Prevalence of delusions in drug-naïve Alzheimer disease patients: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common at all stages of Alzheimer disease (AD). Delusions in AD are associated with negative clinical consequences and may signal rapid disease progression. Hence, we sought to determine the prevalence of delusions in drug-naïve (no cholinesterase inhibitor or neuroleptic medications) AD patients. METHODS: In this meta-analysis, a search of the EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases was performed. We selected studies reporting delusion prevalence measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) in drug-naïve AD patients. An aggregate delusion event rate with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. The I2 statistic was used to assess the magnitude of between-study heterogeneity. Single variable meta-regressions allowed examination of the effect of moderating factors and heterogeneity. Quantitative measures were used to appraise for publication bias. RESULTS: We identified 6 studies with 591 participants allowing calculation of the aggregate delusional prevalence rate. Irrespective of dementia severity, the aggregate event rate for delusions was 29.1% (95% CI: 20-41%; I2  = 84.59). No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis calculates a 29.1% prevalence rate of delusions in AD patients. There is a trend towards increasing delusion prevalence in concordance with increasing severity of dementia. Given delusions are associated with poorer outcomes, the obtained prevalence should motivate clinicians to screen carefully for delusions. Current literature limitations warrant future studies, with sub-analyses on dementia severity, and other neurobiological factors known to influence the presence of delusions.

Do antipsychotics prevent postoperative delirium? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effect of antipsychotics for preventing postoperative delirium. DESIGN: We conducted a literature search using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and clinicaltrials.gov. We included randomized controlled trials of adults undergoing surgery who were given antipsychotics to prevent postoperative delirium. Quality was assessed via the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted. Q-statistics and I(2) were used for assessment of heterogeneity. The main outcome was delirium incidence using validated definitions. RESULTS: A total of 1710 subjects were included, with a mean age ranging from 60.7 to 86.4 years. Antipsychotics reduced the incidence of postoperative delirium with the global effect-size estimate (weighted odds ratio) using the random effects model of 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.70; N = 6; Q-value: 16, p-value 0.0005; I(2) = 69%). Significant heterogeneity existed with the pooled global effect of delirium incidence; however, meta-regression allowed us to test both treatment-level and patient-level explanations for significant between-study variance. Baseline risk for delirium was found to be a significant contributor to study heterogeneity, and meta-regression suggested that antipsychotic type and dosage were two of the several treatment-level factors that also may have led to heterogeneity. Our analysis implied the presence of a breakeven baseline level of delirium risk below which preventive treatment with antipsychotics might prove ineffective. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of few randomized controlled trials, antipsychotics appeared to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in several surgical settings, predominantly orthopedic and for those at higher risk for delirium.

Impact of a competency based curriculum on quality improvement among internal medicine residents.

BACKGROUND: Teaching quality improvement (QI) principles during residency is an important component of promoting patient safety and improving quality of care. The literature on QI curricula for internal medicine residents is limited. We sought to evaluate the impact of a competency based curriculum on QI among internal medicine residents. METHODS: This was a prospective, cohort study over four years (2007-2011) using pre-post curriculum comparison design in an internal medicine residency program in Canada. Overall 175 post-graduate year one internal medicine residents participated. A two-phase, competency based curriculum on QI was developed with didactic workshops and longitudinal, team-based QI projects. The main outcome measures included self-assessment, objective assessment using the Quality Improvement Knowledge Assessment Tool (QIKAT) scores to assess QI knowledge, and performance-based assessment via presentation of longitudinal QI projects. RESULTS: Overall 175 residents participated, with a response rate of 160/175 (91%) post-curriculum and 114/175 (65%) after conducting their longitudinal QI project. Residents' self-reported confidence in making changes to improve health increased and was sustained at twelve months post-curriculum. Self-assessment scores of QI skills improved significantly from pre-curriculum (53.4 to 69.2 percent post-curriculum [p-value 0.002]) and scores were sustained at twelve months after conducting their longitudinal QI projects (53.4 to 72.2 percent [p-value 0.005]). Objective scores using the QIKAT increased post-curriculum from 8.3 to 10.1 out of 15 (p-value for difference <0.001) and this change was sustained at twelve months post-project with average individual scores of 10.7 out of 15 (p-value for difference from pre-curriculum <0.001). Performance-based assessment occurred via presentation of all projects at the annual QI Project Podium Presentation Day. CONCLUSION: The competency based curriculum on QI improved residents' QI knowledge and skills during residency training. Importantly, residents perceived that their QI knowledge improved after the curriculum and this also correlated to improved QIKAT scores. Experiential QI project work appeared to contribute to sustaining QI knowledge at twelve months.

Twelve tips for teaching in a provincially distributed medical education program.

BACKGROUND: As distributed undergraduate and postgraduate medical education becomes more common, the challenges with the teaching and learning process also increase. AIM: To collaboratively engage front line teachers in improving teaching in a distributed medical program. METHOD: We recently conducted a contest on teaching tips in a provincially distributed medical education program and received entries from faculty and resident teachers. RESULTS: Tips that are helpful for teaching around clinical cases at distributed teaching sites include: ask "what if" questions to maximize clinical teaching opportunities, try the 5-min short snapper, multitask to allow direct observation, create dedicated time for feedback, there are really no stupid questions, and work with heterogeneous group of learners. Tips that are helpful for multi-site classroom teaching include: promote teacher-learner connectivity, optimize the long distance working relationship, use the reality television show model to maximize retention and captivate learners, include less teaching content if possible, tell learners what you are teaching and make it relevant and turn on the technology tap to fill the knowledge gap. CONCLUSION: Overall, the above-mentioned tips offered by front line teachers can be helpful in distributed medical education.

Evaluation of resident attitudes and self-reported competencies in health advocacy.

BACKGROUND: The CanMEDS Health Advocate role, one of seven roles mandated by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons Canada, pertains to a physician's responsibility to use their expertise and influence to advance the wellbeing of patients, communities, and populations. We conducted our study to examine resident attitudes and self-reported competencies related to health advocacy, due to limited information in the literature on this topic. METHODS: We conducted a pilot experience with seven internal medicine residents participating in a community health promotion event. The residents provided narrative feedback after the event and the information was used to generate items for a health advocacy survey. Face validity was established by having the same residents review the survey. Content validity was established by inviting an expert physician panel to review the survey. The refined survey was then distributed to a cohort of core Internal Medicine residents electronically after attendance at an academic retreat teaching residents about advocacy through didactic sessions. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 76 residents with a response rate of 68%. The majority agreed to accept an advocacy role for societal health needs beyond caring for individual patients. Most confirmed their ability to identify health determinants and reaffirmed the inherent requirements for health advocacy. While involvement in health advocacy was common during high school and undergraduate studies, 76% of residents reported no current engagement in advocacy activity, and 36% were undecided if they would engage in advocacy during their remaining time as residents, fellows or staff. The common barriers reported were insufficient time, rest and stress. CONCLUSIONS: Medical residents endorsed the role of health advocate and reported proficiency in determining the medical and bio-psychosocial determinants of individuals and communities. Few residents, however, were actively involved in health advocacy beyond an individual level during residency due to multiple barriers. Further studies should address these barriers to advocacy and identify the reasons for the discordance we found between advocacy endorsement and lack of engagement.

Characterizing and developing strategies for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia at a community hospital.

BACKGROUND: Patients admitted to Lions Gate Hospital, North Vancouver, British Columbia, with a primary diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have a mean length of stay (LOS) of 9.1 days compared with 7.9 days for peer group hospitals. This difference of 1.2 days results in an annual potential savings of 406 bed days and warranted an investigation into the management of CAP. OBJECTIVE: To characterize and provide recommendations for the management of CAP. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of CAP between May 1, 2000 and August 31, 2000. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were included in the study, with a mean LOS of 9.9 days and a median LOS of five days. Based on pneumonia severity index scores calculated for each patient, eight patients (16%) were admitted inappropriately. Initial empirical antibiotic choices were consistent with the Canadian CAP guidelines in 27 patients (53%), with inconsistencies arising mainly because cephalosporin or azithromycin monotherapy regimens were prescribed. Step-down from intravenous to oral antibiotics occurred in approximately 20 patients (39%). An additional 12 patients (24%) could have undergone step-down, and step-down was not applicable in 19 patients (37%). The potential annual cost avoidance from implementing admission criteria based on a pneumonia severity index score, applying step-down criteria and promoting early discharge criteria was estimated to be $220,000. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable variability exists in the treatment of CAP. A CAP preprinted order sheet was developed to address the issues identified in the present study and provide consistency in the management of CAP at Lions Gate Hospital.