Sex-dependent susceptibility to brain metabolic dysfunction and memory impairment in response to pre- and postnatal high-fat diet.

The developing brain is sensitive to the impacts of early-life nutritional intake. This study investigates whether maternal high fat diet (HFD) causes glucose metabolism impairment, neuroinflammation, and memory impairment in immature and adult offspring, and whether it may be affected by postweaning diets in a sex-dependent manner in adult offspring. After weaning, female rats were fed HFD (55.9% fat) or normal chow diet (NCD; 10% fat) for 8 weeks before mating, during pregnancy, and lactation. On postnatal day 21 (PND21), the male and female offspring of both groups were split into two new groups, and NCD or HFD feeding was maintained until PND180. On PND21 and PND180, brain glucose metabolism-, inflammation-, and Alzheimer's pathology-related markers were by qPCR. In adult offspring, peripheral insulin resistance parameters, spatial memory performance, and brain glucose metabolism (18F-FDG-PET scan and protein levels of IDE and GLUT3) were assessed. Histological analysis was also performed on PND21 and adult offspring. On PND21, we found that maternal HFD affected transcript levels of glucose metabolism markers in both sexes. In adult offspring, more profoundly in males, postweaning HFD in combination with maternal HFD induced peripheral and brain metabolic disturbances, impaired memory performance and elevated inflammation, dementia risk markers, and neuronal loss. Our results suggest that maternal HFD affects brain glucose metabolism in the early ages of both sexes. Postweaning HFD sex-dependently causes brain metabolic dysfunction and memory impairment in later-life offspring; effects that can be worsened in combination with maternal HFD.

Adipose Derived Stem Cells Affect miR-145 and p53 Expressions of Co-Cultured Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

In this article published in Cell J, Vol 19, No 4, Jan-Mar (Winter) 2018, on pages 654-659, the authors found that Figures 2 and 3 had some errors that accidentally happened during organizing figures. Because of mislabeling of some images and saving them in an incorrect folder, the following figures' legends are corrected. The authors would like to apologies for any inconvenience.

Impact of Nanographene Oxide on Cisplatin Induced Acute Kidney Injury Managed by Stem Cells Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Graphene-based nanomaterials have shown some degrees of stem cell protection against cell death. Due to their distinctive function, the kidneys are exposed to many toxic substances. On the other hand, minor and trivial effects of stem cells have been reported for the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, we explain the use of Graphene oxide (GO) for improving the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of Cisplatin-induced AKI. METHODS: In this study, GO particles were synthesized in our lab. Cisplatin-induced AKI was modeled on rats. Thirty adults male Wistar Albino rats were divided into five groups: control group (did not receive any treatment), Cisplatin group (received 5 mg/ kg cisplatin intraperitoneally), sham group (received 500 µL saline intraperitoneally 5th days after Cisplatin injection), [Cisplatin + MSCs] group (received 5×106 /kg MSCs after Cisplatin injection), and [Cisplatin+ MSCs + GO] group (received 1.5 mg/kg GO + MSCs after Cisplatin injection. Biochemical analysis of serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, as well as histological study of the kidneys in diverse groups were compared. The oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett's test were used for comparisons between the study groups. RESULTS: GO improved the effects of MSCs transplantation on serum Cr and BUN in AKI rat models. It also reduced cell death, hyaline casts, and cell debris in the animal models compared to the MSCs group. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that GO can enhance the efficacy of MSCs transplantation in the treatment of damaged kidneys.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7472.

Sex-specific effects of high-fat diet on rat brain glucose metabolism and early-onset dementia symptoms.

Peripheral metabolic disturbances are associated with a variety of clinical health consequences and may contribute to the development of neurocognitive disorders. This study investigates whether long-term high-fat diet (HFD) consumption changes the brain glucose metabolism and impairs memory performance in a sex-dependent manner. Male and female rats, after weaning, were fed HFD or normal chow diet (NCD) for 16 weeks. Behavioral tests for spatial memory and an 18 F-FDG-PET scan were performed. Also, the expression of brain insulin resistance markers and Alzheimer's pathology-related genes was assessed by qPCR. The Morris water maze and Y-maze results showed, respectively, that memory retrieval and spatial working memory were impaired only in HFD male rats compared to NCD controls. In addition, measuring whole brain 18 F-FDG uptake indicated a significant reduction in glucose metabolism in male but not female HFD rats. Analysis of 15 genes related to glucose metabolism and Alzheimer's pathology, in the hippocampus, showed that expression of GLUT3, IRS2, and IDE is significantly reduced in HFD male rats. Our results suggest that sex affects the HFD-induced dysregulation of brain glucose metabolism and cognitive performance.

High levels of follicular fluid testosterone could impair oocyte developmental competency via affecting aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in PCOS patients.

BACKGROUND: Although hormonal and metabolic dysfunction have been recognized as a possible cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the associations between hyperandrogenism and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling pathway remains controversial. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of hyperandrogenism on oocyte developmental competency via regarding Ahr signaling downstream pathway in granulosa cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Granulosa cells were collected from 45 PCOS patients under assisted reproductive technique (ART). Gene expression of Ahr downstream pathway was evaluated based on Reverse Transcription Q-PCR assay. Moreover the correlation was investigated between gene expression and hyperandrogenism, and oocyte developmental competency in PCOS. RESULTS: From the 45 PCOS patients, 26 (64.44%) had a high level of follicular fluid testosterone (FFT). Based on the FFT level, two groups of PCOS: HFT (high level of FFT) and non-HFT, were shown significant differences in oocyte and embryo quality, and fertilization and cleavage rates. Moreover, the mean relative expressions of Ahr and Arnt genes were significantly higher in HFT -PCOS group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01) respectively. Also, the significant positive correlations were obtained for Ahr, Arnt, Cyp1A1, and Cyp1B1 with incidence of clinical hyperandrogenism and FFT level. Besides, our results showed that Ahr, Cyp1A1, and Cyp1B1 gene expression was correlated significantly with fertilization rate. CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that hyperandrogenism could impair oocyte developmental competency via affecting Ahr signaling downstream pathway.

Application of Some Graphene Derivatives to Increase the Efficiency of Stem Cell Therapy.

Graphene and its derivatives have application potential in many areas such as environmental technology, catalysis, biomedicine, and in particular, stem cell-based differentiation and regenerative therapies. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has emerged as a potential therapy for some diseases, such as acute kidney damage, liver failure and myocardial infarction. However, the poor survival of transplanted stem cells in such applications has significantly limited their therapeutic effectiveness. Graphene-based materials can improve the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells as they prevent the death of implanted cells by attaching them prior to implantation and increasing their paracrine secretion. In this review, we will highlight a number of recent studies that have investigated the potential use of graphene or its derivatives in stem cell applications and the prevention of transplanted stem cells from cell death, thereby improving their therapeutic efficacy.

Magnetic Fe3 O4 @graphene oxide improves the therapeutic effects of embryonic stem cells on acute liver damage.

OBJECTIVE: Acute liver failure is usually associated with inflammation and oxidation of hepatocytes and has high mortality and resource costs. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) has occasionally been reported to have no beneficial effect due to poor transplantation and the survival of implanted cells. Recent studies showed that embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived MSCs are an alternative for regenerative medicine. On the other hand, graphene-based nanostructures have proven useful in biomedicine. In this study, we investigated whether magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) improved the effects of ESC-MSC conditioned medium (CM) on protecting hepatocytes and stimulating the regeneration of damaged liver cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To provide a rat model of acute liver failure, male rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). The rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely control, sham, CCl4 , ESC-MSC-CM, MGO and ESC-MSC-CM + MGO. In the experimental groups, the rats received, depending on the group, 2 ml/kg body weight CCl4 and either ESC-MSC-CM with 5 × 106 MSCs or 300 µg/kg body weight MGO or both. Symptoms of acute liver failure appeared 4 days after the injection. All groups were compared and analysed both histologically and biochemically 4 days after the injection. Finally, the results of ESC-MSC-CM and MSC-CM were compared. RESULTS: The results indicated that the use of MGO enhanced the effect of ESC-MSC-CM on reducing necrosis, inflammation, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the CCl4 -induced liver failure of the rat model. Also, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was significantly upregulated after treatment with MGO. Also, the results showed that the ESC-MSC-CM has more efficient effective compared to MSC-CM. CONCLUSION: Magnetic graphene oxide improved the hepatoprotective effects of ESC-MSC-CM on acute liver damage, probably by suppressing necrosis, apoptosis and inflammation of hepatocytes.

Silica Magnetic Graphene Oxide Improves the Effects of Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium on Acute Liver Failure.

OBJECTIVE: Acute liver failure (ALF) is usually associated with inflammation and oxidation of hepatocytes and has high mortality and resource costs. Although mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) has therapeutic effects similar to MSC transplant in treating liver failure, it may not increase survival. On the other hand, graphene-based nanostructures have been proven useful in biomedicine. In this study, we investigated whether silica magnetic graphene oxide (SMGO) improved the effects of MSC-CM in protecting hepatocytes and stimulating the regeneration of damaged liver cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To provide a rat model of ALF, male rats were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely control, sham, CCl4, MSC-CM, SMGO, and MSC-CM + SMGO. In the experimental groups, the rats received, depending on the group, 2 mL/kg body weight CCl4 and either MSC-CM with 5 × 106 MSCs or 300 µg/kg body weight SMGO or both. Symptoms of ALF appeared 4 days after the injection. All groups were compared and analyzed both histologically and biochemically 4 days after the injection. RESULTS: The results indicated that the use of SMGO enhanced the effect of MSC-CM in reducing necrosis, inflammation, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in the CCl4-induced liver failure of the rat model. Also, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was significantly upregulated after treatment with SMGO. CONCLUSION: SMGO improved the hepatoprotective effects of MSC-CM on acute liver damage, probably by suppressing necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation of hepatocytes.

Effects of intraperitoneal injection of magnetic graphene oxide on the improvement of acute liver injury induced by CCl4.

BACKGROUND: Liver failure is usually associated with the inflammation and oxidation of hepatocytes. Due to their unique properties, graphene and graphene-based nanostructures such as magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) are useful in biomedicine and engineering. In this study, synthesized MGO was used to improve the liver failure induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The hepatoprotective effects of intraperitoneal injection of MGO on the rat model of CCl4-induced acute liver failure were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to provide a rat model of acute liver failure, male rats were intraperitoneally injected with 2 ml/kg body weight CCl4. In the experimental groups, rats received 2 ml/kg CCl4 and 300 mg/kg MGO body weight simultaneously. Four days after injection, symptoms of acute liver failure appeared. The control, sham, CCl4, and CCl4 + MGO groups were compared and analyzed both histologically and biochemically. RESULTS: The results indicated that the MGO injection reduced all CCl4-induced liver failure such as necrosis, fibrosis, inflammation, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the experimental groups of the rat model of acute liver failure. CONCLUSION: The hepatoprotective effects of MGO might be due to histopathological suppression and inflammation inhibition in the liver.

Intraperitoneal Injection of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle Accelerates Stem Cell Therapy Effects on Acute Kidney Injury.

PURPOSE: Graphene-based nanostructures have shown some degree of stem cell protection against cell death. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major cause of mortality in hospitalized patients. Here, graphene oxide (GO) was used to improve the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of AKI induced by cisplatin, a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cisplatin-induced AKI was modeled in male rats. Intraperitoneal injection of MSCs mixed with GO, synthesized by graphite powder, H2SO4, and KMnO4 was administered in modeled animals. Biochemical analysis of serum and histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of kidney tissue samples were determined. RESULTS: Administration of GO nanoparticles suspended in MSCs reduced serum levels of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in cisplatin-induced AKI in the experimental group compared to the control group. Histopathological evaluation also showed an improvement of morphological alterations of kidney, such as cellular proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis, cyst formation and intratubular debris in the experimental group compared to the control group. Our data revealed that GO injection alone without MSCs accelerated the improvement of the kidney injury induced by cisplatin. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that suspended GO could enhance the efficacy of stem cells in the treatment of AKI. GO alone without stem cell accelerates the improvement of cisplatin-induced AKI.

Effects of blastocyst artificial collapse prior to vitrification on hatching and survival rates and the expression of klf4 gene in mouse embryos.

Although the rate of blastocysts implantation of embryos is higher than previous stages but their survival rate is lower than them, which could be attributed to the completely filled blastocoel cavity with liquid and increased possibility of the formation of ice crystals. This liquid could prevent the penetration of cryoprotecting materials into the embryos. In this study, we reduced the volume of blastocoel before vitrification and compared survival rate and quality of in vitro embryos through klf4 gene expression with control group. In vitro mouse blastocysts were divided into three groups. In group 1, the blastocoel volume of blastocysts were reduced before vitrification and warming. In group 2, blastocysts were just vitrified and warmed and the blastocysts of group 3 (control group) were not undergone any specific treatment and were not vitrified. The expression of klf4 gene was assessed using real-time PCR technique. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc tests. Our results showed that blastocoel volume reduction before vitrification significantly increased the hatching rate of the blastocysts from the zona pellucida and klf4 gene expression compared to vitrified group. Blastocoel volume reduction before vitrification could be used as an efficient method for improving the rate of in vitro fertilization.

Suspended graphene oxide nanoparticle for accelerated multilayer osteoblast attachment.

Mimicking bone tissues having layered structures is still a significant challenge because of the lack of technologies to assemble osteoblast cell types into bone structures. One of the promising and attractive materials in biomedical and different engineering fields is graphene and graphene-based nanostructures such as graphene oxide (GO) because of their unique properties. In most studies, GO was synthesized using chemical vapor deposition method, and was coated on the substrate. In this study, we proposed a simple technique for assembly of cells that facilitates the construction of osteoblast-like structures using suspended GO synthesized by graphite powder, H2 SO4 , and KMnO4 .Toxicity effects of GO on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from bone marrow were analyzed. In addition to normal MSCs, toxicity effects of GO on human cancer cell line saos-2 as an abnormal cell line that possess several osteoblastic features, was examined. The attachment and expression of osteoblast cells genes were evaluated after differentiation of MSCs to osteoblast cells in presence of suspended GO by scanning electron microscopy and real time PCR. We found that the toxicity effects of GO are dose dependent and in oseogenic medium containing suspended GO the expression level of osteoblast genes osteopontin and osteocalcin and cell adhesion markers connexin were higher than control group. Interestingly, through this method GO was found to induce multilayer osteoblast cell morphology and enhance the number of cell layer. We expect that the presented method would become a highly useful approach for bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 293-303, 2018.

Adipose Derived Stem Cells Affect miR-145 and p53 Expressions of Co-Cultured Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

OBJECTIVES: Umbilical cord blood is used for transplantation purposes in regenerative medicine of hematological disorders. MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression that control both physiological and pathological processes such as cancer development and incidence. There is a new relation between p53 (tumor suppressor gene) and miR-145 (suppressor of cell growth) upregulation. In this study, we have assessed how adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) affect the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), as well as miR-145 and p53 expressions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, we cultured passage-3 isolated human ADSCs as a feeder layer. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the presence of ADSC surface markers CD73, CD90, CD105. Ex vivo cultures of cordblood CD34+ cells were cultured under the following 4 culture conditions for 7 days: i. Medium only supplemented with cytokines, ii. Culture on an ADSCs feeder layer, iii. Indirect culture on an ADSCs feeder layer (Thin Cert™ plate with a 0.4 µm pore size), and iv. Control group analyzed immediately after extraction. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the expressions of the p53 and miR-145 genes. Flow cytometry analysis of cells stained by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) was performed to detect the rate of apoptosis in the expanded cells. RESULTS: ADSCs tested positive for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers CD105, CD90, and CD73, and negative for HSC markers CD34 and CD45. Our data demonstrated the differentiation potential of ASCs to osteoblasts by alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining. MTT assay results showed a higher proliferation rate of CD34+cells directly cultured on the ADSCs feeder layer group compared to the other groups. Direct contact between HSCs and the feeder layer was prevented by a microporous membrane p53 expression increased in the HSCs group with indirect contact of the feeder layer compared to direct contact of the feeder layer. p53 significantly downregulated in HSCs cultured on ADSCs, whereas miR-145 significantly upregulated in HSCs cultured on ADSCs. CONCLUSIONS: ADSCs might increase HSCs proliferation and self-renewal through miR-145, p53, and their relationship.

Extract of mouse embryonic stem cells induces the expression of pluripotency genes in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells.

OBJECTIVES: In some previous studies, the extract of embryonic carcinoma cells (ECCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been used to reprogram somatic cells to more dedifferentiated state. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mouse ESCs extract on the expression of some pluripotency markers in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human ADSCs were isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and characterized by flow cytometric analysis for the expression of some mesenchymal stem cell markers and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Frequent freeze-thaw technique was used to prepare cytoplasmic extract of ESCs. Plasma membranes of the ADSCs were reversibly permeabilized by streptolysin-O (SLO). Then the permeabilized ADSCs were incubated with the ESC extract and cultured in resealing medium. After reprogramming, the expression of some pluripotency genes was evaluated by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses. RESULTS: Third-passaged ADSCs showed a fibroblast-like morphology and expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers. They also showed adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. QPCR analysis revealed a significant upregulation in the expression of some pluripotency genes including OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, REX1 and ESG1 in the reprogrammed ADSCs compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings showed that mouse ESC extract can be used to induce reprogramming of human ADSCs. In fact, this method is applicable for reprogramming of human adult stem cells to a more pluripotent sate and may have a potential in regenerative medicine.

Effect of Different Times of Intraperitoneal Injections of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium on Gentamicin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of mesenchymal stem cells' conditioned media on the severity of acute kidney injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute kidney injury was induced in male rats with 100 mg/kg of gentamicin for six consecutive days intraperitoneally. After inducing the standard model of acute kidney injury, the conditioned medium of 5 × 106 cells was calculated for each kilogram of body weight of the rats. Then, it was injected in three different injection patterns other than the baseline injection of gentamicin. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (n = 18) that did not receive any treatment, gentamicin group (n = 18) that received gentamicin at a dosage of 100 mg/kg for six consecutive days intraperitoneally, sham group (n = 54) that received gentamicin for six consecutive days, and an experimental group (n = 54) that received gentamicin for six consecutive days. Serum biochemical analysis and histological changes were studied and analyzed in all groups. RESULTS: Although human mesenchymal stem cells' conditioned media did not improve serum and tissue markers in the treatment groups, a relative improvement was observed in some indicators of tissue damage. CONCLUSION: Secretory factors of human mesenchymal stem cells can be partly protective against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. .

An in vitro evaluation of the responses of human osteoblast-like SaOs-2 cells on SLA titanium surfaces irradiated by different powers of CO2 lasers.

Bacterial biofilms have been identified as the primary etiological factor for the development and progression of peri-implantitis. Lasers have been shown to remove bacterial plaque from titanium surfaces effectively and can restore its biocompatibility without damaging these surfaces. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the responses (i.e., the cell viability and morphology) of human osteoblast-like SaOs-2 cells to sandblasted, large grit, and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces irradiated by CO2 lasers at two different power outputs. A total of 24 SLA disks were randomly radiated by CO2 lasers at either 6 W (group 1, 12 disks) or 8 W (group 2, 12 disks). Non-irradiated disks were used as a control group (four disks). The cell viability rates of the SaOs-2 cells in the control and study groups (6 and 8 W) were 0.33 ± 0.00, 0.24 ± 0.11, and 0.2372 ± 0.09, respectively (P < 0.6). Cells with cytoplasmic extensions and spreading morphology were most prominent in the control group (141.00 ± 29.00), while in the study groups (6 and 8 W), the number of cells with such morphology was 60.40 ± 26.00 and 35.20 ± 5.40, respectively (P < 0.005). Within the limits of this study, it may be concluded that the use of CO2 lasers with the aforementioned setting parameters could not be recommended for decontamination of SLA titanium surfaces.

The Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser on Sandblasting with Large Grit and Acid Etching (SLA) Surface.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6W power Carbon Dioxide Laser (CO2) on the biologic compatibility of the Sandblasting with large grit and acid etching (SLA) titanium discs through studying of the Sarcoma Osteogenic (SaOS-2) human osteoblast-like cells viability. METHODS: Sterilized titanium discs were used together with SaOS-2 human osteoblast-like cells. 6 sterilized SLA titanium discs of the experimental group were exposed to irradiation by CO2 laser with a power of 6W and 10.600nm wavelength, at fixed frequency of 80Hz during 45 seconds in both pulse and non-contact settings. SaOS-2 human osteoblast-like cells were incubated under 37°C in humid atmosphere (95% weather, 5% CO2) for 72 hours. MTT test was performed to measure the ratio level of cellular proliferation. RESULTS: The results indicated that at 570nm wavelength, the 6W CO2 laser power have not affected the cellular viability. CONCLUSION: CO2 laser in 6w power has had no effect on the biologic compatibility of the SLA titanium surface.

Comparison of Manual Tools, Ultrasonic and Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) Laser on the Debridement Effect of the Surface of the Root of Teeth Suffering from Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal diseases are considered as some of the most common reasons of teeth loss, which occur due to the aggregation of microbial plaque and other precipitations on the dental surfaces. In this study, the scaling effect using manual tools, ultrasonic machine and Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG)laser on the connection of the human gums connective tissue cells on the root surface of the teeth suffering from severe periodontitis will be compared. METHODS: After removal of the big precipitations with manual tools, Er:YAG laser light emission of Photona machine is used with respect to the following characteristics: wavelength: 2940µm, each pulse: 100mJ, frequency: 10 pulse/sec, optic fiber with cross section 0.5x1.65mm, fiber tip angle with root surface: 15-20 degrees with non-contact mode, 1.5mm farther than the root surface and pulse duration 230 very short. The gingival fibroblast cellular was incubated as a sample of the human gums connective tissue cells under 37C. These cells were departed from the culture medium after the cellular reproduction in the third passage.On the 3rd day after incubation, the gingival fibroblast cells morphology was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The results of SEM images in the present study indicated the spread fibroblast cells with philopodia were found in all of 5 groups; untreated healthy group (control), untreated group suffering from periodontitis, the scaling effect using manual tools (Scaled Gracey), ultrasonic machine and Er:YAG laser. There is a meaningful difference among the three treatment groups (P<0.001) in the numbers of the fibroblast cells, while all the four treated groups had a meaningful difference with the positive control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that although various dental surfaces cleaning methods may be different in other aspects, but are similar concerning the fibroblasts morphology. Also in addition to power, laser emission time may also be effective in the cells morphology results.

Prenatal exposure to maternal voluntary exercise during pregnancy provides protection against mild chronic postnatal hypoxia in rat offspring.

Postnatal hypoxia is a main cause of neuronal damage in newborn. However, our understanding of the possible preventive or therapeutic methods to reduce the harmful effects of hypoxia is still primary. Pregnant rats were provided with running wheels during their pregnancy. On PND4 (postnatal day 4)to PND8, the rat pups were exposed to postnatal chronic hypoxia (11% O(2), 89% N(2)) in an air-tight plastic chamber for a period of six hours per day. The number of neurons and also angiogenesis in hippocampus were studied. Postnatal exposure to mild hypoxia decreased the number of the neurons in all studied regions of the hippocampus CA1, CA3 (cornu ammonis), DG(dentate gyrus) and SUB(cubiculum) in rat pups. In other words the number of the neurons in rat pups born from voluntary exercise group was not significantly less than control group in CA1, CA3 and DG regions. So maternal Voluntary exercise during pregnancy increases the blood vessel density in the DG region of the hippocampus of the rat pups. In this study for the first time we provide evidences that show the protective effect of maternal voluntary exercise during pregnancy on rat offspring against postnatal hypoxia. We revealed that maternal exercise during pregnancy increases the hippocampal neuron number and angiogenesis in offspring.

Alkaline phosphatase and CD34 reaction of deciduous teeth pulp stem cells.

Endothelial progenitor cells from the pulp of milk teeth were isolated for use in clinical applications and tissue engineering. Normal deciduous teeth from children of 7 to 8 years of age, which more than half the tooth root was extracted, were selected from the dental centre. Cells from enzyme treated pulps were cultured and cells resulting from the fifth and eight subculture were combined for cell surface marker determination experiments. Cells were positive for CD34 marker with a total of 99/45%, determined by flowcytometry. Cells also demonstrated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. From the developmental point of view, stem cells from the dental pulp seem to have derived from the neural crest, which our findings technically support this theory. In essence mobile progenitor cells from bone marrow of endothelial origin could also play a significant role in the derivation of dental pulp stem cells.