RESUMO
Bats are presumed reservoirs of diverse α- and ß- coronaviruses (CoVs) and understanding the diversity of bat-CoVs and the role bats play in CoV transmission is highly relevant in the context of the current COVID pandemic. We sampled bats in Côte d'Ivoire (2016-2018) living at ecotones between anthropogenic and wild habitats in the Marahoué National Park, a recently encroached protected area, to detect and characterize the CoVs circulating in bats and humans. A total of 314 bats were captured, mostly during the rainy season (78%), and CoV RNA was detected in three of the bats (0.96%). A CoV RNA sequence similar to Chaerephon bat coronavirus/Kenya/KY22/2006 (BtKY22) was found in a Chaerephon cf. pumilus and a Mops sp. fecal swab, while a CoV RNA sequence similar to the two almost identical Kenya bat coronaviruses BtKY55 and BtKY56 (BtKY55/56) was detected in an Epomops buettikoferi oral swab. Phylogenetic analyses indicated differences in the degree of evolutionary host-virus co-speciation for BtKY22 and BtKY55/56. To assess potential for human exposure to these viruses, we conducted human syndromic and community-based surveillance in clinics and high-risk communities. We collected data on participant characteristics, livelihoods, animal contact, and high-risk behaviors that may be associated with exposure to zoonotic diseases. We then collected biological samples for viral testing from 401 people. PCR testing of these biological samples revealed no evidence of CoV infection among the enrolled individuals. We identified higher levels of exposure to bats in people working in crop production and in hunting, trapping and fishing. Finally, we used the 'Spillover' risk-ranking tool to assess the potential for viral spillover and concluded that, while there is no evidence to suggest imminent risk of spillover for these CoVs, their host range and other traits suggest caution and vigilance are warranted in people with high exposure risk.
RESUMO
Las micobacterias no tuberculosas son patógenos oportunistas capaces de producir infecciones pulmonares y extrapulmonares. El aumento de su incidencia se ha acelerado después de la aparición del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA). En este trabajo se estudiaron 40 cepas aisladas de pacientes infectados por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, A los aislamientos con significación patogénica se le aplicó el estudio de los patrones de las fracciones de ácidos micólicos. Los resultados fueron: 9 Mycobacterium avium, 8 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 4 Mycobacterium flavescens, 4 Mycobacterium smegmatis, 3 Mycobacterium marinum, 4 Mycobacterium gastri, 2 Mycobacterium gordonae, 2 Mycobacterium chelonae, 1 Mycobacterium xenopi, 1 Mycobacterium phlei, 1 Mycobacterium triviale, y 1 Mycobacterium malmoense. Sólo 5 de estas cepas estaban asociadas a cuadros clínicos: 2 Mycobacterium avium (micobacteriosis diseminada y renal respectivamente), 1 Mycobacterium gordonae (lesiones en piel), 1 Mycobacterium fortuitum (linfadenitis submaxilar), 1 Mycobacterium malmoense (linfadenitis submaxilar). Las especies más frecuentemente aisladas fueron M. avium y M. fortuitum acorde con lo revisado en la literatura. La aplicación simultánea de las técnicas convencionales y el estudio de las fracciones de ácidos micólicos ha permitido obtener resultados más confiables por lo que recomendamos su aplicación en estos estudios.
Non tuberculosis mycobacteria are opportunist pathogens whose frequency in human infections has increased after the appearance of the Acquired Immunodefficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In this work we studied 40 strains isolated from patients infected by the Human Immunodefficiency Virus and isolates with pathogenic significance were further analyzed for diagnostic confirmation by the method that studies mycolic acid fractions. After identification, the results were: 9 Mycobacterium avium, 8 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 4 Mycobacterium flavescens, 4 Mycobacterium smegmatis, 3 Mycobacterium marinum, 4 Mycobacterium gastri, 2 Mycobacterium gordonae, 2 Mycobacterium chelonae, 1 Mycobacterium xenopi, 1 Mycobacterium phlei, 1 Mycobacterium triviale, and 1 Mycobacterium malmoense. Only five of these strains were associated to clinical symptoms: 2 Mycobacterium avium (disseminated and renal mycobacteriosis respectively), 1 Mycobacterium gordonae (skin lesions), 1 Mycobacterium fortuitum (submaxilar lymphoadenitis), and 1 Mycobacterium malmoense (submaxilar lymphoadenitis). The species most frequently isolated were: M. avium and M. fortuitum, in agreement with a bibliographic revision. The simultaneous application of conventional techniques and the study of mycolic acid allowed us to obtain more trustworthy results.
