Salivary immunoglobulin levels and periodontal indices in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes.

This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between salivary immunoglobulins, plaque index, and gingival index in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for the reporting of observational studies was followed. The DM1 group had 38 children, and an equal number of volunteers matched by sex and age were recruited as controls. Clinical examination was performed for plaque index and gingival index determination. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. Concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA test. Data were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests and a multiple linear regression model (p<0.05) was performed. Gingival index was higher in the Control (DM1: 0.16±0.17; Control: 0.24±0.23, p=0.040). In DM1, there was a correlation between IgA and age (rho=0.371, p=0.024), IgM and IgG (rho=0.459, p=0.007), and IgM and gingival index (rho=0.394, p=0.014). In DM1, multiple linear regression showed that age (p=0.041; ß=0.363), gingival index (p=0.041; ß=0.398), and plaque index (p=0.008; ß=-0.506) were good predictors of IgA levels in saliva. Thus, IgA was the only researched immunoglobulin that was directly associated with plaque and gingival indices in Brazilian children with DM1, but not in control subjects.

Salivary immunoglobulin levels and periodontal indices in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes

Abstract This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between salivary immunoglobulins, plaque index, and gingival index in Brazilian children with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for the reporting of observational studies was followed. The DM1 group had 38 children, and an equal number of volunteers matched by sex and age were recruited as controls. Clinical examination was performed for plaque index and gingival index determination. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. Concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM were determined by ELISA test. Data were tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman tests and a multiple linear regression model (p<0.05) was performed. Gingival index was higher in the Control (DM1: 0.16±0.17; Control: 0.24±0.23, p=0.040). In DM1, there was a correlation between IgA and age (rho=0.371, p=0.024), IgM and IgG (rho=0.459, p=0.007), and IgM and gingival index (rho=0.394, p=0.014). In DM1, multiple linear regression showed that age (p=0.041; β=0.363), gingival index (p=0.041; β=0.398), and plaque index (p=0.008; β=-0.506) were good predictors of IgA levels in saliva. Thus, IgA was the only researched immunoglobulin that was directly associated with plaque and gingival indices in Brazilian children with DM1, but not in control subjects.

Morningness/eveningness in gestational diabetes mellitus: clinical characteristics and maternal-neonatal outcomes

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of morning-evening preference in pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 2nd-3rd trimester GDM outpatient care in Fortaleza, Brazil (2018-2020). Eveningness was defined by the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire (MEQ ≤ 41). Furthermore, we obtained a 7-day actigraphic register. Subjective sleep quality, daytime somnolence, insomnia, fatigue and depressive symptoms were also evaluated. Associations with pregnancy outcomes were investigated. Results: Among 305 patients with GDM, evening preference was found in 21 (6.9%). Patients with evening preference had worse sleep quality (p < 0.01), greater severity of insomnia (p < 0.005), fatigue (p < 0.005) and depressive symptoms (<0.009). Evening chronotype was associated with preeclampsia [p = 0.01; OR = 0.27; CI 0.09-0.79] and a greater need for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) [p = 0.02; OR = 0.23; CI .0.06-0.80]. A lower MEQ score confirmed an association with preeclampsia [p = 0.002; OR = 0.94; CI 0.90-0.97] and this was maintained after controlling for age, arterial hypertension, sleep quality, fatigue and depressive symptoms [p < 005; OR = 0.91; CI 0.87-0.95]. Conclusion: In GDM, patients with evening preference had worse sleep quality, more insomnia, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, eveningness was independently associated with preeclampsia. These results indicate the important role of eveningness in adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Adiponectin levels and sleep deprivation in patients with endocrine metabolic disorders.

BACKGROUND: Sleep abnormalities are frequent in patients with endocrine metabolic disorders (EMD) such as arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Adiponectin is a peptide largely secreted by adipocytes and has various properties e.g. anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, pro-angiogenic, vasoprotective and insulin-sensitizing. Adiponectin inversely relates to body weight and when its concentration decreases, the resistin concentration increases resulting in greater insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine factors influencing adiponectin levels in a population with EMD. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional evaluation of 332 patients (18 to 80y) presenting arterial hypertension, pre-diabetes, diabetes, and/or obesity. Investigation included clinical evaluation of comorbidities, general blood tests and adiponectin measures (ELISA). Chronic sleep deprivation was determined if habitual sleep was <6 hours >4 days/week. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension (78.5%), type-2 diabetes (82.3%), and overweight (45.0%)/obesity (38.8%) were frequent. Patients with type-2 diabetes tended to have more chronic sleep deprivation (p=0.05). Adiponectin levels increased with age and were inversely correlated with sagittal abdominal diameter (p=0.04) and fasting insulin (p=0.001). Chronic sleep deprivation was associated with higher adiponectin concentration [OR=1.34; CI=1.13-1.58; p<0.005] and this was maintained after adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, menopause, arterial hypertension, American Diabetes Association classification and physical exercise levels [OR=1.38; 0=1.14-1.66: p=0.001]. CONCLUSION: In patients with EMD, adiponectin is influenced not only by obesity but also by age and sleep deprivation. The latter finding may be explained by a compensatory effect or a counter regulation to minimize the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.

Adiponectin levels and sleep deprivation in patients with endocrine metabolic disorders

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Sleep abnormalities are frequent in patients with endocrine metabolic disorders (EMD) such as arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Adiponectin is a peptide largely secreted by adipocytes and has various properties e.g. anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, pro-angiogenic, vasoprotective and insulin-sensitizing. Adiponectin inversely relates to body weight and when its concentration decreases, the resistin concentration increases resulting in greater insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine factors influencing adiponectin levels in a population with EMD. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional evaluation of 332 patients (18 to 80y) presenting arterial hypertension, pre-diabetes, diabetes, and/or obesity. Investigation included clinical evaluation of comorbidities, general blood tests and adiponectin measures (ELISA). Chronic sleep deprivation was determined if habitual sleep was <6 hours >4 days/week. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension (78.5%), type-2 diabetes (82.3%), and overweight (45.0%)/obesity (38.8%) were frequent. Patients with type-2 diabetes tended to have more chronic sleep deprivation (p=0.05). Adiponectin levels increased with age and were inversely correlated with sagittal abdominal diameter (p=0.04) and fasting insulin (p=0.001). Chronic sleep deprivation was associated with higher adiponectin concentration [OR=1.34; CI=1.13-1.58; p<0.005] and this was maintained after adjustment for gender, age, body mass index, menopause, arterial hypertension, American Diabetes Association classification and physical exercise levels [OR=1.38; 0=1.14-1.66: p=0.001]. CONCLUSION: In patients with EMD, adiponectin is influenced not only by obesity but also by age and sleep deprivation. The latter finding may be explained by a compensatory effect or a counter regulation to minimize the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Problemas de sono são frequentes em pacientes com distúrbios endócrino-metabólicos (DEM), como hipertensão arterial, diabetes e obesidade. A adiponectina é um peptídeo segregado por adipócitos e apresenta diversas propriedades, como por exemplo, anti-inflamatória, antioxidante, antiaterogênica, pró-angiogênica e vasoprotetora. A adiponectina relaciona-se inversamente com o peso corporal. OBJETIVO: Examinar os fatores que influenciam os níveis de adiponectina em uma população com DEM. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma avaliação transversal com 332 pacientes (18 a 80 anos) apresentando hipertensão arterial, pré-diabetes, diabetes e/ou obesidade. A investigação incluiu avaliação clínica de comorbidades, exames de sangue e medidas de adiponectina (Elisa). A restrição crônica do sono foi determinada com o sono habitual <6 horas >4 dias/semana. RESULTADOS: Doenças como hipertensão arterial (78,5%), diabetes tipo 2 (82,3%) e sobrepeso (45,0%)/obesidade (38,8%) foram frequentes. Pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 apresentaram uma tendência na restrição crônica do sono (p=0,05). Os níveis de adiponectina aumentaram com a idade e foram inversamente correlacionados com o diâmetro abdominal sagital (p=0,04) e com a insulina em jejum (p=0,001). A restrição crônica do sono foi associada à maior concentração de adiponectina [OR=1,34; CI=1,13-1,58; p<0,005] e isso foi mantido após ajuste por gênero, idade, índice de massa corporal, menopausa, hipertensão arterial, classificação dos níveis da American Diabetes Association e exercício físico [OR=1,38; CI=1,14-1,66: p=0,001]. CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes com DEM, a adiponectina é influenciada não apenas pela obesidade, mas também pela idade e pela restrição de sono. O último achado pode ser explicado por um efeito compensatório ou por um regulamento contrário para minimizar os efeitos nocivos da restrição do sono.

The HOMA-Adiponectin (HOMA-AD) Closely Mirrors the HOMA-IR Index in the Screening of Insulin Resistance in the Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study (BRAMS).

BACKGROUND: The major adverse consequences of obesity are associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and adiposopathy. The Homeostasis Model Assessment-Adiponectin (HOMA-AD) was proposed as a modified version of the HOMA1-IR, which incorporates adiponectin in the denominator of the index. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of the HOMA-AD index compared with the HOMA1-IR index as a surrogate marker of IR in women, and to establish the cutoff value of the HOMA-AD. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study (BRAMS) is a cross-sectional multicenter survey. The data from 1,061 subjects met the desired criteria: 18-65 years old, BMI: 18.5-49.9 Kg/m² and without diabetes. The IR was assessed by the indexes HOMA1-IR and HOMA-AD (total sample) and by the hyperglycemic clamp (n = 49). Metabolic syndrome was defined using the IDF criteria. RESULTS: For the IR assessed by the clamp, the HOMA-AD demonstrated a stronger coefficient of correlation (r = -0.64) compared with the HOMA1-IR (r = -0.56); p < 0.0001. In the ROC analysis, compared with the HOMA1-IR, the HOMA-AD showed higher values of the AUC for the identification of IR based on the clamp test (AUC: 0.844 vs. AUC: 0.804) and on the metabolic syndrome (AUC: 0.703 vs. AUC: 0.689), respectively; p < 0.001 for all. However, the pairwise comparison did not show evidence of superiority for the HOMA-AD in comparison with the HOMA1-IR in the diagnosis of IR and metabolic syndrome (p > 0.05). The optimal cutoff identified for the HOMA-AD for the diagnosis of IR was 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: The HOMA-AD index was demonstrated to be a useful surrogate marker for detecting IR among adult women and presented a similar performance compared with the HOMA1-IR index. These results may assist physicians and researchers in determining which method to use to evaluate IR in light of the available facilities.

Associations among physical activity, comorbidities, depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between physical activity, comorbidity severity, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All individuals, 200 patients and 50 controls, aged from 40 to 60 years, were investigated by interview, and all variables were measured concurrently. Physical activity was evaluated by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), comorbidity severity by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and depressive symptoms by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II > 16). Single and multiple regression analysis evaluated the effects of independent variables on physical activity. RESULTS: The patients had more depressive symptoms and greater comorbidity severity (p < 0.005). Diabetic patients showed better activity levels (IPAQ) (p < 0.005). Functional Capacity, General State of Health, and Physical Limitation were the most affected subscales in the SF-36 evaluation of the HRQL. Sedentary diabetic patients had higher waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratios, more depressive symptoms, and worse HRQL. Functional capacity (p = 0.000), followed by General State of Health (p = 0.02), were the health status measure subscales independently associated with physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that increasing patient independence and treating depressive symptoms can promote physical activity for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. It is suggested that group activities and caregivers/family support might compensate for the patient dependence, and increase adherence to exercise programs in those that are less active.

Associations among physical activity, comorbidities, depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes / Associações entre atividade física, comorbidades, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em diabéticos tipo 2

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between physical activity, comorbidity severity, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All individuals, 200 patients and 50 controls, aged from 40 to 60 years, were investigated by interview, and all variables were measured concurrently. Physical activity was evaluated by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) by the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), comorbidity severity by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and depressive symptoms by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II > 16). Single and multiple regression analysis evaluated the effects of independent variables on physical activity. RESULTS: The patients had more depressive symptoms and greater comorbidity severity (p < 0.005). Diabetic patients showed better activity levels (IPAQ) (p < 0.005). Functional Capacity, General State of Health, and Physical Limitation were the most affected subscales in the SF-36 evaluation of the HRQL. Sedentary diabetic patients had higher waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratios, more depressive symptoms, and worse HRQL. Functional capacity (p = 0.000), followed by General State of Health (p = 0.02), were the health status measure subscales independently associated with physical activity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that increasing patient independence and treating depressive symptoms can promote physical activity for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. It is suggested that group activities and caregivers/family support might compensate for the patient dependence, and increase adherence to exercise programs in those that are less active.

OBJETIVO: Investigar as associações entre atividade física, gravidade das comorbidades, sintomas depressivos e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Todos os indivíduos, 200 pacientes e 50 controles, com idades entre 40 e 60 anos, foram analisados por entrevistas, e todas as variáveis foram medidas neste mesmo momento. A atividade física foi avaliada pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS), pelo Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36); a gravidade das comorbidades, pelo Índice de Comorbidade de Charlson (CCI); e os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI-II > 16). A análise de regressão simples e múltipla avaliou os efeitos das variáveis independentes sobre a atividade física. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes apresentaram mais sintomas depressivos e maior gravidade das comorbidades (p < 0,005). Os pacientes diabéticos apresentaram melhores níveis de atividade (IPAQ) (p < 0,005). A Capacidade Funcional, a Condição Geral de Saúde e a Limitação Física foram as subescalas mais afetadas na avaliação da QVRS no SF-36. Os pacientes diabéticos sedentários apresentaram maior circunferência da cintura, proporção cintura-quadril, mais sintomas depressivos e pior QVRS. A Capacidade Funcional (p = 0,000), seguida pela Condição Geral de Saúde (p = 0,02), foram as subescalas de medida de condição de saúde associadas independentemente com a atividade física. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados sugerem que a independência dos pacientes e o tratamentos dos sintomas depressivos podem pro-mover a atividade física para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Sugere-se que atividades em grupo e o apoio da família/cuidadores podem compensar a dependência do paciente e aumentar a aderência ao programa de exercícios nos pacientes menos ativos.

Avaliação de duas intervenções educativas para a prevenção do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em adolescentes / Evaluating two educational interventions to prevent type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among adolescents / Evaluación de dos intervenciones educativas para la prevención de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en adolescentes

Objetivou-se avaliar duas intervenções educativas para a prevenção do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em adolescentes de risco. Participaram 90 alunos de uma escola pública de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, divididos em dois grupos: GA (n=45) e GB (n=45). O GA recebeu intervenção educativa individual, mediante um folder, e o GB, intervenção educativa grupal, abrangendo cinco encontros de duas horas cada um. Utilizaram-se questionários para avaliar o nível de conhecimento antes, um dia após e decorridos 60 dias das intervenções, e as mudanças de hábitos cotidianos, 60 dias após as intervenções. Os resultados evidenciaram que, para o nível de conhecimento, ambas as intervenções desenvolvidas não apresentaram diferença (p=0,0001). Ao comparar os grupos A e B, após as intervenções, observou-se que a intenção para mudança dos hábitos cotidianos foi semelhante. As duas intervenções educativas podem ser utilizadas nas escolas para a prevenção do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 em adolescentes de risco.

This study aimed to evaluate two educational interventions to prevent type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among at-risk adolescents. Participants were 90 students from a public school in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, divided into two groups: GA (n=45), and GB (n=45). In the GA group, a flyer was used to individually explain the educational group interventions, while the GB group received educational intervention through five meetings of two hours each. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the level of knowledge before, the day after, and 60 days after interventions as well as changes in daily habits, 60 days after interventions. Results showed no difference between both interventions (p=0.0001) considering the level of knowledge. A similar intention to change daily habits was observed upon comparing groups A and B after the interventions. The two educational interventions can be used in schools in order to prevent type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in at-risk adolescents.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar dos intervenciones educativas para la prevención de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en adolescentes en riesgo. Participaron del estudio noventa estudiantes de una escuela pública en la ciudad de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, divididos en dos grupos: GA (n=45) y GB (n=45). El grupo GA recibió una intervención educativa individual, por medio de un folleto, y el grupo GB, una intervención educativa en grupo que comprendió cinco sesiones de dos horas cada una. Se utilizaron cuestionarios para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos antes, al día siguiente, y 60 días después de las intervenciones; y los cambios en los hábitos diarios 60 días después del uso de las intervenciones. Los resultados mostraron que para el nivel de conocimientos, las dos intervenciones realizadas no mostraron diferencias (p=0, 0001). Al comparar los grupos A y B después de las intervenciones se observó que la intención de cambiar los hábitos diarios fue similar. Las dos intervenciones educativas pueden ser utilizadas en las escuelas para la prevención de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 en adolescentes en riesgo.

Capture-recapture method to estimate lower extremity amputation rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Objective. To estimate rates of lower extremity amputations (LEAs) in persons with peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, trauma, neoplasm, osteomyelitis, or emphysematous gangrene. Methods. Regional amputee registries were used to estimate the rate of lower extremity amputations with the capture-recapture (CR) technique. Data were extracted from three amputee registries in Rio de Janeiro: source 1, with 1 191 cases from 23 hospitals; source 2, with 157 cases from a limb-fitting center; and source 3, with 34 cases from a rehabilitation center. Amputee death certificates from source 1 identified 257 deaths from 1992 to 1994. Three CR models were evaluated using sources 2 and 3. In order to avoid an overestimation of the rate of LEAs, two models were applied for the data analysis: in one case, deceased patients listed in source 1 were excluded from the model, and in the other case, deceased patients were included as well. Results. Excluding the 257 deaths, the estimated number of amputations in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro from 1992 to 1994 was 3 954, for a mean annual incidence rate of 13.9 per 100 000 inhabitants. Among persons with diabetes, the annual incidence rate of lower extremity amputations was substantially higher (180.6 per 100 000 persons per year), representing 13 times the risk of individuals without diabetes. The yearly rate of LEAs according to the routine surveillance system was estimated at 5.4 and 96.9 per 100 000 in the general population and in diabetics, respectively. If data from the three registries are added, 1 382 patients with LEAs were identified, with the reasons for the amputations distributed as follows: peripheral vascular disease = 804 (58.1%); diabetes mellitus = 379 (27.4%); trauma = 103 (7.4%); osteomyelitis = 44 (3.1%); gangrene = 36 (2.6%), and neoplasm = 16 (1.1%). Conclusions. These findings show a high incidence of LEAs in Brazil, when compared to countries such as Spain, that is attributable mainly to peripheral vascular disease and diabetes mellitus

Objetivos. Estimar las tasas de amputación del miembro inferior (AMI) en individuos con vasculopatías periféricas, diabetes sacarina, traumatismos, neoplasias, osteomielitis o gangrena enfisematosa. Métodos. Se utilizaron los registros regionales de amputados para estimar la tasa de AMI con el método de captura-recaptura (CR). Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de tres registros de amputados de Río de Janeiro: la fuente 1, con 1 191 casos de 23 hospitales; la fuente 2, con 157 casos de un centro de miembros artificiales, y la fuente 3, con 34 casos de un centro de rehabilitación. Los certificados de defunción de los amputados de la fuente 1 identificaron 257 muertes entre 1992 y 1994. Se investigaron dos modelos de CR utilizando las fuentes 2 y 3. Con el fin de evitar la sobreestimación de la tasa de AMI, en el análisis de los datos se aplicaron dos modelos: en uno se excluyeron los pacientes fallecidos que figuraban en la fuente 1, y en el otro se incluyeron. Resultados. Excluyendo las 257 muertes, el número estimado de amputaciones en el municipio de Río de Janeiro entre 1992 y 1994 fue de 3 954, lo cual representa una incidencia anual media de 13,9 por 100 000 habitantes. En los pacientes diabéticos, la incidencia anual de AMI fue considerablemente mayor (180,6 por 100 000), lo cual representa un riesgo 13 veces mayor que en individuos sin diabetes. De acuerdo con el sistema de vigilancia habitual, las correspondientes tasas anuales de AMI fueron de 5,4 y 96,9, respectivamente. Combinando los datos de los tres registros, se identificaron 1 382 pacientes con AMI, cuyas causas se distribuyeron del siguiente modo: vasculopatías periféricas, 804 (58,1%); diabetes sacarina, 379 (27,4%); traumatismos, 103 (7,4%); osteomielitis, 44 (3,1%); gangrena, 36 (2,6%), y neoplasias, 16 (1,1%). Conclusiones. En comparación con otros países, como España, estos resultados muestran una alta incidencia de AMI en Brasil, atribuible principalmente a las vasculopatías periféricas y a la diabetes sacarina

Probucol em pacientes diabéticos tipo II com hipercolesterolemia / Probucol in type II diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos dos probucol nos níveis de colesterol de diabéticos controlados apenas com dieta ou com hipoglicemiantes orais e dieta, utilizamos um estudo duplo-cego cruzado nesses dois grupos de pacientes diabéticos. O probucol foi usado na dose de 500 mg, duas vezes ao dia. Ficou demonstrado que, nos dois grupos de pacientes, ocorreu uma significativa diminuiçäo nos níveis de colesterol, referendando os dados encontrados na literatura, especialmente em pacientes näo diabéticos