Manipulative and body-based methods in chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: and purpose: Among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, manipulative and body-based methods (MBM) have demonstrated efficacy in improving symptoms such as fatigue. This review aims to summarize the efficacy and safety of MBM among CKD patients. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, CENTRAL and PsycInfo. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated the use of MBM among adult CKD patients were included. The grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to determine the risk of bias and certainty of evidence. The efficacy of each MBM was determined by reduction in symptom severity scores. All adverse reactions were documented. RESULTS: Of 8529 articles screened, 55 RCTs were included. Acupressure (n = 23), massage therapy (n = 17), reflexology (n = 6) and acupuncture (n = 5) were the most studied MBMs. Acupressure and reflexology were shown to reduce sleep disturbance and fatigue by 6.2-50.0% and 9.1-37.7% respectively. For uremic pruritus, acupressure and acupuncture reduced symptoms by 34.5-77.7% and 56.5-60.2% respectively. Common adverse reactions associated with acupressure included intradialytic hypotension (20.4%) and dizziness (11.1%) while that of acupuncture included elbow soreness (7.5%) and bleeding (7.5%). No adverse effects were reported for massage therapy, moxibustion, reflexology and yoga therapy. CONCLUSION: Acupressure, reflexology and massage therapies were the most well-studied MBMs which have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating sleep disturbance, fatigue and uremic pruritus symptoms in CKD patients.

Prevalence and risk factors for elevated anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is associated with poor health outcomes among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This review summarizes the prevalence and risk factors associated with elevated anxiety symptoms and disorders among CKD patients. METHODS: Articles evaluating the prevalence and risk factors associated with elevated anxiety symptoms and disorders among CKD patients, as diagnosed via DSM 4th or 5th edition criteria, clinical interviews or validated questionnaires, were searched in Medline®, Embase®, PsychINFO® and CINAHL®. Using random-effects meta-analyses, the prevalence of elevated anxiety symptoms and disorders were estimated. A narrative review on the risk factors associated with elevated anxiety symptoms and disorders was presented. RESULTS: From 4941 articles, 61 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of anxiety disorders (9 studies, n = 1071) among CKD patients across studies was 19% while that of elevated anxiety symptoms (52 studies, n = 10,739) was 43%. Across continents, prevalence of elevated anxiety symptoms was highest in Europe and Asia. Between pre-dialysis and dialysis patients, the prevalence of elevated anxiety symptoms was not statistically different at 31% and 42% respectively. Common risk factors associated with elevated anxiety symptoms included concomitant depression, lower parathyroid hormone levels, increased comorbidities, increased duration of hospitalization, reduced perceived quality of life, and decreased vitality levels. CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of anxiety disorders and elevated anxiety symptoms, more studies are required to assess the role and outcomes of anxiety screening among CKD patients. This could facilitate early identification of at-risk patients and potentially improve their clinical outcomes.

The role of mind-body interventions in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients - A systematic review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: With the rise in complementary medicine usage, mind-body interventions (MBI), encompassing therapies like yoga and music therapy, have been gaining interest. The use of MBI in non-chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have demonstrated efficacy for ameliorating pain, stress and anxiety symptoms. As CKD patients often suffer from these symptoms, MBI may serve as potential adjunctive therapies. This review aimed to summarize the studied indications of MBI among CKD patients. METHODS: A systematic review was performed in Medline®, Embase®, Scopus®, CINAHL®, CENTRAL® and PsycInfo® in accordance to the PRISMA and SWiM checklists. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated the use of MBI among adult CKD patients were included. The efficacy of each MBI was determined by reduction in symptoms severity scores. All adverse reactions were documented. RESULTS: Of the 7,417 articles screened, 32 RCTs were included. Music therapy (n = 11), relaxation therapy (n = 9) and spiritual therapy (n = 6) were the most well studied MBIs. Frequently studied indications for MBIs were anxiety symptoms (n = 12), pain (n = 7) and depressive symptoms (n = 5). Music and spiritual therapies were shown to reduce 8.06-43.5 % and 36.1-41.1 % of anxiety symptoms respectively. For pain relief, music (41.8 %-61.5 %) and yoga therapies (36.7 %) were shown to be effective for reduction of pain. Lastly, spiritual therapy was shown to reduce depressive symptoms by 56.8 %. No adverse effects were reported for any MBI. CONCLUSION: Music therapy, relaxation and spiritual therapies are more well-studied MBIs which were shown to reduce anxiety, depressive symptoms and pain in CKD patients. Larger RCTs are required to confirm the efficacy and safety of promising MBIs.

Factors affecting medication adherence among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature.

BACKGROUND: Medication adherence plays an essential role in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review aims to summarise factors affecting medication adherence among these pre-dialysis CKD patients. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed in Medline®, Embase®, SCOPUS® and CINAHL®. Peer-reviewed, English language articles which evaluated factors associated with medication adherence among pre-dialysis CKD patients were included. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the pooled medication adherence rates across studies. Factors identified were categorised using the World Health Organization's five dimensions of medication adherence (condition, patient, therapy, health-system, and socio-economic domains). RESULTS: Of the 3727 articles reviewed, 18 articles were included. The pooled adherence rate across studies was 67.4% (95% CI 61.4-73.3%). The most studied medication class was anti-hypertensives (55.6%). A total of 19 factors and 95 sub-factors related to medication adherence were identified. Among condition-related factors, advanced CKD was associated with poorer medication adherence. Patient-related factors that were associated with lower medication adherence included misconceptions about medication and lack of perceived self-efficacy in medication use. Therapy-related factors which were associated with poorer medication adherence included polypharmacy while health system-based factors included loss of confidence in the physician. Socioeconomic factors such as poor social support and lower education levels were associated with poorer medication adherence. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with poor medication adherence among pre-dialysis CKD patients were highlighted in this review. This will aid clinicians in designing interventions to optimise medication adherence among pre-dialysis CKD patients.

Renal outcomes of intensive care burn patients in an Asian tertiary centre.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of severe burn injury and is associated with a high mortality rate of up to 80%. We aimed to establish the incidence, mortality rate, and factors related to mortality in adult patients with severe burn injury and AKI with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Singapore. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of severely burned patients who were admitted to the Burns Intensive Care Unit (BICU) at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH) from January 2008 to December 2016. We compared patients with AKI with RRT who survived with those who did not survive. As there were changes in the protocol for burns management after 2013, we also compared patients with AKI with RRT who survived with non-survivors in each of the 2008-2012 and 2013-2016 cohorts. RESULTS: Data of 201 patients were studied. The incidence of AKI with RRT use in severe burn injury was 21.9% and their mortality rate was 50.0%. The non-survivors had significantly higher median burned total body surface area (p = 0.043), earlier AKI (p = 0.046), earlier use of RRT (p = 0.035), lower rate of renal recovery (p = <0.0001), higher rates of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (p = 0.005) and shock with vasopressors (p = 0.009) compared to the survivors. The survival rate was 36.8% in the 2008-2012 cohort, but improved to 60.0% in the 2013-2016 cohort. In the 2008-2012 cohort, the non-survivors developed AKI earlier (day 0 admission vs. day 3 admission, p = 0.039), and were initiated on RRT at lower serum creatinine level (173.5 µmol/L vs. 254.0 µmol/L, p = 0.042), when compared to the survivors in this same cohort. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the renal status and fluid balance parameters between the non-survivors and survivors in the 2013-2016 cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AKI with RRT in the Singapore study cohort was high, but their mortality rate was relatively lower compared to other study cohorts. Severity of AKI and use of RRT were associated with poor prognosis. Large scale study is required to further study the risk factors for mortality in this group of patients and establish cause-and-effect relationship.