Green synthesis of zinc oxide/Allium sativum nano-composite and its efficacy against murine cryptosporidiosis.

Cryptosporidiosis is a global health problem threats life of immunocompromised patients. Allium sativum (A. sativum) is one of the therapeutic options for cryptosporidiosis. This study develops green synthesized ZnO-NPs based on A. sativum extract, and assesses its therapeutic application in treating experimental cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed mice. FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, and zeta analyzer were used for characterization of bio ZnO-NPs. The morphology of prepared materials appeared as sponge with many pores on the whole surface that allows the feasibility of bio ZnO-NPs for different biological activities. Its structural analysis was highly stabilized with negative charge surface which indicated for well distribution into the parasite matrix. Twenty-five immunosuppressed Cryptosporidium parvum infected mice, classified into 5 groups were sacrificed at 21th day after infection with evaluation of parasitological, histopathological, oxidative, and proinflammatory biomarkers. Treated mice groups with 50 and 100 mg/kg of AS/ZnO-NPs showed a highly significant decline (79.9% and 83.23%, respectively) in the total number of expelled oocysts. Both doses revealed actual amelioration of the intestinal, hepatic, and pulmonary histopathological lesions. They also significantly produced an increase in GSH values and improved the changes in NO and MDA levels, and showed high anti-inflammatory properties. This study is the first to report green synthesis of ZnO/A. sativum nano-composite as an effective therapy in treating cryptosporidiosis which gave better results than using A. sativum alone. It provides an economical and environment-friendly approach towards novel delivery synthesis for antiparasitic applications. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs was developed using A. sativum extract. The morphology of prepared ZnO-NPs appeared as sponge with many pores on SEM The study evaluates its therapeutic efficacy against murine cryptosporidiosis The green synthesized ZnO-NPs significantly reduced percent of oocyst shedding, improved the pathological changes, and showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Simultaneous determination of selected ionophoric coccidiostats and amino acids in feed premixes using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method.

The combination of ionophoric coccidiostats and amino acids (AAs) is important in poultry feeding to enhance immunity and improve the growth and feed efficiency of birds suffering from coccidiosis. A simple, rapid, and economical high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method for the simultaneous determination of three ionophoric coccidiostats, namely salinomycin (SAL), maduramicin (MAD), and monensin (MON) in addition to three AAs; L-tryptophan (L-TRP), alpha-ketoleucin (KLEU), and L-valine (L-VAL) in feed premixes was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 12 min using a phenyl hexyl column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/methanol/water (25:20:55, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 3 using phosphoric acid. Isocratic elution was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 210 nm. The method showed good linearity in the ranges 0.50-5.0 mg/mL for MON, 0.20-2.0 mg/mL for MAD and SAL, 10.0-100.0 µg/mL for L-TRP and KLEU, and 50.0-500.0 µg/mL for VAL. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the studied analytes in feed premixes with good recoveries and precision. The good validation criteria of the proposed method allow its utilization in quality control laboratories.

A novel sustainable second-derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of olmesartan medoxomil and rosuvastatin calcium in bulk and formulations: Integrated greenness and whiteness evaluation.

The present research has established a quick and highly sensitive second-derivative synchronous fluorometric technique for the simultaneous quantification of a binary mixture of olmesartan medoxomil and rosuvastatin calcium. Simultaneously, the suggested approach was used to detect the synchronous fluorescence intensity of the cited drugs at Δ λ = 80 nm in ethanol to determine the concentrations of olmesartan medoxomil and rosuvastatin calcium at 265 and 240 nm, respectively. Various experimental conditions were tested, and each variable was analyzed and optimized. The calibration graphs were shown to be linear within ranges of 0.1-2.0 and 0.5-6.0 µg ml-1 for each drug concentration, respectively. The newly developed Green Solvents Selecting Tool (GSST) was utilized to assess the solvent's sustainability. Furthermore, the proposed method was found to be environmentally friendly after being evaluated with three different tools [the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), the Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), and the Analytical Eco-Scale with Eco-score equal to 95]. The whiteness qualities were also studied using the Red-Green-Blue (RGB12) model, which was recently designed and showed a high score equal to 92.9. The proposed method's good findings, as well as its ongoing sustainability, simplicity, and economy, stimulate its application in QC laboratories.

Newly fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded materials for therapeutic nano delivery in experimental cryptosporidiosis.

Cryptosporidiosis is a global health problem that threatens the lives of immunocompromised patients. This study targets to fabricate and investigate the efficiency of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), nitazoxanide (NTZ)-loaded ZnO-NPs, and Allium sativum (A. sativum)-loaded ZnO-NPs in treating cryptosporidiosis. Further FTIR, SEM, XRD, and zeta analysis were used for the characterization of ZnO-NPs and loaded materials. The morphology of loaded materials for ZnO-NPs changed into wrapped layers and well-distributed homogenous particles, which had a direct effect on the oocyst wall. The charge surface of all particles had a negative sign, which indicated well distribution into the parasite matrix. For anti-cryptosporidiosis efficiency, thirty immunosuppressed Cryptosporidium parvum-infected mice, classified into six groups, were sacrificed on the 21st day after infection with an evaluation of parasitological, histopathological, and oxidative markers. It was detected that the highest reduction percent of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding was (81.5%) in NTZ, followed by (71.1%) in A. sativum-loaded ZnO-NPs-treated groups. Also, treatment with A. sativum and NTZ-loaded ZnO-NPs revealed remarkable amelioration of the intestinal, hepatic, and pulmonary histopathological lesions. Furthermore, they significantly produced an increase in GSH values and improved the changes in NO and MDA levels. In conclusion, this study is the first to report ZnO-NPs as an effective therapy for treating cryptosporidiosis, especially when combined with other treatments that enhance their antioxidant activity. It provides an economical and environment-friendly approach to novel delivery synthesis for antiparasitic applications.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS) following SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations; a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are generally safe, there are growing concerns about their link to a potentially life-threatening multi-system inflammatory syndrome following vaccination (MIS-V). We conducted this systematic review to elucidate the prevalence of MIS, severity, treatment, and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for articles and case reports about MIS-V. We performed a qualitative analysis of individual cases from the included studies. RESULTS: Of the 1366 studies identified by database search, we retrieved twenty-six case reports and two cohort studies. We analyzed the data of 37 individual cases extracted from 27 articles. The average age of the cases included in this review was 18 (1-67) years, with the most being male (M: F 3.1:1). Of the 37 included cases, the cardiovascular system was the most affected system by MIS (36, 97.3%), followed by the gastrointestinal tract (32, 86.5%). CONCLUSION: MIS after SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations can be fatal, but the incidence is low. Prompt recognition of MIS and ruling out the mimickers are critical in the patient's early recovery.

PAX5 fusion genes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A literature review.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common cancer affecting children worldwide. The development of ALL is driven by several genes, some of which can be targeted for treatment by inhibiting gene fusions. PAX5 is frequently mutated in ALL and is involved in chromosomal rearrangements and translocations. Mutations in PAX5 interact with other genes, such as ETV6 and FOXP1, which influence B-cell development. PAX5/ETV6 has been observed in both B-ALL patients and a mouse model. The interaction between PAX5 and FOXP1 negatively suppresses the Pax5 gene in B-ALL patients. Additionally, ELN and PML genes have been found to fuse with PAX5, leading to adverse effects on B-cell differentiation. ELN-PAX5 interaction results in the decreased expression of LEF1, MB1, and BLNK, while PML-PAX5 is critical in the early stages of leukemia. PAX5 fusion genes prevent the transcription of the PAX5 gene, making it an essential target gene for the study of leukemia progression and the diagnosis of B-ALL.

Simultaneous Determination of Montelukast Sodium and Loratadine by Eco-Friendly Densitometry and Spectrophotometric Methods.

Recently, the aim of analytical community is to reduce the usage of hazardous chemicals; so eco-friendly, rapid, selective and cost-effective methods were developed for simultaneous determination of montelukast sodium (MKT) and loratadine (LRT). The first method was based on chromatographic separation performed on precoated silica gel 60 GF254 plates with ethyl acetate-ethanol 9: 1 (v/v) as the mobile phase. The developed plates were scanned and quantified at 260 nm. The method gives linear correlation over concentration ranges of 0.3-3.6 µg/spot and 0.2-4.0 µg/spot for MKT and LRT, respectively. It was also successfully applied to analysis of both drugs in their pharmaceutical preparation and human plasma. The other methods are UV-spectrophotometric methods based on smart spectra manipulating to zero order spectrum of each drug. These methods are named response correlation (RC), a-centering and ratio derivative methods. RC and a-centering methods were dependent on the presence of an isosbestic point between the overlapped spectra of both drugs. While ratio derivative method based on manipulation of the ratio spectra of both drugs. The two drugs obey Beer-Lambert law over the concentration ranges of 3.0-30.0 µg/mL in the three spectrophotometric methods. Moreover, the greenness of the developed methods is assessed using suitable analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index.

The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) genetic variations in COVID-19 infection: a literature review.

Background: The angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is recognized to be the fundamental receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), responsible for the worldwide Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. However, genetic differences between people besides racial considerations and their relation to disease susceptibility are still not fully elucidated. Main body: To uncover the role of ACE2 in COVID-19 infection, we reviewed the published studies that explore the association of COVID-19 with the functional characteristics of ACE2 and its genetic variations. Notably, emerging studies tried to determine whether the ACE2 variants and/or expression could be associated with SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV2 have conflicting results. Some researchers investigated the potential of "population-specific" ACE2 genetic variations to impact the SARS-CoV2 vulnerability and suggested no ethnicity enrichment for ACE2 polymorphisms that could influence SARS-CoV2 S-protein binding. At the same time, some studies use data mining to predict several ACE2 variants that could enhance or decline susceptibility to SARS-CoV. On the other hand, fewer studies revealed an association of ACE2 expression with COVID-19 outcome reporting higher expression levels of ACE2 in East Asians. Conclusions: ACE2 gene variants and expression may modify the deleterious consequences of SARS-CoV2 to the host cells. It is worth noting that apart from the differences in gene expression and the genetic variations of ACE2, many other environmental and/or genetic factors could modify the disease outcome, including the genes for the innate and the adaptive immune response.

Sensitive and Fast Determination of Ceftiofur in Honey and Veterinary Formulation by HPLC-UV Method with Pre-column Derivatization.

A novel, sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of ceftiofur by pre-column derivatization with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate. Analysis was performed within 5 min on a Kinetex C18 column based on core-shell technology. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water (50:50, v/v) pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min under UV detection at 254 nm. The factors affecting the derivatization reaction and separation conditions were carefully evaluated and optimized. The method was linear over the concentration range of 45-450 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 3.29 ng/mL and limit of quantitation of 10.97 ng/mL. The new method was successfully applied for the analysis of ceftiofur in the veterinary formulation and honey with average recoveries of 100.78% and 98. 83%, respectively. The present method is suitable and favorable for the analysis of ceftiofur on account of its sensitivity, rapidity and cost-effectiveness. In addition, it could have significant application for the determination of ceftiofur in other food products.

Possible protective effect of platelet-rich plasma on a model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: A light and transmission electron microscopic study.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin (Cis), is a potent chemotherapeutic drug. However, Cis nephrotoxicity is high, thus limiting its use. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous product, easy to get from blood centrifugation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of PRP in reversing Cis-induced nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two adult albino rats were distributed into Group I, the control group; Group II, in which the rats received Cis (5 mg·kg-1 ·day -1 , intraperitoneal); Group III and Group IV, in which the rats received Cis, followed by normal saline and PRP distribution, respectively (1 ml) over the renal surface 24 hr later. All rats were killed on the eighth day of the experiment. Histopathological changes were examined. RESULTS: Glomerular atrophy, tubular degeneration, interrupted PAS reaction, highly expressed caspase-3, and ultra-structural changes were observed after Cis injection, which improved with PRP administration. CONCLUSION: PRP reduced acute kidney injury through the epithelial GFs.