Linseed oil supplementation alters milk fatty acid profile, mitigates heat stress, and improves summer milk yield in grazing dairy cows.

Dietary supplementation of fat can be an important source of energy to compensate for the reduction in dry matter intake in dairy cows during heat stress periods. Studies have reported that supplementing dairy cow diets with linseed oil (LO) can increase milk yield and enhance the levels of beneficial fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, in the milk. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of LO supplementation on milk fatty acids profile, milk yield and composition, and physiological parameters of grazing cows. The study was conducted in two seasons, one in spring and one in summer. A 2 × 2 Latin square design was used in each experiment. Twelve Holstein and crossbred Holstein x Jersey cows were involved in each season. Cows were divided into two groups: control (TC) with no supplementation and treatment (TL) supplemented with 400 g/day of LO. The results showed that LO supplementation altered the milk fatty acid profile: decreased concentrations of short and medium-chain fatty acids (C10:0 - C17:1) except for C13:0 and increased concentrations of long-chain fatty acids (C18, C18:1 (both trans and cis isomers), C18:2 (specific conjugated linoleic acid - CLA isomers), and C18:3 n3 (omega-3)). Additionally, milk yield increased by 1.5 l per day during summer in LO-supplemented cows, while milk fat, protein, and casein content decreased. Milk stability increased by 2.2% in the LO-supplemented group. LO-supplemented cows reduced internal body temperature and heart frequency in the afternoon and increased daily rumination time by 20 min. In conclusion, LO supplementation can be an effective strategy to improve the nutritional profile of milk by altering fatty acid composition towards potentially healthier fats, mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on grazing cows during summer, as evidenced by reduced body temperature and heart frequency and increase milk yield.

Variation in the content of defatted dry extract in cooling tanks milk samples of dairy farms / Variávéis relacionadas ao teor de extrato seco desengordurado em amostras de leite de tanques de resfriamento de estabelecimentos rurais

The defatted dry extract (DDE) comprises of the solid constituents of the milk, except for the fat, and must have a minimum established content of 8.4% for raw milk in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the effects of commercialized milk volume, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) on the DDE content of dairy farm milk samples. The sampling included data from monthly milk analyzes of dairy farms, which supply four dairy industries located in the state of Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, and comprised of 106.470 observations sampled in 2015.The data were submitted to variance and regression analysis. To evaluate the influence of the volume of milk commercialized by the farmers, the SCC and TBC levels, and the levels of DDE, the values of these explanatory variables were stratified in quintiles. The mean DDE was 8.55%, with 25.6% of the samples being below the established minimum. In regard to the volume of milk marketed by the farmers, seasonal variations were observed in all quintiles of dairy farms analyzed, but with lower levels of DDE in milk samples from small farms throughout the year. Samples of milk with high TBC and, especially high SCC, presented lower percentage of DDE during the year. It is concluded that the DDE content of milk is related to the season of the year, the production volume per dairy, SCC and TBC.(AU)

O extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) compreende os constituintes sólidos do leite, excetuando-se a gordura, devendo apresentar teor mínimo estabelecido de 8,4% para leite cru no Brasil. Objetivou-se avaliar efeitos do volume de leite comercializado, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre o teor de ESD em amostras de leite de estabelecimentos rurais. A amostragem contemplou dados de análises mensais de leite de estabelecimentos rurais, fornecedores para quatro laticínios localizados nos estados de Santa Catarina, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, sendo composta por 106.470 observações amostradas em 2015. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão. Para avaliar a influência do volume de leite comercializado pelos produtores, nível de CCS e nível da CBT, sobre os teores de ESD, os valores destas variáveis explanatórias foram estratificados em quintis. A média do ESD foi de 8,55%, sendo que 25,6% das amostras estavam abaixo do mínimo estabelecido. Quanto ao volume de leite comercializado pelos produtores, observou-se variação sazonal em todos os quintis de estabelecimentos rurais analisados, porém com teores mais baixos de ESD em amostras de leite de pequenos produtores ao longo de todo o ano. Amostras de leite com elevada CBT e, especialmente alta CCS, apresentaram menores percentuais de ESD durante o ano. Conclui-se que o teor de ESD do leite está relacionado com a época do ano, o volume de produção por propriedade leiteira, com a CCS e com a CBT.(AU)

Variation in the content of defatted dry extract in cooling tanks milk samples of dairy farms / Variávéis relacionadas ao teor de extrato seco desengordurado em amostras de leite de tanques de resfriamento de estabelecimentos rurais

The defatted dry extract (DDE) comprises of the solid constituents of the milk, except for the fat, and must have a minimum established content of 8.4% for raw milk in Brazil. The objective was to evaluate the effects of commercialized milk volume, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) on the DDE content of dairy farm milk samples. The sampling included data from monthly milk analyzes of dairy farms, which supply four dairy industries located in the state of Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, and comprised of 106.470 observations sampled in 2015.The data were submitted to variance and regression analysis. To evaluate the influence of the volume of milk commercialized by the farmers, the SCC and TBC levels, and the levels of DDE, the values of these explanatory variables were stratified in quintiles. The mean DDE was 8.55%, with 25.6% of the samples being below the established minimum. In regard to the volume of milk marketed by the farmers, seasonal variations were observed in all quintiles of dairy farms analyzed, but with lower levels of DDE in milk samples from small farms throughout the year. Samples of milk with high TBC and, especially high SCC, presented lower percentage of DDE during the year. It is concluded that the DDE content of milk is related to the season of the year, the production volume per dairy, SCC and TBC.

O extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) compreende os constituintes sólidos do leite, excetuando-se a gordura, devendo apresentar teor mínimo estabelecido de 8,4% para leite cru no Brasil. Objetivou-se avaliar efeitos do volume de leite comercializado, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT) sobre o teor de ESD em amostras de leite de estabelecimentos rurais. A amostragem contemplou dados de análises mensais de leite de estabelecimentos rurais, fornecedores para quatro laticínios localizados nos estados de Santa Catarina, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, sendo composta por 106.470 observações amostradas em 2015. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão. Para avaliar a influência do volume de leite comercializado pelos produtores, nível de CCS e nível da CBT, sobre os teores de ESD, os valores destas variáveis explanatórias foram estratificados em quintis. A média do ESD foi de 8,55%, sendo que 25,6% das amostras estavam abaixo do mínimo estabelecido. Quanto ao volume de leite comercializado pelos produtores, observou-se variação sazonal em todos os quintis de estabelecimentos rurais analisados, porém com teores mais baixos de ESD em amostras de leite de pequenos produtores ao longo de todo o ano. Amostras de leite com elevada CBT e, especialmente alta CCS, apresentaram menores percentuais de ESD durante o ano. Conclui-se que o teor de ESD do leite está relacionado com a época do ano, o volume de produção por propriedade leiteira, com a CCS e com a CBT.

Optic neuritis and chorioretinitis as ocular manifestations of borreliosis in Brazil: three cases reported / Neurite óptica e coriorretinite como manifestações oculares da borreliose no Brasil: três casos relatados

Abstract Lyme disease is a systemic infection caused by a tick bite and transmission of the Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete. Species of tick vectors of the disease infest mainly wild or rural animals and rodents that may be asymptomatic reservoirs of the bacteria. Characteristic of the northern hemisphere, Lyme disease in Brazil takes on different characteristics, complicating diagnosis. This paper aims to describe three cases of Lyme-like disease in a city in the state of Bahia, Brazil, with ophthalmologic findings.

Resumo A doença de Lyme é uma infecção sistêmica causada pela picada do carrapato e transmissão da espiroqueta Borrelia burgdorferi. As espécies de carrapatos vetores da doença infestam, principalmente, animais silvestres, rurais e roedores que podem ser reservatórios assintomáticos da bactéria. Característica do hemisfério norte, a doença de Lyme no Brasil assume características distintas, dificultando seu diagnóstico. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo, descrever três casos da doença Lyme símile do Brasil, com achados oftalmológicos, em município do Estado da Bahia.

Prevalence of Eimeria spp. in Broilers by Multiplex PCR in the Southern Region of Brazil on Two Hundred and Fifty Farms.

Parasitic infections caused by Eimeria species are responsible for most economic losses in poultry production. Prevalence studies can adequately assist the design of prophylaxis strategies for disease control. Therefore, stool samples from 251 flocks of broilers from 28 to 48 days old were collected in 21 municipalities in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, to detect and examine the prevalence of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria brunetti. The oocysts were recovered and quantified, and the species were identified by a multiplex PCR technique. Amplicons of seven Eimeria species originating from the PCR-positive samples were cloned. Microscopy studies demonstrated that 96% of the farms were positive for the Eimeria. Seven species were identified, as follows: E. maxima (63.7%) and E. acervulina (63.3%) were the most prevalent species, followed by E. tenella (54.6%), E. mitis (38.6%), E. praecox (25.1%), E. necatrix (24.3%), and E. brunetti (13.1%). The average number of species detected per farm was 2.96, and the most common were E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella (9.16%). The sequencing of the clones confirmed the specificity and effectiveness of multiplex PCR for the identification of seven species of Eimeria, so this tool can be useful in studying circulating species in poultry farms, thereby assisting prophylactic measures against coccidiosis.

[Study of the ocular findings in Stevens-Johnson syndrome patients from a tertiary ophthalmologic center]. / Estudo dos achados oculares na síndrome de Stevens-Johnson em pacientes de centro de referência de atendimento terciário.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the epidemiology, possible etiologic factors, complications and treatment of a group of patients with ocular complications secondary to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome were studied. The patients were examined according to the following protocol: identification, previous clinical history, systemic and ophthalmologic manifestations and possible etiologic factors. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome were identified. Fifteen patients (68%) were female, 7 (32%) male. Ten patients were caucasian (45.4%), 9 brownish (22%), 2 black (9%) and 1 yellow (4.5%). Mean age was 27.1 (8 to 62). Medications were the most commonly identified etiologic factor (90.9%), followed by skin herpetic infection (4.5%) and idiopathic (4.5%). Dipirone (36.3%) was the most frequently identified agent, followed by seizure medications (22.7%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (13.6%), sulfonamides (9.0%), penicillin (4.5%), spironolactone (4.5%) and dihydroprogestagen and stradiol (4.5%). Twenty-one patients (95.4%) had ophthalmologic complications and sixteen patients (72.7%) underwent ophthalmologic surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show important epidemiological aspects of Stevens-Johnson syndrome in our environment, specially related to age, etiology and ocular complications.

Estudo dos achados oculares na síndrome de Stevens-Johnson em pacientes de centro de referência de atendimento terciário / Study of the ocular findings in Stevens-Johnson syndrome patients from a tertiary ophthalmologic center

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a epidemiologia, os possíveis fatores desencadeantes, complicações encontradas e as variedades de tratamentos administrados a um grupo de pacientes com complicações oculares secundárias à síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. MÉTODOS: Realizado estudo prospectivo, série de casos com 22 pacientes portadores de síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. Os pacientes foram estudados seguindo um protocolo com o objetivo de se buscar uma história detalhada sobre a doença, suas manifestações sistêmicas e oftalmológicas, bem como o tratamento realizado, dando ênfase aos possíveis fatores desencadeantes. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 22 pacientes com síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. Quinze pacientes (68 por cento) eram do sexo feminino e 7 (32 por cento) do sexo masculino. Dez pacientes eram brancos (45,4 por cento), 9 pardos (22 por cento), 2 negros (9 por cento) e 1 amarelo (4,5 por cento). A média de idade foi de 27,1 anos (variação entre 8 e 62 anos). A associação com drogas foi o principal fator etiológico. Em 20 pacientes (90,9 por cento) o desenvolvimento da doença esteve associado ao uso de medicações, 1 (4,5 por cento) por infecção herpética cutânea e 1 (4,5 por cento) idiopático. A dipirona (36,3 por cento) foi o agente mais associado à síndrome de Stevens-Johnson seguido por anticonvulsivantes (22,7 por cento), anti-inflamatórios não hormonais (13,6 por cento), sulfonamidas (9,0 por cento), penicilinas (4,5 por cento), espironolactona (4,5 por cento) e anticoncepcional injetável (dihidroprogesterona e estradiol) (4,5 por cento). Vinte e um pacientes (95,4 por cento) desenvolveram complicações oculares e 16 pacientes (72,7 por cento) foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos oftalmológicos. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados observados neste estudo mostram aspectos epidemiológicos importantes da síndrome de Stevens-Johnson em nosso meio, principalmente em relação à idade, etiologia e complicações.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the epidemiology, possible etiologic factors, complications and treatment of a group of patients with ocular complications secondary to Stevens-Johnson syndrome. METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome were studied. The patients were examined according to the following protocol: identification, previous clinical history, systemic and ophthalmologic manifestations and possible etiologic factors. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome were identified. Fifteen patients (68 percent) were female, 7 (32 percent) male. Ten patients were caucasian (45.4 percent), 9 brownish (22 percent), 2 black (9 percent) and 1 yellow (4.5 percent). Mean age was 27.1 (8 to 62). Medications were the most commonly identified etiologic factor (90.9 percent), followed by skin herpetic infection (4.5 percent) and idiopathic (4.5 percent). Dipirone (36.3 percent) was the most frequently identified agent, followed by seizure medications (22.7 percent), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (13.6 percent), sulfonamides (9.0 percent), penicillin (4.5 percent), spironolactone (4.5 percent) and dihydroprogestagen and stradiol (4.5 percent). Twenty-one patients (95.4 percent) had ophthalmologic complications and sixteen patients (72.7 percent) underwent ophthalmologic surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show important epidemiological aspects of Stevens-Johnson syndrome in our environment, specially related to age, etiology and ocular complications.