Nose burns: 4-dimensional analysis.

The nose is the central organ of the face. It has two essential roles, aesthetic and breathing. It is often seriously damaged in the context of facial burns, causing grotesque facial disfigurement. As this disfigurement is visible on frontal and profile views, the patient suffers both socially and psychologically. The nose is a three-dimensional organ. Reconstruction is therefore more difficult and needs to be more precise than in other parts of the face. Maintaining symmetry, contour and function are essential for successful nasal reconstruction. Multiple factors determine the optimal method of reconstruction, including the size of the defect, its depth and its site. Satisfactory social life is recovered only after multiple surgical procedures and long-term rehabilitation and physiotherapy.

Is there any place for spontaneous healing in deep palmar burn of the child?

Child palm burns arise by contact and are often deep. The singular difficulty of such a disease comes from the necessity of the child growth and from the potential occurrence of constricted scars. In order to avoid sequelae, the actual gold standard is to practice an early excision of the burn, followed by a skin graft. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of spontaneous healing combined with rehabilitation versus early skin grafting and rehabilitation concerning the apparition of sequelae. We performed a retrospective study in two burn centers and one rehabilitation hospital between 1995 and 2010. Eighty-seven hands have been included in two groups: one group for spontaneous healing and the other group for excision and skin grafting. Every child benefited from a specific rehabilitation protocol. The two main evaluation criteria were the duration of permanent splint wearing and the number of reconstructive surgery for each child. The median follow-up duration is about four years. The two groups were comparable. For the early skin grafting group, the splint wearing duration was 1/3 longer than for the spontaneous healing group. Concerning the reconstructive surgery, half of the grafted hands needed at least one procedure versus 1/5 of spontaneous healing hands. Our results show the interest of spontaneous healing in palmar burn in child, this observation requires a specific and intense rehabilitation protocol.

Quantitative analysis of midface fat compartments mass with ageing and body mass index, anatomical study.

INTRODUCTION: Volume restoration is not a new concept in facial rejuvenation. The deep fat compartments would appear to be more greatly subjected to age-related volumetric deflation. However, this view lacks scientific evidence. The purpose of the present study is to quantify fat mass variability in the superficial and deep compartments of the midface as a function of age and BMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cadaveric anatomical study was performed by dissection of superficial and deep facial fat compartment of 40 body. The studied compartments were identified by methylene blue injection and were weighed. The data obtained were analyzed as a function of subject age (two groups: ≤75 or >75), sex, and BMI (three groups: <20, ≥20≤25, or >25). RESULTS: The mean weight of the deep compartments was significantly lower in the group with subjects aged >75 years (1.48g vs 3.41g, P<0.001) and the deep-to-superficial fat ratio decreased significantly by more than 50% (0.2 vs 0.44, P<0.001). No statistically significant difference as concerns the mean weight of the superficial compartments (7.93g vs 6.73g). The deep-to-superficial fat ratio as a function of BMI was largely significantly lower in subjects with BMIs<20 (0.15, vs 0.31 and 0.34, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The present anatomical study confirmed that fat atrophy affects in priority the deep midface compartments with ageing and in subjects with a BMI less than 20. Thus to obtain natural-looking results in facial rejuvenation, the volumetric restoration of these deep compartments should be considered a priority.

Lipofilling, an efficient solution for breast sequelae after cardiothoracic surgery.

Evolutions in pediatric cardiovascular surgery have allowed the treatment of a various range of cardiovascular malformations in infants. It is a difficult branch of surgery, with vital impact, which can also leave residual thoracic scars, possible sources for thoracomammary deformities in adults. Most thoracomammary deformities after thoracotomy are observed at puberty, when they appear as breast asymmetries. The main cause is the breast bud injured during thoracotomy. Several techniques have been suggested for breast reconstruction, but none give satisfying results. We have been practicing lipofilling since 1998 for breast reconstruction. Since 2001, we have started applying it to breast deformities. The final result is constant in time, natural, and has a good volume filler effect. We describe the fat grafting technique, an original technique, as a solution for this kind of deformities. The technique is illustrated by two clinical cases. In conclusion, fat grafting has really improved breast asymmetry due to iatrogenic deformation. Even if those cases are rare, surgeons have to know this kind of procedure. It is indeed a simple and efficient solution for those patients after childhood, with natural and long standing results.

[Weight variation after reduction mammary surgery: retrospective study of 100 cases]. / Profil pondéral après chirurgie mammaire de réduction: étude rétrospective à propos de 100 cas.

INTRODUCTION: Patients desiring breast reduction are often in overweight, and describe interferences with their daily life and minor psychological problems. We undertook this study to establish the pre- and postoperative weight pattern by age and histological breast type. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 100 consecutive patients who underwent bilateral reduction mammaplasty for macromastia (>300g per breast) in 2007. The patients were categorized by age in two groups: group 1 (G1) comprising the 50 younger patients (mean age: 35.5 years) and group 2 (G2) comprising the 50 older (mean age: 47.2 years). We obtained data points including: preoperative and postoperative weight pattern according to age and histological subtypes, calculation of body mass index (BMI), data from surgery including amount of resection, postoperative course and complications. RESULTS: Patients consulting for breast reduction are moderately overweight (mean BMI: 28.22 confounded all ages). Preoperative weight loss is low despite systematic surgeon request (<0.5 % on average waiting time of 6.45 months). The postoperative weight loss is higher in young patients with glandular form of HTM (respectively -4.76 kg for glandulofibrous type and -3kg for fibrous, which corresponds to a loss of 6.5 and 4.1 % of their body weight). The impact of surgery on the patient's psychological condition is better in young patients. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that postoperative weight loss after breast reduction are significant only in young patients with a constitutional type of macromastia (glandular or mixed forms). We believe that in addition to the functional improvement associated with surgery, these young patients lose weight they initially take to harmonize their silhouette.

[Surgical treatment of sequelae of deep breast burns: a 25-year experience]. / Traitement chirurgical des séquelles de brûlures profondes du sein : 25ans d'expérience.

INTRODUCTION: Deep chest burns in prepubescent girl prevent the development of the mammary gland, because scar contracture becomes an inextensible envelope. In adults, scar contracture can deform the breast shape. The aim of this work is to define the interest of tissue expansion in breast reconstruction of prepubescent's and adult's post-burns scars. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a 25-year retrospective study including patients treated surgically for deep thoracomammary burns. We studied following parameters: surgical techniques step by step, average time between each intervention, and morphologic and aesthetic results achieved. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients have been operated between 1983 and 2008. Each patient has been operated on average 4.5 times (two to 12 times) during 6.3 years on average (1-19 years). Adult patients have showed a higher number of response (5.5 on average) than prepubescent girls (2.4 on average). Number of skin expansion has been 1.2 (0 to three) per patient. Sixty-two expanders have been placed (one to eight), 390cm(3) volume on average (180-1200). Delay of skin expansion has been about 7 months (4-10). Twenty-five breast implants have been raised on average 11 months (6-17) after debridement. Three changes of breast implant have occurred on average 5.3 years after insertion (3-8). Reconstruction of the areolonipple complex and controlateral symetrisation were conducted generally in the same time, 1 year after the last intervention. All patients will receive the possible additional volume (breast implant). Alternatives in breast volume reconstruction are lipomodelling and musculocutaneous expanded flaps. They are also discussed. Breast reconstruction in post-burns scars give clever cosmetic and morphologic despite of breast shape imperfections and apparent scars persistence satisfied cosmetic and morphologic results. These results, analyzed over a period of 25 years, show a qualitative change and decreased postoperative complications. DISCUSSION: Locoregional tissue expansion provide very clever results. In pre-pubescent grils, skin expanded flaps allow a near-normal mammary gland development. In adult women, they make the envelope that will receive the possible additional volume (breast implant). Alternatives in breast volume reconstruction are lipomodelling and musculo-cutaneous expanded flaps. They are also discussed. Breast reconstruction in post-burns scars give clever cosmetic and morphologic despite of breast shape imperfections and apparent scars persistence.

[Fat grafting in facial burns sequelae]. / La lipostructure dans les séquelles de brûlures faciales.

INTRODUCTION: Fat graft is now part of the armamentarium in face plastic surgery. It is successfully used in burn scars. The aim of our study is the discussion of the value of this technique in optimizing cosmetic result of burns face sequelae. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Fifteen adult patients (10 females and five males) with scars resulting from severe burns 2 to 9 years previously were selected. The patients were treated by injection of adipose tissue harvested from abdominal subcutaneous fat and processed according to Coleman's technique. Two to three injections were administered at the dermohypodermal junction. Ages, sexes, aetiology of burn, facial burn sequelae, recipient sites, quantity of fat injected, aesthetic results are discussed. RESULTS: Patient age ranged from 21 to 55 years (average: 38). The mean follow-up of the study was 66 months (23-118). Patients received 7.5 (5-11) facial restorative surgeries before fat graft. Patients underwent two sessions of fat transfer, 33cc average per session. We did not report any complications. The clinical appearance, discussed by three surgeons and subjective patient feelings, after a 6-month follow-up period, suggests considerable improvement in the mimic features, skin texture, and thickness. The result is good in 86% of cases and acceptable in the other cases. DISCUSSION: Burns sequelae offer local conditions which justify special cannula can cross fibrosis and explaining the value of multiplying the sessions. Indications for lipostructure include four distinct nosological situations, sometimes combined. Lipostructure can restore a missing relief, filling a localized depression, reshape a lack of face volume or smooth a scarring skin. CONCLUSION: Fat graft seems to complete and improve the results of the standard surgical approach in burned face.

[Face rehabilitation for post-burn deformities]. / Traitement chirurgical des séquelles de brûlures de la face.

Severe post-burn sequelae of the face can result from deep initial burns or inappropriate (initial or secondary) treatment. They still remain a surgical challenge, leading to both aesthetic and functional diseases. The acute treatment is preventive, and usually consists in early split thickness skin grafts from the scalp, while full thickness skin grafts and local flaps are employed for the sequels. Our surgical treatment consists in scar replacement using expanded supraclavicular skin. Depending on the location of the scars and depending on available skin, surgical procedure can use expanded full thickness skin graft or expanded advancement flaps. Some "aesthetic" procedures like lipofilling, rhinoplasty or botulinum toxin can be performed in order to improve the final aspect. Good aesthetic and functional results are usually obtained if fundamental rules are respected: preservation of aesthetic units of the face, good management of skin availability. In any case, whatever techniques are employed, numerous surgical procedures and months of rehabilitation are necessary to achieve good cosmetic and functional results.

[Medico-legal assessment in the sequelae of burns (1st part)]. / Évaluation médicolégale des sequelles de brulures (1re partie).

The assessment of physical injury in after-effects of burns is very specific. Indeed, the evolution of burn scars is particular compared to the scarring process in general. The expert needs to know these specific aspects in order to objectively assess the after-effects due to burns, in order to compensate for the loss of autonomy in major burn victims. The assessment has to analyze all the effects, functional and aesthetic, of the after-effects due to burns and has to particularly specify: the mending, which can never be set before one year, the pressure test allowing to check the complete maturation of the scars; the functional disability which results from skin retractions (due to after-effects) on the limbs mobility but which also must consider the burnt skin surface; the aesthetic damage, often important, with a discrimination between hypertrophic and keloid scars; the suffering, always significant in view of specialized and prolonged therapeutics; the sexual damage, often unrecognized in this type of injured people.

[Surgery of burn sequelae on the scalp]. / Chirurgie des séquelles de brûlure du cuir chevelu.

Surgical treatment of scalp burn sequelae has achieved a decisive step with the use of tissue expansion. First, authors propose a brief recap on anatomy, physiopathology and usual surgical processes. Then they describe in details the tissue expansion and present some experimental results. As a conclusion, they discuss the learning curve associated with such a process.

[Management of eyelid burns]. / Particularités de la prise en charge des paupières brûlées.

Burns are devastating injuries scarring patients, both physically and psychologically, for life. This remains particularly true for facial burns. Eyelid burns occur in about 10% of thermal injuries and is a considerable challenge for the reconstructive surgeon given the particular anatomy of the eyelids. Reconstruction of the eyelids following burn injuries has been performed by plastic surgeons since the earliest days of reconstructive surgery, yet a consensus on a treatment regime has not been reached and plastic surgeons are divided on the subject. Controversies exist regarding the excision and debridement of eschar, temporary suture and surgical tarsorrhaphy, timing of surgery for eyelid contraction, and the role of full and split-thickness skin grafts in eyelid reconstruction. This paper describes the particularities of the treatment of burned eyelids in our Burn Center.

[Sequelae of burns of the breast and their reconstruction]. / Les séquelles de brûlures des seins et leur reconstruction.

Sequelae of burns on the breast are essentially cosmetic. Requests for their reconstruction take place after the request for the face and hands. The problems is to face the consequences by considering the growth of mammary gland either hormonal in case of children or breast reconstruction as if in case of malgnancy in adult female. We propose a classification, which is helpful to choose the surgical treatment. Our technique of choice is tissue expansion (local or regional cutaneous flaps or full skin graft).

[Surgical issues and outcomes in ischial pressure sores treatment]. / Stratégie chirurgicale pour le traitement des escarres ischiatiques: quelles options? quels résultats?

INTRODUCTION: Ischiatic pressure sores are frequent in spinal cord injury patients, associated with bad prognosis and high recurrence rate. Many surgical techniques were described, including surgical debridement followed by pedicled flap coverage. We aim to propose a practical decision tree for primary or secondary ischial pressure sore treatment. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Our series of 48 operated ischial sores with an average follow up of 4 years (range 2 to 8years) is analyzed and compared to previously published reports. Surgical techniques are discussed according to their specific indications. RESULTS: The optimal recurrence rate in published reports about pressure sore treatment is 20%; a rate inferior to 19% is found in our series, showing the equal importance of flap selection and postoperative care and education. Depending on each situation, various available flaps are described and compared: gluteus maximus flap, biceps femoris flap, gracilis flap, tensor fascia lata flap, fasciocutaneous thigh flaps, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis flap, rectus abdominis flap. Specific surgical indications for more extensive wounds are studied: resection arthroplasty of the hip, hip disarticulation, fillet flaps from the leg, microsurgery. CONCLUSION: Based upon our experience, a decision tree summarizes our proposition of flap selection, depending on the wound size and the patient background.

[Contributions and results of lipo-structure in repair and rejuvenation of frontal anatomical unit]. / Indications et résultats de la lipostructure dans la réparation et le rajeunissement de l'unité anatomique du front.

Forehead is the most large anatomical unit of face. It includes forehead and anterior part of temple. Deteriorations of frontal anatomical units are numerous, ageing forehead has atrophy with eyebrow ptosis. In this work, we want to estimate contribution of lipo-structure in repair and rejuvenation of frontal anatomical unit (FAU). We present seven cases of repair of FAU and three cases of rejuvenation of the forehead. Results are satisfactory, particularly about frontal band. Results are questionable about Lipo-structure of temple. Applications of Lipo-structure in plastic and aesthetic surgery of the forehead are huge. Lipo-structure is the reference technique of volumetric filling. It is preferred to other techniques as flaps (pediculed or free) or materials, because it is a safe, easy and efficient technique, which permits large fillings. In aesthetic surgery, Lipo-structure gives volume to eyebrow region and fills root of the nose. It can be used with injections of botulinum toxin A. Lipo-structure of forehead takes part in rejuvenation of eye and nose. In conclusion, lipo-structure is actually the major technique of filling with a large implication in plastic and aesthetic surgery of FAU.

[Insulin-induced lipohypertrophy treated by liposuction]. / Lipohypertrophie induite par l'insuline traitée par liposuccion.

The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus increase permanently, with early diagnosis. Insulin is the treatment of this pathology. Insulin therapy is associated with complication such as lipodystrophies at injection sites leading functional and aesthetics disorders (pain, reduction of treatment efficiency, haematomas and oedemas). Our report two cases to illustrate the effectiveness of the suction-assisted lipectomy (SAL) on these lipodystrophies. We present two cases of insulin dependent diabetics patients with lipodystrophies of thighs, abdomen, and shoulders treated by SAL. The various analyzed parameters are: aesthetic aspect, efficiency of insulin treatment, ease injection, and pain reduction. We observe a significant reduction of insulin dose necessary to obtain a normoglycemia half time. This treatment allow a better control of pain, control of haematomas and oedemas at the injection sites and an aesthetic improvement. The lipoaspiration is thus a simple and effective treatment of lipodystrophies due to insulin.

[Tissue expansion in surgical treatment of burn scars of the scalp]. / Traitement des séquelles de brûlures du cuir chevelu par expansion cutanée: mise au point.

Deep burns of the scalp responsible of alopecia, used to be a real surgical challenge until apparition of tissue expansion in the 1980's. Tissue expanders are in this way employed in our unit of plastic surgery since more than 20 years, especially for head and neck reconstruction after burns. Thanks to operators and teams experience, incidence of postsurgical complications is still decreasing; in the same time, many improvements have been performed, regarding to surgical technique, choice of expanders (size, location...), or shape of flaps. All those technical details are discussed in order to optimize surgical results.

[Postoperative complications after breast implantation]. / Les complications postopératoires en chirurgie d'augmentation mammaire.

Augmentation mammoplasty is one of the most popular and frequently performed aesthetic operations. The implants are not, however, without complications; and many have been reported in order to this surgical procedure: hematoma, infection, seroma, capsular contracture, rupture ... Current surgical practices and modern implants used for breast augmentation produce fewer complications than procedures and devices of the past. The aim of this work is to index most common post operative breast complications. The prevention and the treatment procedure of these complications are also reported. A good knowledge of all these points seems to be essential to improve the quality of the final results and patients satisfaction.

[Severe hand burns and flaps: indications]. / Brûlures graves de la main et lambeaux: choix thérapeutiques et revue de la littérature.

Deep hand burns often leads to major deformities, involving cosmetic and functional disease as scar contracture, stiffness, or even amputation. Early surgical treatment and rehabilitation are always challenging but crucial in order to prevent burn sequelae. When tendinous, osseous, nervous or vascular component are involved, even hand vitality is engaged: cutaneous, fasciocutaneous, muscular or musculocutaneous flaps are then the only way of salvage for the hand. The purpose of this surgery is the early covering of essential components, allowing early rehabilitation and mobilisation. The problem remains the choice of surgical covering, according to the site, size, and depth of the burn, and local reliable opportunities. Care must be taken to preserve surgical ways for final sequela reconstruction.

[Reduction mammaplasty using superior pedicle in macromastia]. / Place de la réduction mammaire à pédicule supérieur dans les gigantomasties.

SUBJECT: The authors present technical details, complications, morphologic and aesthetic results of 26 breast reduction mammaplasty for macromastia (breast reduction more than 1000 g) showing advantages and reliability of technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2001, 223 patients underwent bilateral reduction mammaplasty with superior-based pedicled dermo-glandular flap. In 26 of them the weight of removed mammary tissue was over 1000 g in each breast. These 26 cases were evaluated, and the criteria adopted to analyse the results was morphologic and aesthetic evaluation of patient herself (very good, good, acceptable, unacceptable). RESULTS: Mean follow-up for all patients was 15 months. Twenty-six patients (mean age 33.2 years) underwent an average weight of 1131 g (930/2200 g) removed per breast. The following complications were observed: 1 Nipple Areolar Complex ischemia without necrosis; three infections (abscess); four delayed wound closure. The patient subjective evaluation of result was: "very good" in 19 cases (73%); "good" in 5 cases (19.2%) and "acceptable" in the others two cases (7.8%). No case was evaluated "unacceptable". CONCLUSION: Superior dermoglandular pedicle mammaplasty represent a very good and reliable solution for the treatment of macromastia, giving satisfactory cosmetics results with good nipple viability without necrosis. This technique is actually our first choice in the management of macromastia.