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The bidirectional (BD) Glenn shunt or hemi-Fontan procedure has been used to temporarily improve cardiac function in patients with severe structural heart disease which feature single ventricular physiology. Subsequently, more of these patients present for noncardiac surgical interventions, which present as an anaesthetic challenge. Erector spinae block (ESP) is an effective analgesic modality used in various thoraco abdominal surgeries, which can also be given safely in such patients. A case of a 17-year-old female patient with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) who underwent BD Glenn shunting with main pulmonary artery ligation in childhood, presently admitted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy done under general anaesthesia. With detailed preoperative workups, close haemodynamic monitoring and use of ESP for analgesia during perioperative period, the patient had successful outcome. We outline the anaesthetic management and the concerns of laparoscopy in such patients. A comprehensive understanding of physiology of Glenn's shunt and implications of the proposed surgical procedure is necessary to plan the anaesthetic and analgesic agents, cardiovascular drugs and ventilation strategies in patients with CHD with shunt procedure done.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: During the administration of general anesthesia, direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation cause an increase in heart rate, arterial pressure, and dysrhythmias in upto 90% of patients. These changes can be particularly hazardous for patients with cerebral or coronary diseases. Both clonidine and gabapentin have been used for anesthetic effects, but a better drug for controlling hemodynamic parameters is being investigated. AIMS: The study was done to evaluate and compare the efficacy of oral clonidine 0.3 mg and oral gabapentin 900 mg as a premedication for attenuation of pressor response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After obtaining approval from the ethics committee, 75 patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classes I and II between the ages of 18 and 60 years scheduled to undergo elective noncardiac surgical procedure were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized into three groups of 25 each who received 0.3 mg clonidine, 900 mg gabapentin, and placebo. The hemodynamic parameters were recorded at various time intervals along with any adverse effects. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Quantitative variables were compared using unpaired t-test between the two groups and ANOVA for three groups. Qualitative variables were compared using the Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In our study, we found that both clonidine and gabapentin are effective premedicants by oral route 2 h before induction of anesthesia to blunt the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation as compared to placebo. Between clonidine and gabapentin, clonidine was found to be more effective with respect to blunting of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), although found to be statistically significant only at 15 min with respect to SBP and DBP. CONCLUSION: Using clonidine or gabapentin, one can effectively provide stable hemodynamic conditions during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation, but more so with clonidine.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Emergency laparotomy mortality ranges between 10 and 20% in best of Western healthcare systems and is currently a major focus for quality improvement programs. In contrast, emergency surgery scenario in LMIC is largely undefined, often neglected and complex (large burden of diseases but only limited capacity for adequate treatment). We evaluated the efficacy of 'EL care protocol' aimed at cost-effective optimal utilization of best available local expertise and infrastructure. METHODS: One hundred and two consecutive adult patients (≥16 years) who underwent EL from December 2012-December 2015 at a private tertiary hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The patients who underwent emergency laparoscopic procedures were excluded from the analysis. The EL care protocol included. (1) Admission to surgical intensive care unit for pre- and postoperative optimization. (2) Preferred radiologic investigation: abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. (3) Surgery and critical care by senior surgical gastroenterologists and internists/anesthesiologists, respectively. Outcome measures were procedure-related complications (Clavien-Dindo classification), readmissions and costs. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients, there were 62 males and 40 females with median age of 60 (range 16-93) years. There were no complications in 22 (21.6%) patients, while Clavien-Dindo complications grade I or II occurred in 48 (47%) patients. Grade V Clavien-Dindo complications and the 30-day mortality were similar of 19 (18.6%). The readmission rate was 8 (7.8%). The expected mortality for the study group by P-POSSUM score was 31.2 (30.6%). The ratio (O/E) of observed to expected mortality was 0.61. The all inclusive median cost of treatment was INR 379,255 ($5590). CONCLUSIONS: LMIC centers should develop their own center-specific EL care protocols to improve outcomes of EL.
