[Paroxysmal stereotypy-tic-dystonia syndrome]. / Síndrome de estereotipias tics distonía paroxística.

CASE REPORTS: We report the cases of four males from four different families, who presented paroxysmal episodes from the 1st 2nd year. These episodes were characterised by asymmetrical bilateral dystonia of the upper limbs, predominantly in both hands, and were associated with orofacial dyskinesias, stereotipies (jumping, arm flapping, etc.), facial tics and, occasionally, phonic tics. Consciousness is not affected in any of the cases. These movements are triggered in situations where the patient is relaxed or excited. They occur daily and last from a few seconds to 30 minutes. Between the bouts, they remain asymptomatic. Family cases suggest it is inherited by autosomal dominant transmission, perhaps linked to the X chromosome; in addition, two cases are sporadic. In the only adult, the movements progress to a series of rhythmic bilateral dystonic myoclonias and facial tics dyskinesias. All the studies carried out, EEG, hemogram, biochemical analysis, neuroimaging, copper and ceruloplasmin levels, were normal. CONCLUSIONS: 1. We report a non epileptic paroxysmal disorder originating in the extrapyramidal tracts with its own characteristics, with onset during early childhood, which is associated with stereotipies, tics and dystonia; 2. It occurs predominantly in males; 3. It is inherited by autosomal dominant transmission, or perhaps sex linked autosomal dominant inheritance, and there are also sporadic cases; 4. The range of clinical features is very wide and includes cases in which there are few symptoms to others where the extent and gravity of the disorder is very significant.

Síndrome de estereotipias-tics-distonía paroxística / Paroxysmal stereotypy-tic-dystonia syndrome

Casos clínicos. Presentamos cuatro varones, pertenecientes a cuatro familias diferentes, que presentan, a partir del 1.er-2.º año, unos episodios de presentación paroxística, que se caracterizan por distonía bilateral asimétrica de los miembros superiores, que predominan en ambas manos y que se asocian a discinesias orofaciales, estereotipias (saltos, aleteo, etc.), tics faciales y, a veces, tics fónicos. En ningún caso hay compromiso de la conciencia. Estos movimientos se desencadenan en situaciones de relajación o excitación. Son de frecuencia diaria y duran de segundos a 30 minutos. Entre los episodios permanecen asintomáticos. Los casos familiares sugieren herencia autosómica dominante o, quizás, ligada al cromosoma X; además, dos casos son esporádicos. En el único adulto, los movimientos evolucionaron a una serie de mioclonías distónicas bilaterales rítmicas y tics (discinesias faciales). Todos los estudios realizados -EEG, hemograma, bioquímica, neuroimagen, cupremia y ceruloplasmina- fueron normales. Conclusiones. 1. Presentamos un trastorno paroxístico no epiléptico de origen extrapiramidal con características propias, de inicio en la infancia, que asocia estereotipias, tics y distonía; 2. Predominio en varones;3. Su herencia es autosómica dominante o, quizás, herencia ligada al sexo, y también hay casos esporádicos; 4. El espectro clínico del cuadro es muy amplio, y abarca desde casos poco sintomáticos hasta otros con una importante afectación (AU)

Case reports. We report the cases of four males from four different families, who presented paroxysmal episodes from the 1st-2nd year. These episodes were characterised by asymmetrical bilateral dystonia of the upper limbs, predominantly in both hands, and were associated with orofacial dyskinesias, stereotipies (jumping, arm-flapping, etc.), facial tics and, occasionally, phonic tics. Consciousness is not affected in any of the cases. These movements are triggered in situations where the patient is relaxed or excited. They occur daily and last from a few seconds to 30 minutes. Between the bouts, they remain asymptomatic. Family cases suggest it is inherited by autosomal dominant transmission, perhaps linked to the X chromosome; in addition, two cases are sporadic. In the only adult, the movements progress to a series of rhythmic bilateral dystonic myoclonias and facial tics-dyskinesias. All the studies carried out, EEG, hemogram, biochemical analysis, neuroimaging, copper and ceruloplasmin levels, were normal. Conclusions. 1. We report a non-epileptic paroxysmal disorder originating in the extrapyramidal tracts with its own characteristics, with onset during early childhood, which is associated with stereotipies, tics and dystonia; 2. It occurs predominantly in males; 3. It is inherited by autosomal dominant transmission, or perhaps sex-linked autosomal dominant inheritance, and there are also sporadic cases; 4. The range of clinical features is very wide and includes cases in which there are few symptoms to others where the extent and gravity of the disorder is very significant (AU)