Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

Conduct problems and anxiety symptoms commonly co-occur among youths with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD); however, how these symptoms influence functioning and treatment outcomes remains unclear. This study examined subtypes based on these co-occurring symptoms in a clinical sample of 134 youths (Mage = 9.67, 36.6% female, 83.6% white) with ODD and the predictive power of these subgroups for youth functioning and psychosocial treatment outcomes. The latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify subgroups based on parent- and self-reported conduct problems and anxiety symptoms. Differences among the subgroups in clinician-, parent-, and/or self-reported accounts of symptom severity, school performance, underlying processing known to be impaired across ODD, conduct and anxiety disorders, self-concept, and psychosocial treatment outcomes were examined. Four distinct profiles were identified: (1) Low Anxiety/Moderate Conduct Problems (n = 42); (2) High Anxiety/Moderate Conduct Problems (n = 33); (3) Moderate Anxiety/Moderate Conduct Problems (n = 40); and (4) Moderate Anxiety/High Conduct Problems (n = 19). The Moderate Anxiety/High Conduct Problems group exhibited more severe behavioral problems, greater difficulties with negative emotionality, emotional self-control, and executive functioning; they also demonstrated worse long-term treatment outcomes than the other subgroups. These findings suggest more homogeneous subgroups within and across diagnostic categories may result in a deeper understanding of ODD and could inform nosological systems and intervention efforts.

Have Phobias, Will Travel: Addressing One Barrier to the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Treatment.

Although a host of evidence-based treatments exist for youth with anxiety disorders, less than 30% of youth and their families receive these treatments. One of the main barriers to receiving these treatments is the lack of access to care, due largely to the absence of mental health professionals who have expertise in the delivery of these treatments in certain geographic locales. The current study examined whether a brief intensive treatment for specific phobias (SPs), Augmented One-Session Treatment (OST-A), would result in comparable treatment gains for families who traveled a considerable distance to receive this treatment when compared to families who resided in our local community. Participants included 76 youth with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of SP (38 local families and an age- and sex-matched sample of 38 nonlocal families). Although SP severity at pretreatment was significantly greater for the nonlocal youth than the local youth, both nonlocal and local youth showed commensurate improvement and maintenance of treatment gains over a 6-month period across several clinical outcome measures. Findings from this study show that OST-A is effective when families choose to travel for treatment, addressing at least one of the barriers to use of this evidence-based treatment.

Validation of the distress tolerance scale-short form in obsessive compulsive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate the Distress Tolerance Scale-Short Form (DTS-SF), a modification of the original Distress Tolerance Scale, in a severe/complex sample of individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Currently, there are multiple self-report measurements of distress tolerance (DT), highlighting the need for a more refined measure. METHOD: Participants included 222 individuals with a primary diagnosis of OCD (57% male, average age = 31) seeking intensive/residential treatment. Participants completed surveys at admission, discharge, and each week. RESULTS: An exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution representing overall DT ability. The DTS-SF was found to be sensitive to treatment effects. Appropriate associations between the DTS-SF and other measures were also found, with lower DT associated with greater OCD and depression severity and lower reported quality of life. CONCLUSION: The DTS-SF was found to be a valid and reliable measure with high clinical utility for quickly and accurately measuring DT.

Parent Management Training and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions: A Randomized Control Trial for Oppositional Youth.

This study examined the efficacy of Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS) in treating oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in youth by comparing this novel treatment to Parent Management Training (PMT), a well-established treatment, and a waitlist control (WLC) group. One hundred thirty-four youth (ages 7-14, 61.9% male, 83.6% White) who fulfilled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria for ODD were randomized to CPS, PMT, or WLC groups. ODD was assessed with semistructured diagnostic interviews, clinical global severity and improvement ratings, and parent report measures. Assessments were completed pretreatment, posttreatment, and at 6 months following treatment. Responder and remitter analyses were undertaken using intent-to-treat mixed-models analyses. Chronological age, gender, and socioeconomic status as well as the presence of comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity and anxiety disorders were examined as predictors of treatment outcome. Both treatment conditions were superior to the WLC condition but did not differ from one another in either our responder or remitter analyses. Approximately 50% of youth in both active treatments were diagnosis free and were judged to be much or very much improved at posttreatment, compared to 0% in the waitlist condition. Younger age and presence of an anxiety disorder predicted better treatment outcomes for both PMT and CPS. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. CPS proved to be equivalent to PMT and can be considered an evidence-based, alternative treatment for youth with ODD and their families.

Specific phobias in youth: a randomized controlled trial comparing one-session treatment to a parent-augmented one-session treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the efficacy of a parent-augmented One-Session Treatment (A-OST) in treating specific phobias (SP) in youth by comparing this novel treatment to child-focused OST, a well-established treatment. METHOD: A total of 97 youth (ages 6-15, 51.5% female, 84.5% White) who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for SP were randomized to either A-OST or OST. SPs were assessed with semistructured diagnostic interviews, clinician improvement ratings, and parent and child improvement ratings. In addition, measures of treatment satisfaction and parental self-efficacy were obtained. Blind assessments were completed pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1month and 6months following treatment. Analyses were undertaken using mixed models. In addition, gender, age, internalizing/externalizing problems, parent overprotection, and parent anxiety were examined as potential predictors and moderators of treatment outcome. RESULTS: Both treatment conditions produced similar outcomes with approximately 50% of youth in both treatments diagnosis free and judged to be much or very much improved at posttreatment and 1-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, however, the treatments diverged with OST resulting in marginally superior outcomes to A-OST, contrary to predictions. Only age of child predicted treatment outcome across the two treatments (older children did better); unexpectedly, none of the variables moderated treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Parent augmentation of OST produced no appreciable gains in treatment outcomes. Directions for future research are highlighted.

Influencia de la premedicación con esteroides sistémicos en el sangrado y visualización del campo quirúrgico durante la cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal / Effect of premedication with systemic steroids on surgical field bleeding and visibility during nasosinusal endoscopic surgery

Introducción: La rinosinusitis crónica (RSC) es la inflamación de la mucosa nasal y senos paranasales de más de 12 semanas de evolución. El éxito de la cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal (CENS) para su tratamiento depende de la correcta orientación anatómica en la región, para lo cual es vital la minimización del edema y sangrado intraoperatorio. Con este fin algunos cirujanos consideran el uso de corticosteroides sistémicos (CS) preoperatorios.El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si el uso de CS administrados preoperatorios en pacientes con RSC con o sin poliposis nasal (PN) mejora las condiciones operatorias. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado, no aleatorizado, en pacientes con RSC con o sin PN sometidos a CENS. Al primer grupo (CS) se le administró meprednisona por vía oral antes de la CENS. Los pacientes del grupo control no recibieron CS. Se analizaron campo quirúrgico, volumen total de sangre aspirada y duración total de la cirugía. Resultados: Se incluyeron 27 pacientes en cada grupo. En pacientes con RSC sin PN la administración de corticoides disminuyó los valores de todos los parámetros en estudio, sin encontrar diferencia significativa para ninguno de ellos. En el grupo con PN solo fue estadísticamente significativa la diferencia entre el sangrado intraoperatorio. Conclusión: Si bien los valores de todos los parámetros estudiados se encuentran disminuidos en alguna medida con la administración de glucocorticoides preoperatorios, solo existe una diferencia significativa con relación al sangrado intraoperatorio de pacientes con RSC con PN (AU)

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa persisting for at least 12 weeks. The success of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) depends on minimising oedema and intraoperative bleeding. For this purpose, some surgeons advocate the use of preoperative systemic steroids (SS).Our aim was to assess if the administration of preoperative SS in patients with CRS with or without nasal polyps (NP) facilitates the surgical procedure. Methods: Non-randomized clinical trial in CRS patients with or without NP. Patients in the ESS group received oral meprednisone preoperatively, whereas the control group did not. The visibility of the surgical field, intraoperative bleeding and surgery duration were recorded. Results: Each group (SS group and control group) included 27 patients. The administration of SS reduced the values of all the parameters in patients without NP, with no significant differences. In patients with NP, only operative bleeding was reduced significantly. Conclusions: Even though all the parameters decreased with the preoperative administration of SS, only operative bleeding was significantly reduced in patients with CRS with NP (AU)

Anxiety and oppositional defiant disorder: a transdiagnostic conceptualization.

This review puts forth a transdiagnostic lens through which to examine the oft-found comorbidity between anxiety and oppositional defiant disorder in children and adolescents. Children who experience these co-occurring disorders may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes. Our review begins with a broad examination of the comorbidity between anxiety and oppositionality and then highlights three underlying processes that characterize both anxiety and oppositionality: emotion regulation difficulties, information processing biases, and specific parenting practices. These underlying processes are then discussed within the context of developing a treatment to target these transdiagnostic processes for families with a child who experiences comorbid anxiety and oppositionality. Our review concludes with future directions for this emerging area of research.

Effect of premedication with systemic steroids on surgical field bleeding and visibility during nasosinusal endoscopic surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa persisting for at least 12 weeks. The success of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) depends on minimising oedema and intraoperative bleeding. For this purpose, some surgeons advocate the use of preoperative systemic steroids (SS). Our aim was to assess if the administration of preoperative SS in patients with CRS with or without nasal polyps (NP) facilitates the surgical procedure. METHODS: Non-randomized clinical trial in CRS patients with or without NP. Patients in the ESS group received oral meprednisone preoperatively, whereas the control group did not. The visibility of the surgical field, intraoperative bleeding and surgery duration were recorded. RESULTS: Each group (SS group and control group) included 27 patients. The administration of SS reduced the values of all the parameters in patients without NP, with no significant differences. In patients with NP, only operative bleeding was reduced significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Even though all the parameters decreased with the preoperative administration of SS, only operative bleeding was significantly reduced in patients with CRS with NP.

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objectives. To measure the prevalence of and identify the clinical characteristics associated with olfactory decline in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods and Materials. There is analytical, prospective, and observational study in adult patients with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The olfactory test used was the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC). Results. They are 33 patients total. Within the group of patients aged 18 to 39, 9% had normosmia, 73% hyposmia, and 18% anosmia (P < 0.001). Between 40 and 64 years old, there was no patient with normosmia, 63% hyposmia, and 37% anosmia (P < 0.001). Of patients older than 65 years old, 33% showed mild hyposmia, 34% severe hyposmia, and 33% anosmia (P < 0.001). 52% were females, and 48% were males. Conclusion. Nasal polyposis, asthma, septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, tobacco, and allergic rhinitis are predicting factors of olfactory dysfunction. Antecedents of previous endoscopic surgeries, age, and gender would not be associated with olfactory loss.

Utilidad de fibrolaringoscopía en la disfonía por tensión muscular en teleoperadores / The use of fibrolaryngoscopy in muscle tension dysphonia in telemarketersla

Introducción: La disfonía por tensión muscular (DTM) es una alteración de la voz en ausencia de patología laríngea orgánica, y sin alteraciones neurológicas o psicológicas evidentes. El hiatus posterior y la actividad supraglótica hipertónica son considerados como las manifestaciones fibrolaringoscópicas típicas de DTM, sin embargo, todavía permanece poco claro si estos patrones son específicos de esta patología. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comparar los hallazgos fibrolaringoscópicos entre pacientes teleoperadores con DTM versus individuos sin síntomas vocales. Como objetivo secundario se persiguió describir las características personales, laborales y clínicas del grupo de teleoperadores. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal. Se reclutaron 57 pacientes (28 de DTM y 29 del grupo control) a los cuales se les realizó una fibrolaringoscopia, catalogados a ciegas por un laringólogo experto en función de la clasificación de Morrison y Rammage modificada. Además se llevó a cabo un cuestionario a ambos grupos acerca de antecedentes personales y laborales. Resultados: El hiatus posterior fue más prevalente en teleoperadores con DTM, mientras que en el grupo control lo fue el hiatus longitudinal. Más del 70% de las fibroscopias del grupo control fueron informadas como patológicas. La contracción supraglótica antero-posterior fue más frecuente en pacientes sanos. Los síntomas más relatados fueron fonastenia, tensión en musculatura del cuello y esfuerzo vocal aumentado. Conclusión: La heterogeneidad en los patrones fibroscópicos laríngeos en teleoperadores con DTM, así como su presencia en personas sanas, sugiere que los mismos en forma aislada no pueden establecer el diagnóstico de DTM(AU)

Introduction: Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a voice disorder in the absence of current organic laryngeal pathology, without obvious psychogenic or neurological aetiology. The laryngeal features of MTD include a posterior glottal gap and supraglottic hyperfunctional activities; however, it remains unclear if these features are specific to MTD. This report aims to compare the laryngeal features in telemarketer patients with MTD versus non-dysphonic control subjects. Methods: We reported on an observational, analytic and transversal study. Fiberoptic nasal endoscopy was performed on 57 patients (28 telemarketers with MTD and 29 control subjects). These random-sequence videotapes were independently rated by an expert laryngologist according to the modified Morrison and Rammage classification. In addition, a questionnaire about vocal symptoms and other details was completed. Results: The posterior glottal gap was the most common feature in telemarketers with MTD, while incomplete glottal gap was observed more frequently in non-dysphonic patients. More than 70% of the videotapes were rated as pathologic. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of normal features or bowing glottal gap between patients and control subjects. Anterior-posterior supraglottic contraction was more frequent in the control group. The major symptoms found were: voice gets tired quickly, increased vocal effort and neck tension. Conclusions: The heterogeneity in the laryngeal features in telemarketers with MTD seen under fibroscopy and their presence among the non-dysphonic population suggest that they cannot determine by themselves the diagnosis of MTD(AU)

[The use of fibrolaryngoscopy in muscle tension dysphonia in telemarketers]. / Utilidad de la fibrolaringoscopía en la disfonía por tensión muscular en teleoperadores.

INTRODUCTION: Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a voice disorder in the absence of current organic laryngeal pathology, without obvious psychogenic or neurological aetiology. The laryngeal features of MTD include a posterior glottal gap and supraglottic hyperfunctional activities; however, it remains unclear if these features are specific to MTD. This report aims to compare the laryngeal features in telemarketer patients with MTD versus non-dysphonic control subjects. METHODS: We reported on an observational, analytic and transversal study. Fiberoptic nasal endoscopy was performed on 57 patients (28 telemarketers with MTD and 29 control subjects). These random-sequence videotapes were independently rated by an expert laryngologist according to the modified Morrison and Rammage classification. In addition, a questionnaire about vocal symptoms and other details was completed. RESULTS: The posterior glottal gap was the most common feature in telemarketers with MTD, while incomplete glottal gap was observed more frequently in non-dysphonic patients. More than 70% of the videotapes were rated as pathologic. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of normal features or bowing glottal gap between patients and control subjects. Anterior-posterior supraglottic contraction was more frequent in the control group. The major symptoms found were: voice gets tired quickly, increased vocal effort and neck tension. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity in the laryngeal features in telemarketers with MTD seen under fibroscopy and their presence among the non-dysphonic population suggest that they cannot determine by themselves the diagnosis of MTD.

The familial association between cigarette smoking and ADHD: a study of clinically referred girls with and without ADHD, and their families.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a strong risk factor for smoking. Since both ADHD and smoking are familial disorders, one way to further our understanding of this association is to examine the familial relationship between them. Our aim was to evaluate the familial association between ADHD and smoking in families ascertained from girls with and without ADHD. Subjects were derived from a longitudinal case-control family study of girls with (n = 140) and without (n = 122) ADHD ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric clinics, and their biological first-degree relatives. Diagnoses of ADHD and smoking (i.e., full or subthreshold nicotine dependence) were made with structured psychiatric interviews. We stratified the relatives into four groups based on probands' ADHD and smoking status: (1) relatives of controls without smoking (probands n = 100, relatives n = 317), (2) relatives of controls with smoking (probands n = 22, relatives n = 71), (3) relatives of ADHD girls without smoking (probands n = 100, relatives n = 320), and (4) relatives of ADHD girls with smoking (probands n = 39, relatives n = 133). We compared the rates of ADHD and smoking across the four relative groups using survival analysis. ADHD in the proband increased the risk for ADHD in the relatives irrespective of probands' smoking and smoking in the proband increased the risk for smoking in the relatives irrespective of probands' ADHD status. Furthermore, we found statistically significant evidence for cosegregation of smoking and ADHD, suggesting that the two disorders are transmitted together through families more often than expected by chance. These findings support the hypothesis that the combination of ADHD and smoking comprises an etiologically distinct familial subtype of ADHD in girls.

Audiologic and vestibular findings in a sample of human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected Mexican children under highly active antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: There is little information about audiologic and vestibular disorders in pediatric patients infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1). The aim of this study was to evaluate audiologic and vestibular disorders in a sample of HIV-1-infected children receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. METHODS: Patients underwent pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination testing, auditory brainstem responses, electronystagmography, and rotatory testing. HIV-1 viral load and absolute CD4+ cell counts were registered. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included, aged 4.5 years (median, range 5 months to 16 years). Pure tone audiometry was carried out in 12 children over 4 years of age: 4 (33%) showed hearing loss, 2 were conductive. Auditory brainstem responses were measured in all 23 patients, suggesting conductive hearing loss in 6 and sensorineural hearing loss in 2. Most patients with conductive hearing loss had the antecedent of acute or chronic suppurative otitis media but with dry ears at the time of evaluation (p=0.003). Abnormal prolongations of interwave intervals in auditory brainstem responses were observed in 3 children (13%, 4 ears), an abnormal morphology in different components of auditory brainstem responses in 4 (17.4%, 7 ears), and abnormal amplitude patterns in 11 patients (48%, 17 ears). Vestibular tests were abnormal in all six patients tested, with asymmetries in caloric and rotatory tests. Although differences were not significant, in general, audiologic abnormalities were more frequent in patients with more prolonged HIV-1 infections, higher viral loads, or lower absolute CD4+ cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: Conductive hearing loss associated with previous otitis media events, abnormalities in auditory brainstem responses suggesting disorders at different levels of the auditory pathways, and unilateral vestibular hyporeflexia were frequent findings in our sample of HIV-1-infected children under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. These findings suggest that HIV-1-infected children should be submitted to audiologic and vestibular evaluation as early as possible in order to reduce their impact on the psychosocial development of these patients.

Familial risk analyses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders.

OBJECTIVE: A robust and bidirectional comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychoactive substance use disorder (alcohol or drug abuse or dependence) has been consistently reported in the extant literature. METHOD: First-degree relatives from a large group of pediatrically and psychiatrically referred boys with (112 probands, 385 relatives) and without (105 probands, 358 relatives) ADHD were comprehensively assessed by blind raters with structured diagnostic interviews. Familial risk analysis examined the risks in first-degree relatives for ADHD, psychoactive substance use disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence after stratifying probands by the presence and absence of these disorders. RESULTS: ADHD in the proband was consistently associated with a significant risk for ADHD in relatives. Drug dependence in probands increased the risk for drug dependence in relatives irrespective of ADHD status, whereas alcohol dependence in relatives was predicted only by ADHD probands with comorbid alcohol dependence. In addition, ADHD in the proband predicted drug dependence in relatives, and drug dependence in comparison probands increased the risk for ADHD in relatives. Both alcohol dependence and drug dependence bred true in families without evidence for a common risk between these disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of familial risk analysis suggest that the association between ADHD and drug dependence is most consistent with the hypothesis of variable expressivity of a common risk between these disorders, whereas the association between ADHD and alcohol dependence is most consistent with the hypothesis of independent transmission of these disorders. Findings also suggest specificity for the transmission of alcohol and drug dependence.

Developmental trajectories of anxiety disorders in offspring at high risk for panic disorder and major depression.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders in children of parents with and without panic disorder and major depression as they transition through the period of risk from early to late childhood. Over a 5-year follow-up, we compared the course of psychiatric disorders in offspring of parents with panic disorder, major depression, or neither disorder. Subjects consisted of 233 offspring (from 151 families) with baseline and follow-up assessments. Subjects were comprehensively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews. Anxiety disorders at baseline were used to predict anxiety disorders and major depression at follow-up using stepwise logistic regression. Separation anxiety disorder significantly increased the risk for the subsequent development of specific phobia, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and major depression, even after parental panic and depression were covaried. Agoraphobia significantly increased the risk for subsequent generalized anxiety disorder. These findings suggest that separation anxiety disorder is a major antecedent disorder for the development of panic disorder and a wide range of other psychopathological outcomes, and that it increases the risk for subsequent psychopathology even among children already at high familial risk for anxiety or mood disorder.

Asociación de ruptura prematura de membranas con morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal tipo I / Association of premature rupture of the membranes with type I perinatal morbidity and mortality

Para determinar la asociación de ruptura prematura de membranas con la mortalidad perinatal I, su incidencia y la de las principales enfermedades relacionadas con ella, se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en el Hospital General de Zona con Unidad de Medicina Familiar Núm. 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Durango, Durango, de octubre de 1994 a febrero de 1995. Fueron considerados casos los recién nacidos que cursaron con morbilidad por ruptura prematura de membranas o que fallecieron en el periodo perinatal I. Los controles fueron recién nacidos sanos que se encontraron vivos al final del periodo perinatal I. Se registraron 2550 partos, 110 recién nacidos con antecedentes de ruptura prematura de membranas (4.31 por ciento), 17 neonatos con enfermedad (0.66 por ciento) y 66 defunciones (2.58 por ciento). Se encontró antecedente de ruptura prematura de membranas en 82.3 por ciento de los neonatos enfermos y en 4.5 por ciento de los fallecidos. La ruptura prematura de membranas estuvo asociada con la morbimortalidad con una razón de momios de 6.89 (ic 3.72-12.64). El síndrome de membrana hialina fue la enfermedad más frecuente (11.8 por ciento de recién nacidos con ruptura prematura de membranas). La principal causa de enfermedad y muerte estuvo relacionada con la prematurez y el bajo peso al nacer