More sensitive correlation of afferent pupillary defect with ganglion cell complex / Correlación más sensible entre el defecto pupilar aferente y el complejo de células ganglionares

Purpose: This study investigated the correlation between the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in optic neuropathy. Methods: RAPD assessment was performed using a log unit neutral density filter bar. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography RTVue-100 (Optovue) was used to examine the subjects. The optic nerve head pattern (ONH) was subdivided and identified for the purpose of the study into circumpapillary RNFLT (cpRNFLT) and peripheral circumpapillary RNFLT (pcpRNFLT). The cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT and ganglion cell complex (GCC) parameters were analyzed. Results: Eighteen females and twenty three males with asymmetric optic neuropathy and a RAPD participated. Thirty-three subjects had glaucoma and eight had optic neuropathy other than glaucoma. Significant correlations (p < 0.02) were obtained for the RAPD and the percentage difference loss of the GCC and RNFLT parameters. The grouped mean percentage difference loss for RNFLT was significantly different from that of the GCC (p < 0.001). At a 0.6 log unit RAPD, the average mean percentage difference loss was 23% for the CRNFLT, 15% for the GCC, 12% for the global loss volume percentage and 6% for the focal loss volume percentage (FLV%). Conclusions: Significant correlations between RNFLT loss for cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT and GCC parameters with RAPD were observed. Approximately a 35% higher sensitivity was obtained using GCC compared to CRNFL parameters. The expected change in GCC average for every 0.3 log unit increment was approximately 8.49 m. The FLV% corresponded more sensitively to a RAPD but appeared to be influenced by disease severity

Objetivo: Este estudio investigó la correlación entre el defecto pupilar aferente relativo (DPAR) y el grosor de la capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina (RNFLT) en la neuropatía óptica. Métodos: La valoración del DPAR se realizó utilizando una barra de filtro de densidad neutra de unidades logarítmicas. Para examinar a los sujetos se utilizó tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral RTVue-100 (Optovue). A los fines del estudio, se subdividió e identificó el patrón de la cabeza del nervio óptico (ONH) en RNFLT circumpapilar (cpRNFLT) y RNFLT circumpapilar periférico (pcpRNFLT). Se analizaron los parámetros de cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT y del complejo de células ganglionares (GCC). Resultados: Se incluyó en el estudio a dieciocho mujeres y treinta y tres varones con neuropatía óptica asimétrica y DPAR. Treinta y tres sujetos tenían glaucoma y ocho neuropatía óptica diferente a glaucoma. Se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas (p < 0,02) para DPAR y pérdida de diferencia porcentual de los parámetros GCC y RNFLT. La pérdida de diferencia porcentual media agrupada para RNFLT fue considerablemente diferente a la de GCC (p < 0,001). Para una unidad log de 0,6 de DPAR, la pérdida de diferencia porcentual media fue del 23% para CRNFLT, del 15% para GCC, del 12% para el porcentaje de volumen de pérdida global, y del 6% para el porcentaje de pérdida focal de volumen (FLV%). Conclusiones: Se observaron correlaciones significativas entre la pérdida de RNFLT para los parámetros cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT y GCC con DPAR. Se obtuvo aproximadamente un 35% de mayor sensibilidad utilizando los parámetros GCC en comparación a CRNFL. El cambio previsto en la media de GCC para cada incremento de unidad log de 0,3 fue de aproximadamente 8,49 um. El FLV% se correspondió de manera más sensible con DPAR, pero pareció verse influenciado por la severidad de la enfermedad

More sensitive correlation of afferent pupillary defect with ganglion cell complex.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the correlation between the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in optic neuropathy. METHODS: RAPD assessment was performed using a log unit neutral density filter bar. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography RTVue-100 (Optovue) was used to examine the subjects. The optic nerve head pattern (ONH) was subdivided and identified for the purpose of the study into circumpapillary RNFLT (cpRNFLT) and peripheral circumpapillary RNFLT (pcpRNFLT). The cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT and ganglion cell complex (GCC) parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Eighteen females and twenty three males with asymmetric optic neuropathy and a RAPD participated. Thirty-three subjects had glaucoma and eight had optic neuropathy other than glaucoma. Significant correlations (p<0.02) were obtained for the RAPD and the percentage difference loss of the GCC and RNFLT parameters. The grouped mean percentage difference loss for RNFLT was significantly different from that of the GCC (p<0.001). At a 0.6log unit RAPD, the average mean percentage difference loss was 23% for the CRNFLT, 15% for the GCC, 12% for the global loss volume percentage and 6% for the focal loss volume percentage (FLV%). CONCLUSIONS: Significant correlations between RNFLT loss for cpRNFLT, pcpRNFLT and GCC parameters with RAPD were observed. Approximately a 35% higher sensitivity was obtained using GCC compared to CRNFL parameters. The expected change in GCC average for every 0.3log unit increment was approximately 8.49µm. The FLV% corresponded more sensitively to a RAPD but appeared to be influenced by disease severity.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography of myopic traction maculopathy.

PURPOSE: Here we document 2 cases of macular schisis-like appearance in high myopia analyzed with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). METHODS: In Case 1, a 58-year-old patient with high myopia manifesting a recent onset of decreased vision in the right eye (OD) is presented. In Case 2, a 45-year-old patient with a lifelong history of no light perception and high myopia OD is presented. RESULTS: In Case 1, biomicroscopy found a posterior staphyloma associated with subtle retinal thickening in the patient's right eye. SDOCT confirmed the presence of macular traction associated with a schisis-like appearance. In Case 2, a posterior staphyloma associated with significant macular thickening was observed during biomicroscopy. SDOCT found macular traction and a schisis-like appearance. CONCLUSIONS: These presentations are consistent with myopic traction maculopathy. Few myopic traction maculopathy cases have been studied with SDOCT. The time domain optical coherence tomography and SDOCT analysis suggests that the etiology of this condition may be secondary to preretinal and extraretinal traction exhibited in degenerative high myopia.

Peripapillary schisis with serous detachment in advanced glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To describe features associated with the development and resolution of peripapillary retinoschisis with an underlying serous detachment in a patient with primary open angle glaucoma. This presentation occurred in the absence of an observed optic nerve coloboma, congenital, or acquired optic nerve head pit. CASE REPORT: A patient with advanced glaucomatous optic nerve cupping developed a temporally localized peripapillary serous detachment in the right eye which spontaneously resolved. RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography demonstrated an area of retinoschisis with underlying serous detachment contiguous with the temporal disc margin. Although fluorescein angiography was not performed and the presence of a peripapillary subretinal neovascular membrane could not be ruled out, an atypical coloboma, optic nerve head pit, or peripapillary subretinal neovascular membrane was not observed during biomicroscopy or scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. The retinoschisis and detachment resolved without intervention. CONCLUSION: Peripapillary retinoschisis with an underlying serous detachment may develop in subjects with advanced glaucoma. Although the occurrence of the findings in this case may be unrelated to glaucomatous optic neuropathy, the likelihood that a pathogenic mechanism linked to advanced glaucoma may be responsible for the development of peripapillary schisis and serous detachment should alternatively be taken into consideration. This case documents its spontaneous resolution without intervention.

The clinical spectrum between posterior polymorphous dystrophy and iridocorneal endothelial syndromes.

BACKGROUND: There are many conditions affecting the corneal endothelium with similar clinical appearances, though with different prognoses, management approaches, and pathophysiologic development. CASE: A 39-year-old black woman with a previous diagnosis of asymmetric corneal posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPMD) presented complaining of irritation in the left eye, worsening over the last week. On examination, her left eye had profuse edema and bullous keratopathy overlying a large placoid gray lesion at the level of the endothelium. Gonioscopy of the left eye found evidence of a membranous development extending from the endothelium to the trabecular meshwork. Examination of her right eye found a perfectly clear cornea and a normal angle. The patient subsequently had Chandler's syndrome diagnosed in the left eye, an iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, rather than PPMD. DISCUSSION: PPMD and ICE syndromes present with many similarities; these clinical entities are in fact thought to be variants of the same disease. Unlike PPMD, Chandler's syndrome is unilateral, acquired, and typically symptomatic and progressive. It also characteristically affects middle-age women. CONCLUSION: Understanding the clinical features of PPMD and ICE syndromes is important in proper diagnosis and management.

Unilateral granulomatous post-streptococcal uveitis with elevated tension.

PURPOSE: We document a presumptive case of unilateral post-streptococcal uveitis. The affected eye manifested a granulomatous anterior uveitis with elevated intra-ocular pressure (IOP) compared with the contra-lateral eye. This presentation was preceded by a recent streptococcal pharyngitis. CASE REPORT: An asymptomatic, otherwise healthy 13-year-old black female presented with anterior chamber cells, mutton fat resembling keratic precipitates, and elevated IOP in the left eye relative to the right eye. The patient had been diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis approximately 1 week before her eye examination. A blood chemistry analysis, rheumatoid profile panel and antistreptolysin antibody titer were requested. The patient was prescribed predinisolone acetate 1% ophthalmic suspension in the left eye. RESULTS: Anti-streptolysin antibody titers were significantly elevated (291 IU/ml). The patient responded favorably to topical ophthalmic steroid treatment with a reduction of IOP and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral, granulomatous anterior uveitis may be a variant manifestation of post-streptococcal uveitis. The IOP elevation in these cases may result secondary to concurrent trabeculitis.

Corneal copper deposition secondary to oral contraceptives.

PURPOSE: To document two cases of corneal pigmented rings and hypercupremia associated with estrogen-based oral contraceptive use. Other causes of corneal pigment rings including Kayser-Fleischer rings and the previously documented association of estrogens and hypercupremia are discussed. CASE REPORTS: Two healthy female patients presenting to a general optometric practice for routine examinations were found to have bilateral bluish-green corneal deposits at the level of endothelium/Descemet's membrane. The deposits were predominately in the inferior midperiphery in both patients, but formed a complete ring 3 years after initial presentation in one. Both patients were found to have abnormally elevated serum copper and elevated ceruloplasmin levels, and both were taking estrogen-based oral contraceptives. Serum copper levels returned to normal levels soon after cessation of the oral contraceptives, and subsequently re-elevated when a different oral contraceptive agent was tried. Although the pigment rings appeared different from typical Kayser-Fleischer rings, both patients were referred to gastroenterologists to rule out Wilson's disease. CONCLUSIONS: This is believed to be the first report of corneal pigment deposition and hypercupremia associated with oral contraceptive use. Recognition of these potential side effects by eye care practitioners and prescribing physicians may spare patients the expense and morbidity risk of unnecessary medical testing. Further research is needed to determine the exact nature of the deposits (presumed to be a copper compound), and whether it may be accumulating to dangerous levels in other body tissues as in Wilson's disease.

Recurrent serous macular detachment after topical ocular hypotensive medication.

We document the recurrence of a CSMD in a patient subsequent to the instillation of topical ocular hypotensive medications and its resolution on discontinuation of therapy. An independent cause or causes contributing to the development of CSMD other than the use of topical ocular hypotensive medications cannot be ruled out in this case, neither can it be considered dissociated from the use of these drugs. We recommend that patients with VTS, those with a history of CSMD or having developed recurrent episodes of CSMD requiring management with topical ocular hypotensive medications, be cautiously monitored for the possible occurrence or exacerbation of CSMD.

Choroiditis, pigment epithelial detachment, and cystoid macular edema as complications of poststreptococcal syndrome.

PURPOSE: Two cases of poststreptococcal uveitis are presented. One patient developed nongranulomatous anterior uveitis (case 1). A second patient developed nongranulomatous anterior uveitis followed by granulomatous uveitis with concurrent choroiditis, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, and cystoid macular edema (case 2). Current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal syndrome and its ocular sequelae are also discussed. CASE REPORTS: Case 1: A 31-year-old female patient presented with bilateral nongranulomatous uveitis after a recent onset of sore throat. A past diagnosis of rheumatic fever was revealed during acquisition of the patient's history. Blood chemistry analysis indicated elevated anti-streptolysin O antibody titers as the only significant elevated result. Case 2: A 33-year-old female presented initially with bilateral nongranulomatous uveitis. A history of recurrent sore throat was reported. Blood chemistry analysis revealed elevated anti-streptolysin O antibody titers only. "Mutton fat" keratic precipitates eventually developed; however, the bilateral uveitis resolved after topical cycloplegic and corticosteroid treatment. An anterior granulomatous uveitis with concurrent choroiditis, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, and cystoid macular edema ensued during a recurrent episode. Blood chemistry analysis was unremarkable at that time. CONCLUSIONS: : Anterior nongranulomatous/granulomatous and posterior uveitis should be considered clinical manifestations of poststreptococcal syndrome in patients with a clinical history and/or serological evidence indicating possible past streptococcal infection. A variation of host-genetic-predisposed immune response, the patient's human leukocyte antigen haplotype, pathogen virulence, and/or deposition location of immune circulating complexes may give rise to the diverse spectrum of clinical ocular sequelae in poststreptococcal syndrome. Poststreptococcal uveitis may comprise a similar immunologic pathogenesis to that of acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and other autoimmune diseases.