Biological and Psychosocial Factors, Risk Behaviors, and Perinatal Asphyxia in a University Hospital: Matched Case-Control Study, Cali, Colombia (2012-2014).

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns. It generates high costs, both social and economic, and presents modifiable risk factors. Objective: To determine the biological and psychosocial factors and risk behaviors associated with the development of perinatal asphyxia (Sarnat II-III) in newborns from low socioeconomic status in a tier III university hospital in the city of Cali, Colombia. Materials and Methods: With a case and control design, 216 patients were studied (54 cases/162 controls) (1 case/3 matched controls). The cases were defined as newborns with modified or severe perinatal asphyxia (Sarnat II-III) between 2012 and 2014, with gestational age ≥ 36 weeks, with neurological signs not attributable to other causes, multiorgan compromise, advanced reanimation, and presence of a sentinel event. For the analysis, conditional logistic regression models were developed to evaluate association (OR), considering that the cases and controls had been paired by the birth and gestational age variables. Results: The final model showed that, from the group of biological variables, meconium amniotic fluid was identified as a risk factor (OR 15.28, 95%CI 2.78-83.94). Induction of labor lowered the risk of perinatal asphyxia by 97% (OR 0.03, 95%CI 0.01-0.21), and monitoring of fetal heart rate was associated with lower odds by 99% (OR 0.01, 95%CI 0.00-0.31) of developing perinatal asphyxia in the newborn. Regarding social variables, the lack of social support was identified as a risk factor for the development of perinatal asphyxia (OR 6.44, 95%CI 1.16-35.66); in contrast, secondary education lowered the odds of developing perinatal asphyxia by 85% when compared with pregnant women who only had primary school education (OR 0.15, 95%CI 0.03-0.77). Conclusion: Assessment of biological and psychosocial factors and social support is important in pregnant women to determine the risk of developing perinatal asphyxia in a low-income population.

Racionalización del uso de la cesárea en Colombia. Consenso de la Federación Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología (FECOLSOG) y la Federación Colombiana de Perinatología (FECOPEN). Bogotá, 2014 / Consensus for the Rationalization of Cesarean Section Use in Colombia. Federación Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología (FECOLSOG) and Federación Colombiana de Perinatología (FECOPEN). Bogotá, 2014

Objetivos: identificar la tendencia de la tasa de cesárea, la clasificación, los riesgos materno-perinatales, los factores asociados a dicha tasa y proponer estrategias para racionalizar el uso de cesáreas en Colombia.Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión de las estadísticas vitales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE) de 1998 a 2013 para estimar la tasa de cesárea, y de las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Lilacs y OVID, con los términos “cesarean section”, “rate”, “maternal mortality”, “neonatal mortality”, “maternal risk”, “perinatal risk”, “trial of labor”, “vaginal birth after cesarean”, “education”, “audit”, “second opinion”, “strategy”, “multiple strategy” y “multifaceted intervention” para identificar revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y estudios clínicos pertinentes publicados en los últimos diez años en inglés o español. Los resultados y las conclusiones fueron discutidos en consenso no formal de expertos realizado el día 9 de mayo de 2014 en Bogotá D.C y socializados en el XIX Congreso Nacional de Obstetricia y Ginecología realizado los días 29 al 31 de mayo de 2014 en Medellín, Colombia.Resultados: la tasa de cesáreas en Colombia pasó de 24,9% en 1998 a 45,7% en 2013. La cesárea incrementa el riesgo de muerte, las complicaciones maternas graves y la morbilidad respiratoria neonatal comparada con el parto vaginal. Factores médicos, socioculturales y económicos incrementan el uso de la cesárea. Las estrategias multifacéticas demuestran mayor efectividad para reducir la tasa de cesárea.Conclusiones: se deben promover estrategias como educación continua, auditoría, mejoramiento de la calidad e involucrar otros actores sociales para generar un cambio cultural y racionalizar el uso de la cesárea en Colombia.

Objectives: Identifying the cesarean section rate, classification, maternal-perinatal risk factors associated with this procedure and to propose strategies to rationalize the use of c-sections in Colombia.Materials and methods: We conducted a review of the vital statistics from the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE) from 1998 to 2013 to estimate the rate of caesarean section and an electronic database search in Medline via PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Lilacs, with the terms “cesarean section”, “rate”, “maternal mortality”, “neonatal mortality”, “maternal risk”, “perinatal risk”, “trial of labor”, “vaginal birth after cesarean section”, “education”, “audit”, “second opinion”, “strategy”, “multiple strategy” and “multifaceted intervention” to identify relevant systematic reviews, meta-analysis and clinical studies published in the last ten years in English or Spanish. The search results and conclusions were discussed in a non-formal consensus on May 9, 2014 in Bogotá D.C and socialized in the 29th National Congress of Obstetrics and Ginecology held on May 29th to 31st of 2014 in Medellín, Colombia.Results: The rate of caesarean sections in Colombia step of 24.9% in 1998 to 45.7% in 2013. C-section increases the risk of death, severe maternal complications and neonatal respiratory morbidity compared with vaginal delivery. Medical, social-cultural and economic factors increase the use of cesarean section. Multifaceted strategies have shown the greatest effectiveness in reducing the rate.Conclusions: Strategies such as education, audit, quality improvement and involvement of other stake holders should be promoted to generate a cultural change and rationalize the rate of cesarean section in Colombia.