulation profile and no history of bleeding. Initial laboratory values revealed a hemoglobin concentration of 10.7 g/dL, a platelet count of 115 × 103 platelets/µL, an activated partial thromboplastin time of 150.4 seconds, an international normalized ratio of 10.28, a thrombin time greater than 100 seconds and a serum creatinine of 5.54 mg/dL (490 µmol/L). An initial dose of idarucizumab was administered 1 hour prior to surgery to prevent bleeding. Significant bleeding and hemodynamic instability occurred following surgery. Three additional doses of idarucizumab, 2 sessions of intermittent hemodialysis, continuous venovenous hemofiltration and blood products were required to achieve normalization of coagulation parameters and hemodynamic stability due to rebound coagulopathy after each dose of idarucizumab. CONCLUSION: Acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease and third-space redistribution could have led to important dabigatran accumulation and favored rebound coagulopathy. Multiple therapeutic approaches may be required in the management of complex dabigatran intoxication.

Better to give than reciprocate? Status and reciprocity in prosocial exchange.

Reciprocity implies equality in the giving and receiving of benefits. However, we find that reciprocity does not generate equal benefits, in terms of social status. Instead, across 7 studies (N = 3,426), observers conferred more status to individuals who initiated (i.e., initiators) than individuals who reciprocated (i.e., reciprocators) identical prosocial acts. Further, choosing not to reciprocate a prosocial act led to a more severe status penalty than choosing not to initiate a prosocial act. We find this discounting of reciprocity is driven by perceived obligation-observers view reciprocators as acting under constraint. When reciprocation appears less obligatory (e.g., given indirectly, or privately), the status discount is mitigated. Finally, we show that the discounting of a reciprocal act can be enduring-reciprocators still received less status after 2 successive, counterbalanced rounds of exchange. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action.

The impacts of COVID-19 on workers and workplaces across the globe have been dramatic. This broad review of prior research rooted in work and organizational psychology, and related fields, is intended to make sense of the implications for employees, teams, and work organizations. This review and preview of relevant literatures focuses on (a) emergent changes in work practices (e.g., working from home, virtual teamwork) and (b) emergent changes for workers (e.g., social distancing, stress, and unemployment). In addition, potential moderating factors (demographic characteristics, individual differences, and organizational norms) are examined given the likelihood that COVID-19 will generate disparate effects. This broad-scope overview provides an integrative approach for considering the implications of COVID-19 for work, workers, and organizations while also identifying issues for future research and insights to inform solutions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

High-Salt Exposure During Perinatal Development Enhances Stress Sensitivity.

Excess consumption of dietary sodium during pregnancy has been shown to impair offspring cardiovascular function and enhance salt preference in adulthood, but little is known regarding the long-term impact of this nutritional surplus on offspring brain morphology and behavior. Using a combination of cellular and behavioral approaches, we examined the impact of maternal salt intake during the perinatal period on structural plasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in weanling and adult offspring as well as reward- and stress-driven behaviors in adult offspring. We found that weanling rats born to 4% NaCl-fed dams exhibited an increase and decrease in thin spine density in the infralimbic PFC (IL-PFC) and prelimbic PFC (PL-PFC), respectively, as well as an increase in mushroom spine density in the NAc shell, compared to 1% NaCl-fed controls. Structural changes in the IL-PFC and NAc shell persisted into adulthood, the latter of which is a phenotype that has been observed in rats exposed to early life stress. There was no effect of maternal salt intake on reward-driven behaviors, including sucrose preference, conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine, and forced swim stress (FSS)-induced reinstatement of cocaine-induced CPP. However, rats born to high-salt fed dams spent less time swimming in the FSS and displayed heightened plasma CORT levels in response to the FSS compared to controls, suggesting that early salt exposure increases stress sensitivity. Overall, our results suggest that perinatal salt exposure evokes lasting impacts on offspring physiology and behavior.

Clarifying the link between job satisfaction and absenteeism: The role of guilt proneness.

We propose that the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism depends partly on guilt proneness. Drawing on withdrawal and process models of absenteeism, we argue that job satisfaction predicts absences for employees who are low (but not high) in guilt proneness because low guilt-prone people's behaviors are governed more by fulfilling their own egoistic desires than by fulfilling others' normative expectations. We find support for this prediction in a sample of customer service agents working for a major telecommunications company and a sample of working adults employed in a range of industries. In each study, we use measures of employees' guilt proneness and job satisfaction to predict their subsequent workplace absences. In Study 2, we extend our hypothesis tests to 2 traits that are conceptually comparable to guilt proneness (i.e., moral identity and agreeableness), showing that these traits similarly moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism. We discuss the implications of these findings for extant models of absenteeism and research on moral affectivity in the workplace. (PsycINFO Database Record

Does salt have a permissive role in the induction of puberty?

Puberty is starting earlier than ever before and there are serious physiological and sociological implications as a result of this development. Current research has focused on the potential role of high caloric, and commensurate high adiposity, contributions to early puberty. However, girls with normal BMI also appear to be initiating puberty earlier. Westernized diets, in addition to being high in fat and sugar, are also high in salt. To date, no research has investigated a link between elevated salt and the reproductive axis. We hypothesize that a high salt diet can result in an earlier onset of puberty through three mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive. (1) High salt activates neurokinin B, a hormone that is involved in both the reproductive axis and salt regulation, and this induces kisspeptin release and ultimate activation of the reproductive axis. (2) Vasopressin released in response to high salt acts on vasopressin receptors expressed on kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, thereby stimulating gonadotropin releasing hormone and subsequently luteinizing hormone secretion. (3) Salt induces metabolic changes that affect the reproductive axis. Specifically, salt acts indirectly to modulate adiposity, ties in with the obesity epidemic, and further compounds the pathologic effects of obesity. Our overall hypothesis offers an additional cause behind the induction of puberty and provides testable postulates to determine the mechanism of potential salt-mediated affects on puberty.

Activation of the neurokinin 3 receptor promotes filopodia growth and sprouting in rat embryonic hypothalamic cells.

Members of the tachykinin family have trophic effects on developing neurons. The tachykinin neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) appears early in embryonic development; during the peak birthdates of hypothalamic neurons, but its involvement in neural development has not been examined. To address its possible role, immortalized embryonic hypothalamic neurons (CLU209) were treated with CellMask, a plasma membrane stain, or the membranes were imaged in CLU209 cells that were transfected with a pEGFP-NK3R expression vector. Nontransfected cells and transfected cells were then treated with senktide, a NK3R agonist, or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and time-lapse confocal images were captured for the following 30 min. Compared to DMEM, senktide treatment led to filopodia initiation from the soma of both nontransfected and transfected CLU209 cells. These filopodia had diameters and lengths of approximately 200 nm and 3 µm, respectively. Pretreatment with an IP3 receptor blocker, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), prevented the senktide-induced growth in filopodia; demonstrating that NK3R-induced outgrowth of filopodia likely involves the release of intracellular calcium. Exposure of transfected CLU209 cells to senktide for 24 h led to further growth of filopodia and processes that extended 10-20 µm. A mathematical model, composed of a linear and population model was developed to account for the dynamics of filopodia growth during a timescale of minutes. The results suggest that the ligand-induced activation of NK3R affects early developmental processes by initiating filopodia formation that are a prerequisite for neuritogenesis.

Stress-induced dendritic internalization and nuclear translocation of the neurokinin-3 (NK3) receptor in vasopressinergic profiles of the rat paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Central neuronal circuits that relay stress information include vasopressin- (AVP) and oxytocin- (OC) containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). These neurons are potentially modulated by neurokinin-3 receptors (NK3Rs) of the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. NK3Rs have been localized in PVN neurons and have showed nuclear translocation following an osmotic challenge in rodents. However, their subcellular distribution in AVP or OC neurons of the PVN and plasticity following restraint stress in rats are unknown. In the present study, densities of NK3Rs in PVN AVP- or OC-labeled somatodendritic profiles were measured by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy in control or stressed rats. In resting conditions, NK3Rs were predominantly located in AVP neurons, however sparsely distributed in OC neurons of the PVN. All NK3-labeled somata of the PVN in control rats showed cytoplasmic but no nuclear immunolabeling. An acute restraint stress session of 30 min significantly increased nuclear NK3R density in AVP-labeled somata but not in OC-labeled somata. These changes were accompanied by a respective decrease and increase in plasmalemmal and cytoplamic NK3R densities in AVP-labeled but not in OC-labeled dendrites. The results of this study suggest that in the rat PVN 1) NK3R distribution is conducive to modulation of systemic and/or central AVP release through PVN inputs to the posterior pituitary and/or the amygdala and 2) acute restraint stress activates (internalizes) NK3Rs on surface and evokes nuclear NK3R translocation exclusively in AVP neurons. This trafficking might contribute to neurochemical imbalances observed in neuronal circuits involved in stress-related disorders such as anxiety.

Activation of tachykinin, neurokinin 3 receptors affects chromatin structure and gene expression by means of histone acetylation.

The tachykinin, neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is a g-protein coupled receptor that is broadly distributed in the nervous system and exerts its diverse physiological actions through multiple signaling pathways. Despite the role of the receptor system in a range of biological functions, the effects of NK3R activation on chromatin dynamics and gene expression have received limited attention. The present work determined the effects of senktide, a selective NK3R agonist, on chromatin organization, acetylation, and gene expression, using qRT-PCR, in a hypothalamic cell line (CLU 209) that expresses the NK3R. Senktide (1 nM, 10nM) caused a relaxation of chromatin, an increase in global acetylation of histone H3 and H4, and an increase in the expression of a common set of genes involved in cell signaling, cell growth, and synaptic plasticity. Pretreatment with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor (garcinol and 2-methylene y-butylactone), that inhibits p300, p300/CREB binding protein (CBP) associated factor (PCAF), and GCN 5, prevented the senktide-induced increase in expression of most, but not all, of the genes upregulated in response to 1 nM and 10nM senktide. Treatment with 100 nM had the opposite effect: a reduction in chromatin relaxation and decreased acetylation. The expression of four genes was significantly decreased and the HAT inhibitor had a limited effect in blocking the upregulation of genes in response to 100 nM senktide. Activation of the NK3R appears to recruit multiple pathways, including acetylation, and possibly histone deactylases, histone methylases, or DNA methylases to affect chromatin structure and gene expression.

The gifts we keep on giving: documenting and destigmatizing the regifting taboo.

Five studies examined whether the practice of regifting--a social taboo--is as offensive to the original givers as potential regifters assume. Participants who imagined regifting a gift (receivers) thought that the original giver would be more offended than participants who imagined that their gifts were regifted (givers) reported feeling. Specifically, receivers viewed regifting as similar in offensiveness to throwing gifts away, yet givers clearly preferred the former. This asymmetry in emotional reactions to regifting was driven by an asymmetry in beliefs about entitlement. Givers believed that the act of gift giving passed title to the gift on to receivers, so that receivers were free to decide what to do with the gift; in contrast, receivers believed that givers retained some say in how their gifts were used. Finally, an intervention designed to destigmatize regifting by introducing a different normative standard (i.e., National Regifting Day) corrected the asymmetry in beliefs about entitlement and increased regifting.

Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown: the link between guilt proneness and leadership.

We propose that guilt proneness is a critical characteristic of leaders and find support for this hypothesis across 3 studies. Participants in the first study rated a set of guilt-prone behaviors as more indicative of leadership potential than a set of less guilt-prone behaviors. In a follow-up study, guilt-prone participants in a leaderless group task engaged in more leadership behaviors than did less guilt-prone participants. In a third, and final, study, we move to the field and analyze 360° feedback from a group of young managers working in a range of industries. The results indicate that highly guilt-prone individuals were rated as more capable leaders than less guilt-prone individuals and that a sense of responsibility for others underlies the positive relationship between guilt proneness and leadership evaluations.

When feeling bad leads to feeling good: guilt-proneness and affective organizational commitment.

The authors posit that higher levels of guilt-proneness are associated with higher levels of affective organizational commitment. To explain this counterintuitive link, the authors suggest that a dispositional tendency to feel guilt motivates individuals to exert greater effort on their work-related tasks that, in turn, strengthens their affinity for the organization. The authors tested this idea using a laboratory study and field data from 2 samples of working adults. Individuals who are more guilt-prone reported higher levels of organizational attachment compared with less guilt-prone individuals. Furthermore, mediation analyses indicate that the link between guilt-proneness and affective commitment is driven by greater task effort. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the affective drivers of commitment in organizations.

Neurokinin 3 receptor forms a complex with acetylated histone H3 and H4 in hypothalamic neurons following hyperosmotic challenge.

The neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in brain and is highly expressed by magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons in both the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus. Hyperosmolarity causes a ligand-mediated internalization of NK3Rs to the cytoplasm and to the nuclei of vasopressinergic PVN neurons. This receptor activation-dependent pathway is presumed to be a means to directly transmit synaptic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. The present study evaluated in vivo the subnuclear domains that associate with NK3R. Rats were administered 2 M NaCl (intragastric) or no intragastric load, and 40 min later, the PVN was dissected and nuclei were isolated. Using double-immuno-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we show that, compared with controls, hyperosmolarity causes a significant increase in NK3R Immunogold beads in the nucleus of PVN neurons. Furthermore, NK3R spatially colocalized with histone H4 and with highly acetylated H4 in nuclei isolated from the PVN of rats administered 2 M NaCl, but not in nuclei from control rats. Next, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that acetylated H4, as well as acetylated H3, were pulled down with NK3R in the PVN nuclear enriched fraction from rats treated with 2 M NaCl, but not from control rats. In response to hyperosmolarity, NK3R is transported to the nucleus of PVN neurons and associates with transcriptionally active chromatin, where it may influence the transcription of genes.

Are two narcissists better than one? The link between narcissism, perceived creativity, and creative performance.

The current research examines the link between narcissism and creativity at the individual, relational, and group levels of analysis. It finds that narcissists are not necessarily more creative than others, but they think they are, and they are adept at persuading others to agree with them. In the first study, narcissism was positively associated with self-rated creativity, despite the fact that blind coders saw no difference between the creative products offered by those low and high on narcissism. In a second study, more narcissistic individuals asked to pitch creative ideas to a target person were judged by the targets as being more creative than were less narcissistic individuals, in part because narcissists were more enthusiastic. Finally, a study of group creativity finds evidence of a curvilinear effect: Having more narcissists is better for generating creative outcomes (but having too many provides diminishing returns).

Do you two know each other? Transitivity, homophily, and the need for (network) closure.

The authors investigate whether need for closure affects how people seek order in judging social relations. In Study 1, the authors find that people who have a high need for closure (NFC) were more likely to assume their social contacts were connected to each other (i.e., transitivity) when this was not the case. In Studies 2 and 3, the authors examine another form of order in network relations--racial homophily--and find that high-NFC participants were more inclined to believe that 2 individuals from the same racial category (e.g., African American) were friends than two racially dissimilar individuals. Furthermore, high-NFC individuals were more likely to make errors when judging a racially mixed group of people; specifically, they recalled more racial homophily (racially similar people sitting closer together) than had actually appeared.

Dietary sodium manipulation during critical periods in development sensitize adult offspring to amphetamines.

This study examined critical periods in development to determine when offspring were most susceptible to dietary sodium manipulation leading to amphetamine sensitization. Wistar dams (n = 6-8/group) were fed chow containing low (0.12% NaCl; LN), normal (1% NaCl; NN), or high sodium (4% NaCl; HN) during the prenatal or early postnatal period (birth to 5 wk). Offspring were fed normal chow thereafter until testing at 6 mo. Body weight (BW), blood pressure (BP), fluid intake, salt preference, response to amphetamine, open field behavior, plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), plasma corticosterone (Cort), and adrenal gland weight were measured. BW was similar for all offspring. Offspring from the prenatal and postnatal HN group had increased BP, NaCl intake, and salt preference and decreased water intake relative to NN offspring. Prenatal HN offspring had greater BP than postnatal HN offspring. In response to amphetamine, both prenatal and postnatal LN and HN offspring had increased locomotor behavior compared with NN offspring. In a novel open field environment, locomotion was also increased in prenatal and postnatal LN and HN offspring compared with NN offspring. ACTH and Cort levels 30 min after restraint stress and adrenal gland weight measurement were greater in LN and HN offspring compared with NN offspring. These results indicate that early life experience with low- and high-sodium diets, during the prenatal or early postnatal period, is a stress that produces long-term changes in responsiveness to amphetamines and to subsequent stressors.