A Longitudinal Comparison of Pharmacy Documentation Platforms Using the Technology Acceptance Model: Experiences With Opioid Risk Screening.

Background: Pharmacy practice continues to expand in scope, and technology platforms to assist with meeting the standards for documentation of billable services are needed. The ONE Program (Opioid and Naloxone Education) is an initiative centered on the community pharmacy focused on opioid risk screening for patients receiving opioid prescriptions. Objective: Opioid risk screening results and pharmacist interventions were documented using first REDCap and later the DocStation platforms. This study compared pharmacy staff experience with these 2 platforms. Methods: A survey using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was designed to compare usability, ease of use, social influence, and facilitating conditions. Results: Analyses using descriptive statistics and open-ended responses showed similar results for each platform; however, pharmacy staff indicated that REDCap required less time when entering information, whereas the DocStation platform offered elevated pharmacy practice service opportunities, management support, and available informational technology support services. Conclusion: Health care technology continues to advance in meeting the needs of expanded service provision through pharmacy. This longitudinal study shows the value of the TAM framework in identifying efficiencies and deficiencies of health care technology systems.

Examining Attitudes and Beliefs that Inhibit Pharmacist Implementation of a Statewide Opioid Harm Reduction Program.

BACKGROUND: A statewide opioid risk screening program was introduced to pharmacists to provide them with resources to screen patients who are prescribed an opioid medication. Using opioid risk screening equips pharmacists to deliver education and patient-centered interventions for opioid harm reduction. Nearly 50% of pharmacists that enrolled their pharmacy to participate in this program did not actively implement the program to patients. Little research is dedicated to examining factors which contribute to unsuccessful implementation of pharmacy-centered interventions. This research aims to describe barriers and beliefs which may hinder the ability of pharmacists to integrate innovative practices into existing workflow. OBJECTIVES: Using the theory of planned behavior, determine what attitudes and beliefs contribute to unsuccessful implementation of opioid risk screening. METHODS: A survey was developed within the context of a theoretical framework and distributed to pharmacists who did not successfully implement opioid risk screening 12 month following program inception. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control constructs of the theory of planned behavior were used to identify barriers to opioid risk screening implementation. The responses were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-three pharmacists consented to participate in this study and 17 pharmacists completed the survey (response rate 74%). Pharmacists indicated positive attitudes toward reducing negative opioid outcomes for patients using opioid medications. Positive subjective norm responses indicated a perception that patients and collaborative healthcare providers would approve of pharmacists using opioid risk screening for patients. The highest proportion of negative responses was observed in the perceived behavioral control construct which included difficulty in offering the screening and unsuccessful integration of past interventions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that perceived behavioral control of pharmacists is the most influential factor in unsuccessful implementation of opioid risk screening.