Advanced retinal imaging and applications for clinical practice: A consensus review.

Imaging is an integral part of the evaluation and management of retinal disorders. Each imaging modality has its own unique capabilities and can show a different aspect or perspective of disease. Multimodal retinal imaging provides a wealth of substantive and insightful information; however, the integration of all this complex data can be overwhelming. We discuss the applications and the strengths and limitations of the many different retinal imaging tools that are approved for clinical use. These modalities include color fundus photography, widefield imaging, fundus autofluorescence, near infrared reflectance, optical coherence tomography angiography, and en face optical coherence tomography. We also cover the advantages and disadvantages of a multimodal approach.

Long-term follow-up in enhanced s-cone syndrome.

PURPOSE: To report the long-term follow-up of a case of enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS). METHODS: Retrospective chart review. RESULTS: The patient was misdiagnosed with atypical retinitis pigmentosa at 17 years of age. Twenty-seven years of follow-up showed slow deterioration but relative preservation of vision. The most striking clinical feature was the formation of a ring of heavy round pigment clumping around the vascular arcades. Electroretinogram was reported as extinguished in advanced stages of the condition. Genetic testing revealed the most common mutation of the NR2E3 gene reported in the Goldmann-Favre syndrome/ESCS entity. CONCLUSION: Visual acuity can be relatively preserved over the course of ESCS. In advanced stages, genetic testing can be a valuable diagnostic tool.