Understanding barriers to well-child visit attendance among racial and ethnic minority parents.

OBJECTIVES: To assess racial and ethnic minority parents' perceptions about barriers to well-child visit attendance. METHODS: For this cross-sectional qualitative study, we recruited parents of pediatric primary care patients who were overdue for a well-child visit from the largest safety net healthcare organization in central Massachusetts to participate in semi-structured interviews. The interviews focused on understanding potential knowledge, structural, and experiential barriers for well-child visit attendance. Interview content was inductively coded and directed content analysis was performed to identify themes. RESULTS: Twenty-five racial and ethnic minority parents participated; 17 (68%) of whom identified Spanish as a primary language spoken at home. Nearly all participants identified the purpose, significance, and value of well-child visits. Structural barriers were most cited as challenges to attending well-child visits, including parking, transportation, language, appointment availability, and work/other competing priorities. While language emerged as a distinct barrier, it also exacerbated some of the structural barriers identified. Experiential barriers were cited less commonly than structural barriers and included interactions with office staff, racial/ethnic discrimination, appointment reminders, methods of communication, wait time, and interactions with providers. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and ethnic minority parents recognize the value of well-child visits; however, they commonly encounter structural barriers that limit access to care. Furthermore, a non-English primary language compounds the impact of these structural barriers. Understanding these barriers is important to inform health system policies to enhance access and delivery of pediatric care with a lens toward reducing racial and ethnic-based inequities.

Prioritizing Child Health: Promoting Adherence to Well-Child Visits in an Urban, Safety-Net Health System During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: After discovering racial/ethnic disparities in adherence to well-child visits, UMass Memorial Health worked to identify and mitigate barriers to adherence for patients and families across 53 primary care practices in central Massachusetts. METHODS: When the systemwide goal to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in well-child visit adherence was established, a multidisciplinary team of leaders from UMass Memorial Health worked together to engage patients and stakeholders to identify obstacles to adherence. Transportation, language, and scheduling were identified as barriers. The team employed a number of countermeasures to address these barriers: A new workflow was created for requesting free curb-to-curb transportation for Medicaid patients, practices were provided with tip sheets for accessing interpreter services, and a protocol for scheduling appointment reminders was developed. In addition, the team leveraged robust data analytics to communicate real-time data to practices to keep them informed of their progress toward the system's health equity goal. Primary data results are reported from October 1, 2020, to September 30, 2021. RESULTS: For patients who identified as Hispanic/Latinx, adherence rose from 64.3% at baseline to 74.1% (p < 0.001); and for patients who identified as Black/African American, adherence rose from 58.7% at baseline to 71.9% (p < 0.001). The gap in adherence to well-child visits for Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx children compared to White children narrowed (12.4 percentage points to 5.1; p < 0.001; 6.8 percentage points to 2.9; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Through a unique partnership between health system leaders, frontline staff, and the system's informatics team and by engaging caregivers to identify and address barriers to well-child visits, UMass Memorial Health was able to improve adherence to well-child visits among patients who identify as Black/African American or Hispanic/Latinx.

Maternal hypertension as a risk factor for low birth weight infants: comparison of Haitian and African-American women.

BACKGROUND: The rate of low birth weight (LBW) of Black women is more than twice that of White women. This study explores if the rate of LBW differs between Haitian and African-American women with chronic hypertension. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all Black women self-identified as African-American (n = 12,258) or Haitian (n = 4320) delivering a singleton infant in Massachusetts between 1996 and 2000. RESULTS: Haitian women were more likely than African-American women to have chronic hypertension (2.7% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.006), but had similar rates of preeclampsia (3.1% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.27). The LBW rate was 10% among African-American women and 8.2% among Haitian women. After adjustment for sociodemographic, medical, and prenatal care characteristics, the greatest risks for delivering a LBW infant for Haitian women were chronic hypertension (OR = 6.8; 95% CI, 4.3, 10.6) and preeclampsia (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0, 5.1). For African-American women, the greatest risks for LBW infants were a history of delivering a LBW infant (OR = 3.9; 95% CI, 2.8, 5.4) and chronic hypertension (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 4.0). In a combined logistic regression model including interaction terms, chronic hypertension and preeclampsia continued to be associated with the greatest risk of LBW among all women. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in maternal risk factors and rates of LBW (8.2% vs. 10%) exist between Haitian and African-American women delivering infants in Massachusetts. While chronic hypertension and preeclampsia are strong risk factors for LBW for both Haitian and African-American women, unknown factors make these disorders much more potent for Haitian women.