[Renal dysfunction as a marker of cardiovascular risk]. / La disfunsione renale come marcatore di rischio cardiovascolare.

The evaluation of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is suggested for the assessment of cardiovascular risk. It is unclear whether UAE and eGFR provide complementary information. UAE, eGFR, cardiovascular risk factors, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease were analyzed in 45- to 64-year-old individuals involved in the Gubbio study. UAE in the highest decile was defined as high (microng/min: > or = 18.6 in men and > or = 15.7 in women), eGFR in the lowest decile as low (mL/min/1.73 m(2): <64.2 in men and <57.9 in women). Kidney dysfunction was more frequent when defined by both markers than when defined by one marker only (UAE or eGFR) because high UAE and low eGFR tended to cluster in different individuals. The hazard ratio (HR) for incident cardiovascular disease was 1.85 in individuals with high UAE only (95%CI 1.04-3.25), 1.84 in individuals with low eGFR only (95%CI 1.04-3.26), and 5.93 in individuals with high UAE and low eGFR (95%CI 2.58-13.61). Concomitant evaluation of UAE and eGFR should be considered to adequately assess kidney dysfunction and cardiovascular risk.

Body mass index and prevalence of skin diseases in adults with untreated coeliac disease.

OBJECTIVE: Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with immune-mediated skin diseases such as dermatitis herpetiformis and others. The objective of the study was to investigate the relation of body mass index (BMI), as an index of absorptive status, with the prevalence of skin diseases in adults with untreated CD. METHODS: Anthropometry, gastro-intestinal symptoms, nutritional indices and immune-mediated skin diseases (dermatitis herpetiformis, psoriasis, aphthosis and alopecia) at diagnosis were analysed. RESULTS: 223 men and 924 women with untreated CD (aged 20-60 years) were included, the commonest skin disease was dermatitis herpetiformis (18.4 and 6.9%, respectively), the rarest one was alopecia (1.8 and 2.1%). The BMI was positively associated with male gender, age at diagnosis and nutritional indices, negatively with diarrhoea and dyspepsia (p < 0.001). A BMI difference of 3.5 (1 standard deviation) was related to an excess prevalence of dermatitis herpetiformis (odds ratio, OR = 1.46, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.23-1.72) and of psoriasis (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.10-1.79) but not of other immunological disorders. Findings were similar in analyses by gender or age group and controlled for gender and age. The relation of BMI to dermatitis herpetiformis was linear over the whole BMI range, also excluding overweight patients. The relation of BMI to psoriasis was flat for low-to-normal BMI and explained only by overweight patients. CONCLUSION: In CD at diagnosis, the BMI is positively related to the prevalence of dermatitis herpetiformis and psoriasis, not to that of other immune-mediated skin diseases.

[Early detection of chronic kidney disease: epidemiological data on renal dysfunction]. / L'identificazione precoce della nefropatia cronica: dati epidemiologici sulla disfunzione renale.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin (U-Alb) have been suggested as indicators for the early identification of persons with kidney dysfunction. The Gubbio Study collected data on serum creatinine, UAlb, other laboratory indices, blood pressure, and medical history in a population sample of 4574 adults (2083 men and 2491 women, age range 18- 95 years). The study included analyses on six disorders which are commonly associated with kidney disease (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, anemia, high serum uric acid, high serum phosphorus/low serum calcium, and high serum potassium). Low eGFR (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2) was found in 6.6% of men and 6.2% of women. Low eGFR prevalence varied largely with age (from <1% at 18-24 years up to > 30% at > or =75 years in both sexes, p<0.001). On the basis of these data, it was estimated that the prevalence of low eGFR in the whole Italian population could be 1.3 million among men (95%CI 1.1/1.5) and 1.5 million among women (95%CI 1.3/1.8). Data available only for age 45-64 indicate that 6.4% of men and 3.0% of women have high U-Alb (> or =20 microg/min) in the presence of non-low eGFR. Low eGFR was associated with at least two disorders potentially due to kidney disease in the majority of persons but was rarely associated with a previous diagnosis of kidney disease (<5% of cases). These data support the use of eGFR for the screening of people with or at risk of developing kidney disease. Awareness of kidney disease is very low in the Italian population.

Fatigue in adult coeliac disease.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is reported by many adults at the moment of diagnosis of coeliac disease and during follow-up. AIM: To evaluate the prevalence, characteristics and associations of fatigue in adult coeliac disease patients. METHODS: The investigated sample comprised adults from Campania, Italy. A total of 130 coeliac disease patients were consecutively recruited in both treated (59 on gluten-free diet) and untreated conditions (71 on normal diet). The control group was made up of 80 healthy controls. Coeliac disease patients and healthy controls underwent laboratory tests, a set of questionnaires for studying fatigue: visual analogue scale for fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome questionnaire, fatigue severity scale and a modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale. RESULTS: Coeliac disease patients showed a significantly lower body mass index than controls (P = 0.0001), lower serum iron (P = 0.04). The entire cohort of coeliac disease patients reported greater modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale score (P = 0.001), greater visual analogue scale for fatigue score (P = 0.0001) and greater chronic fatigue syndrome questionnaire score (P = 0.0001) compared with healthy controls. Coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet had a significantly higher modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale score than coeliacs on a normal diet (P = 0.001). The prevalence of pathological modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale score was 17% in all coeliac disease patients and 0% in healthy controls. A significant correlation was found between modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale score and fatigue scale scores in coeliacs on a normal diet. Presence/absence of gastrointestinal symptoms did not show any significant correlation with modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale score and fatigue scale scores. In coeliacs on a gluten-free diet, modified version of the Zung self-rating depression scale and fatigue scales scores did not significantly differ from coeliacs on a normal diet and were not related to dietetic compliance. CONCLUSION: In coeliacs, fatigue is a common finding, which ameliorates with the gluten-free diet and is strictly correlated to depression although coeliacs on a gluten-free diet showed more frequent and more severe depression symptoms than coeliacs on a normal diet.