"Cutting Down on Sugar" by Non-Dieting Young Women: An Impact on Diet Quality on Weekdays and the Weekend.

Restricted sugar intake is an important part of a healthy lifestyle and may contribute to the prevention of diet-related diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate whether declared sugar restriction is reflected in actual sucrose intake and diet quality of young non-dieting women, with differentiation between the weekend and weekdays. A convenient sample of 192 non-dieting women aged 20⁻30 years old was recruited. The sample was divided into two groups based on each woman's declaration: "restricting sugar" (RS, n = 76) and "not restricting sugar" (nRS, n = 116). Comparisons between groups were made separately for seven days of the week, five weekdays and two weekend days without and with an adjustment for 2000 kcal of energy. Relative differences (RD, in %) in mean diet nutritional values between groups were calculated, where RD (%) = (RS - nRS) × 100/nRS, and were verified with a two-tailed t-test. In the seven-day diet of the RS group, in comparison to the nRS group, a lower daily intake of sucrose (by 22%) and MUFA (by 8%) and a higher content of most nutrients (by 7⁻38%) was found. No significant differences were observed in energy intake between RS and nRS women over the course of seven days, including weekdays and the weekend. Daily intake for the weekend, in comparison to weekdays, in RC and nRC women was higher with respect to energy (by 530 and 512 kcal, i.e., 37% and 34%, respectively), sucrose (44% and 23%, respectively), and most nutrients (by 17⁻98% and 16⁻42%, respectively). However, after the adjustment for 2000 kcal of energy, the daily intake of most nutrients in the weekend was lower (by 6⁻30% and 3⁻27%, in RS and nRS groups, respectively), than during weekdays. The intention to restrict sucrose has improved diet quality by decreasing sucrose intake and increasing the content of most nutrients, but had no effect on energy intake throughout the week. The quality of the women's diet during the weekend was compromised, regardless of restricting or not restricting sugar. Encouragement to restrict sugar intake throughout the week and control the food intake during the weekend may be an effective strategy for young women to maintain a healthy diet.

Selected clinical features of the head and neck in women with Turner syndrome and the 45,X/46,XY karyotype.

INTRODUCTION: A 45,X/46,XY karyotype in women with Turner syndrome (TS) is very rare. The presence of a Y chromosome in the karyotype causes phenotypic differences and increased risk for neoplastic disease, compared to TS-women with other karyotypes. Our study addresses an issue: non-genital phenotypic differences between TS-patients with a Y-chromosome of their karyotype and TS-women without it. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Results from patient history/physical examinations of the head and neck of eight TS-women and the 45,X/46,XY karyotype were compared with those observed in 164 TS-women and 30 controls. The heights of TS-groups: 142.5 ± 7.2 and 144.9 ± 7.2 cm were lower than controls (165.2 ± 6.6 cm). Participants were examined from 1995 to 2014. RESULTS: Among 28 study parameters, 15 were more frequently observed in TS women with the 45,X/46,XY karyotype compared to controls. Only abnormalities in the oral cavity and a history of childhood lymphoedema, differed significantly in the TS groups. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to the head and neck, the patient history and physical examination results of TS-women and the 45,X/46,XY karyotype and TS and other karyotypes revealed similar differences compared to controls. Compared to others TS patients, 45,X/46,XY individuals might more frequently have oral cavity soft tissue abnormalities and more rarely a history of childhood lymphoedema. (Endokrynol Pol 2017; 68 (1): 47-52).