Union of the medial clavicular epiphysis in a South African Black skeletal sample.

Current research points to an increase in the interest in and focus on the age at which the medial end of the clavicle begins and completes union in various populations worldwide. As it currently stands, no information exists for the South African population detailing the age at which this skeletal developmental marker commences or completes union. The aim of this study was to establish the age at which partial and complete unions occur and to find if there is any correlation between the age and the assigned stage score in a South African Black skeletal sample. Paired clavicles of 211 males and females (M = 101, F = 110) with ages ranging between 12 and 45 years from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons were included. A strong correlation between age and the assigned stage score was observed for both males and females (rs = 0.73). No statistically significant differences between the stage of union at the left and right clavicles were observed (p = 0.9). In this sample, partial union was commonly observed in individuals in their third decade of life; while complete union occurred more often in individuals older than 30 years of age. Assessing and recording the degree of union at the medial end of the clavicle can be a helpful additional age-at-death indicator to use when establishing an age-at-death range. However, overlap and variability between the ages of individuals categorized as either displaying signs of partial or complete union were evident.

Pulling teeth for fashion: dental modification in modern day Cape Town, South Africa.

Friedling and Morris (2005) have reported that intentional removal of incisors as a form of dental modification is relatively common in Cape Town. In this paper we further report on the style of modification and the reasons for the modification. A survey of eight adjoining areas in the northern suburbs of the Cape Town Metropole in the Western Cape was done to investigate the current prevalence of this practice. The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire. Three groups of study subjects (scholars, working people and retired people) were included to gain a perspective of the community in general. The individual ages ranged from 15 to 83-years-old. A total of 2167 individuals participated in this study. Forty one percent had modified their teeth. More males (44,8%) than females (37,9%) were involved in this practice. Six "styles" of modification were identified. The removal of the upper four incisors was by far the most common modification (93,7%). There were four reported reasons for dental modification i.e. gangsterism, peer pressure, fashion and medical (dental) or accidental. More than two thirds (69,8%) of individuals with modifications also wore dentures.

The frequency of culturally derived dental modification practices on the Cape Flats in the Western Cape.

The people living on the Cape Flats (Western Cape) have been practicing dental modification by having their incisors removed for at least 60 years. A survey, by means of a questionnaire, of eight adjoining areas in the Northern Suburbs was done to investigate the current prevalence of this practice. Three groups of study subjects (scholars, working people and retired people) were included to gain a perspective of the community in general. The individual ages ranged between 15 and 83 years old. A total of 2 167 individuals participated in this study of which 41% had modified their teeth. More males (44.8%) than females (37.9%) were involved in this practice. The percentage incidence was overwhelmingly higher in lower income areas. 'Race' and social class are both important factors. Of people who called themselves 'coloured', 74.5% modified their teeth, but 39.8% of 'blacks' and 31.6% of 'whites' within the sample had also practiced tooth removal. The frequency of tooth removal for those who identified themselves as South African was much lower (22.9%). This suggests that dental modification is a phenomenon of ethnicity and community and those who perceive themselves to be part of a broader national fabric are less likely to practice it.