[The studying of public health and health care as obligatory component of program of residency training].

The article considers the teaching of the discipline "Public Health and Health Care" to residents of all specialties. For analyzing attitude of residents to studying the discipline "Public Health and Health Care", as well as improvement of training physicians at the stage of residency and their full mastery of necessary competencies, survey was carried out on sampling of 424 residents of the second (graduate) year of training. The number of questions were formulated to be included into questionnaire to obtain data about respondents (age, gender, region of study, citizenship, experience of working at medical position) and to identify their attitude to the study of the discipline "Public Health and Health Care" " in residency (sections of program as practically applicable, assessment of form of teaching the discipline and use of educational technologies, including remote and digital learning, choice of universal and general professional competencies). The majority of residents (65.1%) plan to be engaged not only in direct clinical activities in the future, but also to undergo additional training in health care management and work in positions related to organizational managerial activities from position of head of department to of head of medical organizations and administration of regional health care services.

THE OCCURRENCE OF SPORTS INJURIES AMONG PRE-ADOLESCENTS.

Preschool children's harmonious development, cognitive and communicative abilities are enhanced through physical activities in sports, yet sports training and competition pose a risk of injury to children aged three to seven years due to their physiological and psychological features. Although sports injuries in preschool children are not common, they can be undesirable and unavoidable, and fortunately, these injuries are usually reversible. This review article presents data on the physiological features of the developing musculoskeletal system and its relationship to sports injuries in children, which together determine the nature of children's sports injuries. We also present a classification of sports injuries among preschool children, based on the literature, which considers the type, location, and severity of the trauma as estimated by the duration of mandatory missed practice.

THE INCIDENCE OF SPORTS INJURIES AMONG SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.

It is estimated that approximately one in ten school-aged children experience sports-related injuries annually. These injuries are most common at 12 years of age. Boys are more likely to get injured and more likely to get seriously injured than girls. The probability of injury is greater in contact or high-impact sports, with American soccer accounting for the largest number of injuries, followed by wrestling, basketball, soccer, and baseball. In certain sports, such as horseback riding, women are four times more likely to sustain injuries. The presented literature review details the incidence of various sports-related injuries in adolescents. Sports-related injuries observed in children under the age of 10 are nonspecific and include contusions, mild sprains, and fractures of the extremities, most commonly Salter-Harris fractures (growth plate fractures) or plastic fractures. In young athletes, sports-related injuries of the ligaments or muscles, as well as spinal or head injuries, are rare. This is particularly true during puberty, where growth plate fractures and musculoskeletal injuries occur more frequently.

[The dynamics of demographic situation and state of reproductive health of population of circumpolar region of the Russian Federation].

The priority of state policy of the Russian Federation is to make conditions for sustainable social economic development of national regions, including the territories of the Arctic Zone. The successful solution of these tasks is possible only if there is sufficient amount of labor resources and at achieving positive dynamics of main demographic processes. The purpose of the study is to establish characteristics of both dynamics of main demographic processes and reproductive health of Northerners as exemplified by the Republic of Komi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective ecological epidemiological study was carried out using reports of the Federal statistical observation. To evaluate demographic processes the values of main demographic parameters were calculated. To analyze dynamics of demographic processes time series of demographic coefficients were constructed and values of growth rate indicators were calculated. RESULTS: The number of male and female population of the Komi Republic in 1990-2023 decreased by 46.5% and 37.1%. The specific weight of people older than able-bodied age increased in males from 4.9% to 14.7% and in females from 15.7% to 31.6%. The number of females of fertile age (16-49 years) in the Komi Republic decreased by 152.602 people (-47.5%) and their general fertility rate decreased by 33.3%. The birth rate in the group of young women aged 15-19 years decreased in 1990-2021 by 80.1%; and of women aged 20-24 years decreased by 60.4%. The frequency of abortions tends to decrease, but significantly exceeds the national average values. CONCLUSION: The replacement-level fertility is not achieved in the Komi Republic. Taking into account the peculiarities of demographic, social economic processes, it is necessary to develop and to implement regional program of reproductive health improvement.

MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PREVENTING SPORTS INJURIES AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.

Sports injuries among children and adolescents typically involve mild bruises and sprains. However, any sport can cause injuries to the musculoskeletal system. It is crucial to prevent such injuries through proper training and supervision to ensure the safety of young athletes. Therefore, when providing medical care to these patients, physicians must have the appropriate qualifications and skills and take into account the specific nature and location of injuries in each sport. Training programs and performance standards for young athletes should consider participants' biological age, physical and psychological immaturity, rather than their chronological age to prevent serious musculoskeletal injuries in child and youth sports. This review outlines the incidence of sports injuries in adolescents and considers how biological and social factors (factors related to coaches, peers and parents), influence the incidence and nature of injuries in different sports. Coaches and parents, though, have the ability to reduce the risk of injury by selecting suitable sports activities, employing the right equipment, enforcing rules, promoting safe playing conditions, and ensuring adequate supervision. Healthcare providers involved in the prevention and treatment of injuries in young athletes must possess the skillset to diagnose and assess the severity and risk to the athlete's future health and performance.

Analysis of Some Physiological and Biochemical Indices in Patients with Covid-19 Pneumonia Using Mathematical Methods.

The aim of the work was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients with pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and to determine via mathematical methods the significance of some physiological and biochemical indices as predictive markers of an unfavorable outcome of the disease. A random cohort of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia numbered 209 people. Mathematical analysis addressed the physiological characteristics of patients recorded at the time of hospital admission, as well as blood coagulation parameters and those reflecting the development of an inflammatory reaction. The analyzed parameters were categorized relative to the reference ranges of physiologically normal values. Correlation analysis was carried out using categorical data on the disease outcome. The algorithms for calculating statistical characteristics, as well as results visualization, were programmed in Python. When comparing patient groups, the significance of differences between the determined parameters was assessed using the Pearson's χ2 test with Yates' correction. The study showed that the age over 50 and male sex can be considered risk factors for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (p < 0.05). The disease outcome was found to be significantly affected by cardiovascular pathologies (p < 0.01) and to a lesser extent by diabetes mellitus (p < 0.10). There were revealed maximal correlation coefficients between the oxygen saturation level (-0.43), as well as the breathing rate (0.43), and a fatal outcome of the disease. For patients over 50 years of age, oxygen saturation below 80% at the time of hospital admission turned out to be a marker of mortality. It was shown that D-dimer blood levels above 625 ng/mL in patients over 80 years of age correlated with mortal outcomes. No correlation was found between the C-reactive protein (CRP) level and the disease outcome. The effect of corticosteroids on the disease outcome was analyzed in patients with different CRP levels. It was found that, while using corticosteroids, the mortality rate in patients with CRP ≤ 12.5 mg/L is 2.7 times higher than in those with CRP > 12.5 mg/L (p < 0.01). Thus, the use of adequate mathematical methods made it possible to define more precisely some mortality-associated physiological and biochemical indices in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

[The relationship of stomatological health of disabled children with hearing and vision impairment].

The issue of preventing various diseases in children with disabilities is relevant around the world. The purpose of the study: to investigate the oral health of disabled children with hearing impairments and with visual impairments and to determine problematic issues of their dental care support. The individual face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out covering parents (legal representatives) of students of special general education school for children with hearing and visual impairments. The analysis of results of preventive examination of students was implemented by stomatologist. Two categories of students were covered by the study: children with hearing impairment (first group) and children with visual impairment (second group), their families included. The first group consisted of 61 families with disabled children (37 boys (60.7%) and 24 girls (39.3%). The second group included 63 families with disabled children (35 boys (55.6%) and 28 girls (44.4%). The comparable structure of compared groups by age was established. The children aged 10-14 years dominated in both groups: 39.3% in the first one and 57.1% in the second one. The comparison of dental status of disabled children with various disorders of the senses was implemented according number of stomatological indices: caries activity, hygiene level, need for consultation by orthodontist. The patients with poor hygiene were significantly more common among children with visual impairment (38.1%) as compared with children with hearing impairment (3.3%). Also. 77.0% of patients with hearing impairments and 79.4% of patients with visual impairments needed advises of orthodontist. The families of 28.8% and 38.1% of patients in corresponding compared groups resorted to fee-for-service dental services. The first group characterized by statistically significantly higher percentage of dissatisfaction with quality of treatment and prevention (59.0% vs. 38.1%). The second most important problem was dissatisfaction with attitude of stomatologist to patients and their parents, which was noted in 16.4% and 28.6% of cases correspondingly. The stomatological health problems are very relevant for disabled children as they often suffer from oral diseases and have difficulties in accessing quality dental care. The prevalence of caries, especially sub- and de-compensated, in disabled children with visual and hearing impairments is significantly higher than in children population as a whole.

Insitu magnesium calcium phosphate cements formation: From one pot powders precursors synthesis to in vitro investigations.

Calcium phosphate cements are of great interest for researchers and their applications in medical practice expanded. Nevertheless, they have a number of drawbacks including the insufficient level of mechanical properties and low degradation rate. Struvite (MgNH4PO4) -based cements, which grew in popularity in recent years, despite their neutral pH and acceptable mechanical performance, release undesirable NH4 + ions during their resorption. This issue could be avoided by replacement of ammonia ions in the cement liquid with sodium, however, such cements have a pH values of 9-10, leading to cytotoxicity. Thus, the main goal of this investigation is to optimize the composition of cements to achieve the combination of desirable properties: neutral pH, sufficient mechanical properties, and the absence of cytotoxicity, applying Na2HPO4-based cement liquid. For this purpose, cement powders precursors in the CaO-MgO-P2O5 system were synthesized by one-pot process in a wide composition range, and their properties were investigated. The optimal performance was observed for the cements with (Ca + Mg)/P ratio of 1.67, which are characterized by newberyite phase formation during setting reaction, pH values close to 7, sufficient compressive strength up to 22 ± 3 MPa (for 20 mol.% of Mg), dense microstructure and adequate matrix properties of the surface. This set of features make those materials promising candidates for medical applications.

[Immunohistochemical study of tubulovillosis adenoma tubulovillous intestinal adenoma in the elderly.]

Frequency indices of tubulovillous adenoma are higher than the ones of colorectal cancer, and probably, the majority of adenomas are prone to malignancy. It is often impossible to determine which adenoma tends to tumorous neoplasia. However, increase in the adenomas and expressed dysplasia contribute to adenomas malignant transformation. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to evaluate cellular proliferation, apoptosis, beta-catenin in tubulovillous intestinal adenomas with varying degrees of dysplasia. The study used biopsy materials of tubulovillous adenomas obtained from 50 patients who underwent ectomy. After resection the adenomas were cut by the maximum size for the full thickness of tunicae mucosae, muscularis be included into the section. Immunohistochemical reactions used a cellular proliferation marker (Ki-67), that of apoptosis (P-53), of a transcription factor (ß-catenin). In tubulovillous adenomas with the low grade dysplasia degree there are low indicators of cellular proliferation and apoptosis, located primarily in basal glandular segments. As dysplasia degree increases, cellular division in the glandular epithelium intensifies and nuclear expression of beta-catenin appears as well. Against the background of a meaningful increase in cellular proliferation, a small number of cells in apoptotic condition are revealed. Thus, increased indicators of Ki-67 and ß-catenin in a tubulovillous adenomas in high grade dysplasia contributes to limiting cellular differentiation, violates intercellular contacts.

[The Medical Care of Patients with Chronic Dermatitis in Conditions of General Medical Practice].

The morbidity of chronic dermatitis continues to be permanently high in Russia, Europe and USA. the development of dermatitis is impacted by heredity, diseases of internal organs, environment. The medical social significance of dermatitis is high. The exacerbation of this disease results in deterioration of life quality of patients, emotional stress, decreasing of working capacity. Besides, special target financial expenses are required too. The interaction between primary medical care physicians and dermatologists plays significant role in treatment of dermatitis. To increase quality of medical care to patients with chronic dermatitis development and amelioration is needed concerning new models and principles of organization of treatment and diagnostic processes in the system of out-patient medical care in conditions of development of medical practice. The results of sociological survey of general practitioners were used to evaluate completeness of physicians implementing their function during management of patients with skin diseases. more than a half of physicians always prescribe to patients' examination prior to referral to dermatologist and one third of physicians always independently prescribe a treatment. Only one third of respondents declare confidence in independent diagnostic and treatment of patients with skin diseases. At that, more than two third of physicians being uncertain in diagnostic and treatment of patients, nevertheless are engaged in that. Therefore, nowadays general practitioners incompletely implement their functions in case of visit of patients with skin diseases.

Prevalencia de desesperanza y factores sociodemográficos de migrantes mexicanos repatriados / Prevalence of despair and social-demographic factors related of repatriated mexican migrants / Prevalência de desesperança e fatores sociodemográficos de migrantes mexicanos repatriados

Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas generales, así como algunas vinculadas con el proceso de migración y evaluar el nivel de desesperanza de los mexicanos que son deportados de los Estados Unidos de América (EE.UU) al Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM), a través del Programa de Repatriación al Interior de México (PRIM). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal en el periodo de julio a diciembre de 2015. Se aplicó en forma aleatoria, confidencial y previo consentimiento un cuestionario estructurado a migrantes mexicanos deportados a su arribo a México y provenientes de los EE.UU, se incluyó una sección de datos sociodemográficos generales; de aspectos relacionados con la migración y, se evaluó el nivel de desesperanza por medio de la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck. Resultados: Se encuestó a 367 migrantes mexicanos deportados, sólo siete fueron mujeres, la mayoría en un rango de edad de 18 a 35 años, el 23% reporta enfermedades pre-existentes, sólo el 45% tuvo un buen acceso a servicios de salud en EE.UU, el 56% ya había sido repatriado en dos o más ocasiones, el 75% había vivido más de cinco años en ese país, sólo el 13% utilizó una Ventanilla de Salud de algún consulado mexicano durante su estancia. La prevalencia de desesperanza fue del 6% en esta población. Conclusiones: El abordaje de la salud mental en poblaciones de migrantes mexicanos carece de políticas públicas. La caracterización de la población migrante repatriada debe ser el punto de partida para incidir en políticas públicas que mejoren la calidad de vida de los migrantes de retorno.

Objective: To describe some general social-demographic characteristics associated with the phenomenon of migration and assess the level of despair among Mexicans who are deported from USA to the City of Mexico International Airport through the Program of Repatriation. Methods: This is a descriptive and transversal study carried out from July to December 2015. A confidential questionnaire was randomly given, provided the previous informed consent, to Mexican migrants who had been deported from USA. Data sections on general social-demographic characteristics and migration-related issues were included. The level of despair was estimated using Beck's Despair Scale. Results: 367 deported Mexican migrants were studied. Only 7 were women. The majority were in the range of 18 to 35 years old. 23% reported having had preexisting illnesses and only 45% had access to health services in USA. 56% had previously been deported in two or more occasions. 75% had been living in USA for more than 5 years. Only 13% used the Health Window at any Mexican Consulate during their stay. The prevalence of despair was 6%. Conclusions: Addressing the condition of mental health among these populations requires further public policies and the precise identification of their characteristics should be the starting point to improve their quality of life upon return.

Objetivo: Descrever as características sociodemográficas gerais, assim como algumas associadas ao processo de migração e avaliar o nível de desesperança dos mexicanos que são deportados dos Estados Unidos da América (EE.UU) ao Aeroporto Internacional da Cidade do México (AICM), através do Programa de Repatriação ao Interior do México (PRIM). Métodos: Estudo descritivo de tipo transversal no período de julho a dezembro de 2015. Aplicou-se em forma aleatória, confidencial e com consentimento prévio, um questionário estruturado a migrantes mexicanos deportados a seu arribo ao México e provindos dos EE.UU. Incluiu-se uma secção de dados sociodemográficos gerais; de aspectos relacionados com a migração e, avaliou-se o nível de desesperança por médio da Escala de Desesperança de Beck. Resultados: Foram questionados 367 migrantes mexicanos deportados, só sete foram mulheres, a maioria em uma faixa etária de 18 a 35 anos, o 23% informa doenças pré-existentes, só o 45% teve um bom acesso a serviços de saúde nos EE.UU, o 56% já tinha sido repatriado em dois ou mais ocasiões, o 75% tinha vivido mais de cinco anos nesse país, só o 13% utilizou um guiché de Saúde de algum consulado mexicano durante sua permanência. A prevalência de desesperança foi do 6% nesta população. Conclusões: A abordagem da saúde mental em populações de migrantes mexicanos carece de políticas públicas. A caracterização da população migrante repatriada deve ser o ponto de partida para promover políticas públicas que melhorem a qualidade de vida dos migrantes de retorno.

[The Evaluation of Necessity of Individuals Older Aged 50 Years and Older in Outpatient Polyclinic Services].

The department of X-ray diagnostics of the out-patient center was used to carry out a sociological survey with the purpose of studying such social demographic characteristics of patients as level of education, material condition, benefits availability, degree of employment. The patients of advanced age visit the out-patient center most often for X-ray examinations because of diseases of nervous system, neoplasms and diseases of musculoskeletal system. In average, the patients wait their line for examination during up to three days. In both cases of implementing examination by appointment of hospital physician or by initiative of patient oneself (for fee) waiting time decreases. The main causes of using of paid medical care is the queue for free-of-charge examination and lacking of needed physician in polyclinic. The most of patients characterize scope of services provided in out-patient center as inadequate. At that, less than a half of respondents are agreed for broadening of paid diagnostic services. The readiness of patients for broadening of scope of paid services at the pre-hospital stage of treatment depend on their economic condition and employment status. The maximal readiness is expressed by working people with good economic condition. The application of obtained data provides an opportunity of optimizing of diagnostic care optimization.

[Analysis of the results of a questionnaire survey among the patients presenting with nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses diseases concerning organization and quality of specialized medical assistance].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the medico-social factors on the development of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses diseases and satisfaction of the patients with the quality of the provided specialized medical assistance. The approaches to the treatment of such patient at the pre-hospital and hospital levels are discussed.

[THE MODE OF CLARIFYING DIAGNOSTIC OF PROGRESSING FORMS OF OVARIAN CARCINOMA].

The ovarian carcinoma is the most frequent cause of death because of malignant neoplasins in women. At that, there is no pathognomonic symptoms permitting diagnosing stage of process with sufficient degree of confidence. This is a determinative not only for choosing treatment regimen but also for correlation of expected results of treatments with economic factors with purpose to evaluate cost effectiveness under monitoring of these patients. The study was carried out to develop mode of clarifying diagnostic of progressing forms of ovarian carcinoma on the basis of evaluation of oxidative modification of proteins in blood plasma. In 100 female patients with primary ovarian carcinoma (stage III and IV according FIGO,) in blood plasma 21 indicators were determined in blood plasma using standardized techniques: absolute number of leukocytes, absolute and relative number of neutrophils, products of oxidative modification of proteins of basic and ketonic character (under wavelength of 356, 370, 430, 530 nm), Her-2/neu CA-125, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in blood serum and neutrophils, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-1ß, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, malonic dialdehyde, catalase, glutaihione transferase, glutathione reductase. The least squares method was applied to every parameter to appmximnate relative rates by density of Rayleigh distribution. For every indicator likelihood ratio functions of likelihood ratio were constructed and intervals at every stage were determined. The reliability of approximation was proved under testing with Pirson criterion hypothesis of compliance of practical values of parameters to theoretical law of density of distribution. The results permit to assert that level of oxidative modification of proteins cab be used as a reliable indicator for differentiated diagnostic of stage III and IV of ovarian carcinoma.

[The dispensarization of population and the content of prevention activities of physicians in primary health care system].

Nowadays, positive trends in the development of priority principle of public health organization in Russia are observed. The dispensarization of large groups of population, declared by Minzdrav of Russia, made it possible to detect a large percentage of diseases. The implemented measures produced incontestable positive effect, though necessity is obvious to intensify involvement of citizen and families in health promoting activities. The article presents the study results providing important information concerning awareness of population and families about health and necessity to be concerned about health status. The means to enhance population health are in the areas of motivation of personal responsibility and public support from the state.

[Redox-dependent processes in blood plasma, neutrophils and erythrocytes of patients with ovary cancer after polychemotherapy by CAP scheme].

The dynamics of the redox-dependent processes in blood plasma, neutrophils and erythrocytes of the patients with ovary cancer of the IIIrd clinical stage by FIGO after polychemotherapy according to the CAP scheme is considered. In the blood plasma and erythrocytes there were estimated the values of protein oxidative modification: carbonyl derivatives at λ = 346 nm, 370 nm, 430 nm and 530 nm; the lipid peroxidation parameters: malonic dialdehyde, dienic conjugates, ketodiens, shiff's bases; the fermentative chain of the antioxidant system: activities of catalase, glutationtransferase and superoxide dismutase. In the peripheral blood neutrophils there were cytochemically determined the myeloperoxidase activity and the number of the active neutrophils in the spontaneous NBTR-test. After the polychemotherapy there were detected higher levels of the protein oxidative modification products and the products of the lipid peroxidation in the blood plasma and erythrocytes of the patients. Simultaneous increase of the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma could be evident of a high level of the lipid antioxidants peroxidation system functioning, whereas the simultaneous decrease of the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocytes was indicative of passible development of oxidative stress in them. After the chemotherapy there was observed a significant and reliable decrease of the total number of the neutrophils. After the second course of the chemotherapy the activity of myeloperoxidase in them in the spontaneous NBTR-test as well decreased. Such a dynamics of the redox-depended processes in various components of the blood in the tumour carrier was characteristic of the tumor biological picture and required the use of differential multicomponent antioxidant therapy in patients with ovary cancer.

The influence of stevia glycosides on the growth of Lactobacillus reuteri strains.

UNLABELLED: Use of stevia-derived sweeteners was recently officially approved by the European Commission, and their application in the food industry has increased, especially in functional foods. However, there are scarce data about the influence of stevia on probiotic bacteria, which are important both as an inhabitant of the human gut and as a functional food additive. Taking into consideration the broad application of Lactobacillus reuteri in functional foods, the aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of stevia glycosides on its growth. Six Lact. reuteri strains were tested for their ability to grow in the presence of stevioside and rebaudioside A (0·2-2·6 g l(-1) ). The effect of stevia glycosides on biomass concentration, cell count, pH and lactic and acetic acid synthesis was analysed. Both glycosides impaired the growth of analysed strains. However, the inhibitory effect was strain specific, and the concentration-dependent effect was not observed for all parameters. The most pronounced concentration-dependent effect was on lactic and acetic acid production. Taking into account the observed strain-specific inhibitory effect of stevia glycosides, it could be suggested to evaluate the influence of them on each strain employed before their simultaneous application in functional foods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study showed that the growth of Lactobacillus reuteri strains was inhibited in the presence of stevia sweeteners stevioside and rebaudioside A. Probiotics, for example Lact. reuteri strains, are often used as functional additives in health foods and are an important natural inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract. Stevia glycosides application in food is increasing; yet, there are no data about the influence of stevia glycosides on Lact. reuteri growth and very few data on growth of other lactobacilli, either in probiotic foods or in the gastrointestinal tract. This research shows that it is necessary to evaluate the influence of stevia glycosides on other groups of micro-organisms in further research.

[Cytokines profile and metabolic activity of neutrophils of peripheral blood when progressing neoplasma].

The neutrophil is considered as the peculiar monocelled sekretorny gland realizing the effector potential including by secretion of soluble products - cytokines and for today. Influence of a tumor on functional activity of neutrophils depends on type, localization and a stage of its development. In our research dynamics of metabolic and of neutrophils of peripheral blood, the contents in a lysate and serums of blood of cytokines of IL-1ß, 1Ra, 2, 6, 10, 18, TNF-α, IFN-γ and is studied when progressing a cervical cancer. Cytokines and metabolism indicators - activity of, determined by an immunofermental method, level of cationic proteins, a share of active cages in the spontaneous NST-test were cytochemical. It is shown that when progressing cervical cancer against increase in total of neutrophils significant decrease in their, aerobic and anaerobic bacterial action, decrease in the IL-1ß and IL-1 Ra level, and also IFN-γ takes place at TNF-α increase, increase of production of matrix metalloproteinas-2 on Ib-IIa of a stage of a disease that allows to assume emergence at this stage of cervical cancer of pro-tumoral effect of neutrophils.

[Morphological features of cellular responses to different rates of trematode: Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Trematoda: Notocotilidae) invasion in muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)].

The results of investigation of leukocyte morphology and leukocyte contents of blood and caecum depending on the trematode Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis invasion rate in muskrats from natural population are given. At low trematode invasion rates, there was observed systemic activation of lymphopoiesis and neutrophil granulocytopoiesis with a decrease in the monocyte-miacrophage response in caecum (trematodelocalization organ). At the same time, under high invasion rates, there was detected induction of T cell suppressor activity and the absence of a granulocyte response in the tissues under study. Intensification of B lymphocyte blast transformation in caecum tissues as well as the appearance of blast cells in the blood of infected muskrats was observed.

[Morpho-functional changes of cloacal bursa of the herring gull in experimental infection with gull tapeworm].

Using the methods of light microscopy, the quantitative changes in the cells of the cloacal bursa of herring gull (Larus argentatus mongolicus) chicks were studied during experimental infection with gull-tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum. The area of the follicles within the bursa and the number of eosinophils in the infected chicks were found to increase. In the follicles the number of blast cells and large lymphocytes was elevated. The reduction of small lymphocytes and plasma cells numbers in the infected gulls may be due to a slower cell cycle or cell migration into the inflammatory focus. Overall, the changes in the bursa indicate the suppression of the B-link of the host immune system in tapeworm invasion.