Strategies of vascularization of the ethmoid labyrinth in selected even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) and carnivores (Carnivora).

The anatomy of the nasal cavity and its structures, as well as other elements building a scaffold for olfactory organs, differs significantly among various groups of mammals. Understanding anatomical conditions of quality of olfaction are being studied worldwide and is a complex problem. Among many studies regarding bone and epithelial structures of turbinates and connected anatomical structures, few studies describe the vascularization of turbinates. Ethmoid turbinates are above all covered in olfactory epithelium containing branched axons that receive olfactory stimuli and as olfactory nerves penetrate the cribriform lamina of the ethmoid bone conveying information from smell receptors to the brain. Differences in vascularization of the cribriform plate and turbinates may add crucial information complementing studies regarding the olfactory organ's bone and soft tissue structures. In the study, we describe the vascularization of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone of 54 Artiodactyla and Carnivora.

The Eurasian Elk's (Alces alces) Brain Base Arteries in View of Vascular Variation.

This article presents the results of analysis of the arterial vascular region of the Eurasian elk, which is a representative of the Cervidae family. The study was conducted on 39 Eurasian elks. The head arteries of 25 animals were filled with LBS 3040 synthetic latex. The head arteries of the other 14 Eurasian elks were filled with an acetone solution of stained chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and macerated. The arterial circle of the Eurasian elk's brain is composed of bilateral rostral cerebral arteries and caudal communicating arteries. The basilar artery closes the arterial circle caudally. The rostral cerebral artery first ramifies into the rostral choroidal artery, then, the middle cerebral artery and the rostral communicating artery. The caudal cerebral artery and the rostral cerebellar artery branch off the caudal communicating artery. The arterial pattern of the Eurasian elk's brain base is similar to the arteries found in other deer. Like in other Ruminantia, the rostral epidural rete mirabile is a unique structure in the Eurasian elk's arterial system. Anat Rec, 302:339-345, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Arterial Patterns of the Face in Camelidamorpha.

Arteries supplying the intermandibular, mental, masseteric, buccal, labial, and nasal regions of the face in selected species belonging to the suborder Tylopoda are described in this study. Analyses were conducted on a total of five species representing the family Camelidae based on 27 heads of cadaveric specimens, which were prepared by arterial injection with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl super chloride or stained latex LBS3060. Vascularization of regions of the face was formed by the facial, sublingual, mental, transverse facial, buccal, and infraorbital arteries. It was confirmed that the linguofacial trunk is absent in Camelidae. In turn, in camels the deep temporal artery descended in the common trunk with the transverse facial artery, while in llamas and alpacas it was a direct branch of the maxillary artery. It was shown that the pattern of facial arteries in Camelidamorpha exhibits specific traits for this clade and differs from the system of these arteries in other artiodactyls. The described specific character in arterial vascularization of the face not only expands the spectrum of morphological characteristics in Camelidae, but it also provides information which may prove useful for clinical purposes in veterinary practice. Anat Rec, 301:2122-2127, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Arterial Patterns of the Face in Perissodactyla.

Considerable consistency in the arterial pattern of the head has been observed in species of Artiodactyla, but few studies have examined the order Perissodactyla. Here, we describe arteries supplying the intermandibular, mental, masseteric, buccal, labial, and nasal regions in eight perissodactylans, including representing of all families comprising this order. Observations were made on a total of 45 preparations of head arteries, obtained by injection of arteries with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex LBS3060. In the Equidae species alone it was found that the facial artery descends from the linguofacial trunk. In tapirs and rhinos the facial artery branches off directly from the main arteries of the head. In tapirs alone it was found that the inferior alveolar artery gives off the buccal and sublingual arteries, and then extends into the mental artery. In the rhino a specific feature of the arterial pattern of the head was the exit of the occipital artery from the superficial temporal artery. In all equines studied, the transverse facial artery gave off a larger blood vessel to the masseter muscle and ran along the facial crest, while in tapirs and rhinos the transverse facial artery fanned out branches in the masseteric fossa. The variations observed can be considered in future studies on the origin of Perissodactyla. In this context, we note that the most similar patterns of exit and course of the facial, mental, transverse facial and infraorbital arteries exist in tapirs and rhinos (Ceratomorpha suborder), at least among the perissodactylans studied here. Anat Rec, 300:1529-1534, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The arterial circle of the brain, its branches and connections in selected representatives of the Antilopinae.

The arterial circle of the brain, that is, the circle of Willis, and its branches in ruminants have been chiefly described in farm animals and only in selected wild species. In view of the deficit of information about this vascular region in numerous other species of the Ruminantia, the arteries of the encephalic base were analyzed in five antelope species representing different genera of the Bovidae, Antilopinae. Specimens of the following species were examined: springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii), saiga (Saiga tatarica), and oribi (Ourebia ourebi). Post-autopsy material received from domestic zoological gardens was used to inject the bilateral common carotid arteries with a stained acetone solution of vinyl superchloride. When the material was polymerized, the specimens were macerated enzymatically. The process resulted in casts of arteries of the head and encephalic base on a skeletal scaffold. The investigations revealed that the bilateral components of the arterial circle of the brain, that is, the rostral cerebral artery and caudal communicating artery, arose from the division of the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery, which emerges from the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery was obliterated. In consequence of this process, the blood reaches the brain chiefly from the maxillary artery. The research proved that the arteries of the encephalic base in the Antilopinae are most similar to the vessels described in antelopes of Tragelaphus, Taurotragus, and Boselaphus genera and small domestic ruminants. However, they are different from the arterial pattern of the encephalic base in bovines and other species classified as the Bovini.

The arteries of brain base in species of the cervid family.

The aim of the article was to describe the pattern of main arteries at the encephalon base, their connections, and varieties. This study included 106 specimens of the head and cerebral arteries of the following eight species of the cervid family: reindeer, chital, Eld's deer, wapiti, sika deer, fallow deer, Pere David's deer or milu, and Reeve's or Chinese muntjac. The arteries of the animals under study were filled with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex LBS3060. The analysis of the specimens revealed that the vascular system of the species of the studied cervid family was similar to the system described in other ruminant species. A branch diverging from the condylar artery to the rostral epidural rete mirabile is present in all studied cervids, but it can be found also in giraffe and eland. The pattern of the arterial vascularization of the encephalon base, which we observed in our analysis, confirms the morphological similarity between those animals and the correct placement of the cervid family in species taxonomy.

Comparative analysis of the course of the facial and transverse facial arteries in selected ruminant species.

The paper describes variations in patterns of origin from the main arteries as well as of branching and course demonstrated on the basis of selected facial arteries in several species of ruminants. The studies included 35 species of 27 genera, 9 subfamilies of animals belonging to families of Bovidae, Cervidae, Giraffidae and Moschidae from the suborder of Ruminantia, including species maintained by humans. Altogether, 435 preparations of head arteries were studied. Arteries of the examined animals were filled with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex LBS3060. The facial artery was found to originate from the main arteries of the head in three different manners. In species devoid of facial arteries, the presence of a pronounced transverse facial artery could be demonstrated. Division of the animals into large and small ruminants, generally accepted by authors of animal anatomy textbooks, was found to be oversimplified and lacking in universal character, as to the patterns of origin and course of the facial artery and the transverse facial artery.

The arteries of brain base in species of Bovini tribe.

Studies were conducted on 78 preparations of head and brain arteries in four species of Bos genus, that is in domestic cattle (N = 59), including 22 foetuses (CRL 36.5-78.5 cm), in banteng (Bos javanicus, N = 3), yak (Bos mutus f. grunniens, N = 2), American bison (Bison bison, N = 4), and European bison (Bison bonasus, N = 10). The comparative analysis permitted to demonstrate a similar pattern of brain base arteries in the studied animals. In the studied species, blood vessels of the arterial circle of the brain were found to form by bifurcation of intracranial segments of inner carotid arteries, which protruded from the paired rostral epidural rete mirabile. In Bovidae arterial circle of the brain was supplied with blood mainly by maxillary artery through the blood vessels of the paired rostral epidural rete mirabile. The unpaired caudal epidural rete mirabile was participating in blood supply to the arterial circle of the brain from vertebral and occipital arteries. It manifested character of a taxonomic trait for species of Bos and Bison genera. Basilar artery in all the examined animals manifested a variable diameter, with preliminary portion markedly narrowed, which prevented its participation in blood supply to the arterial circle of the brain. The results and taxonomic position of the species made the authors to suggest a hypothesis that a similar arterial pattern on the brain base might be present also in other species, not included in this analysis.