Effect of fried sunflower oil intake on mandibular biomechanical competence of growing rats.

Previous studies by us demonstrated that the consumption of thermally oxidized oil diet adversely affects body growth, lipid metabolism, bone mass and femur biomechanical competence. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing fried sunflower oil on the mandible of growing rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Male Wistar rats (21±1 day old) (n=21) were assigned at weaning to one of three diets for 8 weeks: a control diet (C), a diet containing sunflower oil (SFO) or a diet containing sunflower oil that had been repeatedly heated (SFOx); both SFO and SFOx were mixed with commercial rat chow at 13% (w/w). The consistency and viscosity of the 3 diets were similar. Zoometrics and food intake were recorded weekly. At wk=8, mandibular growth was assessed by measurements of anatomical points of cleaned bones, and mandible biomechanical competence was assessed to estimate the structural properties of the bone. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v. 20.0. RESULTS: Rats fed SFOx diet attained the lowest final body weight (P=0.0074), mandibular weight (P=0.0001) and mandibular \length (P=0.0002). Load bearing capacity (Wf;N), load of yielding (Wy;N) and stiffness (Wy/dy;N/mm) of the mandible were negatively affected by both sunflower oil diets (fresh and fried) (P=0.001; P=0.002; P=0.003, respectively) though SFOx induced the most significant reduction in Wy/dy (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/ mm; P=0.003). The deleterious effect of SFOx on mandibular growth was more accentuated on the posterior part of the bone (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005); the anterior/ posterior ratio (C:1.25(0.02)=SFO:1.27(0.02)

En estudios previos hemos demostrado los efectos adversos del consumo de una dieta rica en aceite termooxidado sobre el crecimiento corporal, el metabolismo de los lípidos, la masa ósea y la competencia biomecánica del fémur. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto de una dieta rica en aceite de girasol termooxidado (AGX) sobre los parámetros morfométricos y biomecánicos de la mandíbula de rata en crecimiento. Materiales y Método: Ratas macho Wistar de 22±1 días de edad (n=21) recibieron durante 8 semanas una de 3 dietas: control (C); dieta comercial, una dieta suplementada con aceite de girasol (AG) y una dieta suplementada con AGX. La consistencia y la viscosidad de las dietas fueron similares. Los parámetros zoométricos y el consumo de dieta se registraron semanalmente. A T=8, los animales se eutanasiaron y se obtuvieron las hemimandíbulas. El crecimiento mandibular se estimó por medidas morfométricas entre puntos anatómicos y las propiedades estructurales por biomecánica. El análisis estadístico se realizó por SPSS v. 20.0. RESULTADOS: Las ratas alimentadas con AGX presentaron menor peso corporal final (p=0.0074), peso mandibular (p=0.0001) y longitud mandibular (p=0.0002). Las propiedades estructurales de la mandíbula, Wf (p=0.001), Wy (p=0.002) y Wy/dy (p=0.003), se vieron afectadas negativamente en ratas alimentadas con AG o AGX, respecto a C; pero la rigidez ósea (Wy/dy) en AGX fue significativamente menor (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/mm; p=0.003). El efecto deletéreo del AGX sobre el crecimiento mandibular fue más acentuado en la región posterior (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005). La relación anterior/posterior (C=1.25 (0.02); AG= 1.27(0.02) y AGX=1.32(0.03), p=0.001) indica que AGX indujo deformación mandibular. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto adverso del consumo de una dieta rica en AGX durante el crecimiento podría afectar los parámetros morfométricos y la biomecánica ósea en términos de rigidez ósea.

Effect of fried sunflower oil intake on mandibular biomechanical competence of growing rats / Efecto del consumo de aceite de girasol termooxidado sobre la competencia biomecánica de la mandíbula, en animales en crecimiento

ABSTRACT Previous studies by us demonstrated that the consumption of thermally oxidized oil diet adversely affects body growth, lipid metabolism, bone mass and femur biomechanical competence. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing fried sunflower oil on the mandible of growing rats. Materials and Method: Male Wistar rats (21±1 day old) (n=21) were assigned at weaning to one of three diets for 8 weeks: a control diet (C), a diet containing sunflower oil (SFO) or a diet containing sunflower oil that had been repeatedly heated (SFOx); both SFO and SFOx were mixed with commercial rat chow at 13% (w/w). The consistency and viscosity of the 3 diets were similar. Zoometrics and food intake were recorded weekly. At wk=8, mandibular growth was assessed by measurements of anatomical points of cleaned bones, and mandible biomechanical competence was assessed to estimate the structural properties of the bone. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v. 20.0. Results: Rats fed SFOx diet attained the lowest final body weight (P=0.0074), mandibular weight (P=0.0001) and mandibular /length (P=0.0002). Load bearing capacity (Wf;N), load of yielding (Wy;N) and stiffness (Wy/dy;N/mm) of the mandible were negatively affected by both sunflower oil diets (fresh and fried) (P=0.001; P=0.002; P=0.003, respectively) though SFOx induced the most significant reduction in Wy/dy (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/ mm; P=0.003). The deleterious effect of SFOx on mandibular growth was more accentuated on the posterior part of the bone (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005); the anterior/ posterior ratio (C:1.25(0.02)=SFO:1.27(0.02)<SFOx:1.32(0.03); p=0.0001) indicated that SFOx induced mandibular deformation. Conclusion: Consumption of SFOx diet during growth could affect mandibular morphometric properties and biomechanical competence, in terms of bone stiffness.

RESUMEN En estudios previos hemos demostrado los efectos adversos del consumo de una dieta rica en aceite termooxidado sobre el crecimiento corporal, el metabolismo de los lípidos, la masa ósea y la competencia biomecánica del fémur. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto de una dieta rica en aceite de girasol termooxidado (AGX) sobre los parámetros morfométricos y biomecánicos de la mandíbula de rata en crecimiento. Materiales y Método: Ratas macho Wistar de 22±1 días de edad (n=21) recibieron durante 8 semanas una de 3 dietas: control (C); dieta comercial, una dieta suplementada con aceite de girasol (AG) y una dieta suplementada con AGX. La consistencia y la viscosidad de las dietas fueron similares. Los parámetros zoométricos y el consumo de dieta se registraron semanalmente. A T=8, los animales se eutanasiaron y se obtuvieron las hemimandíbulas. El crecimiento mandibular se estimó por medidas morfométricas entre puntos anatómicos y las propiedades estructurales por biomecánica. El análisis estadístico se realizó por SPSS v. 20.0. Resultados: Las ratas alimentadas con AGX presentaron menor peso corporal final (p=0.0074), peso mandibular (p=0.0001) y longitud mandibular (p=0.0002). Las propiedades estructurales de la mandíbula, Wf (p=0.001), Wy (p=0.002) y Wy/dy (p=0.003), se vieron afectadas negativamente en ratas alimentadas con AG o AGX, respecto a C; pero la rigidez ósea (Wy/dy) en AGX fue significativamente menor (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/mm; p=0.003). El efecto deletéreo del AGX sobre el crecimiento mandibular fue más acentuado en la región posterior (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005). La relación anterior/posterior (C=1.25 (0.02); AG= 1.27(0.02) y AGX=1.32(0.03), p=0.001) indica que AGX indujo deformación mandibular. Conclusiones: El efecto adverso del consumo de una dieta rica en AGX durante el crecimiento podría afectar los parámetros morfométricos y la biomecánica ósea en términos de rigidez ósea.

Cognitive impairment related to arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease patients with severe periodontitis / Deterioro cognitivo relacionado a la rigidez arterial en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular y periodontitis grave

ABSTRACT Severe periodontal disease (SPD) associated with systemic peripheral inflammation, cognitive impairment (CI) and arterial stiffness (AS) has been recognized. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CI and arterial stiffness (AS) occur in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with SPD. A crosssectional case-control study included hospitalized patients with CVD. Demographic characteristics, CVD and atherogenic risk factors were recorded. SPD was diagnosed by clinical and radiographic dental examinations. Dental clinical attachment level (CAL) and CAL % were recorded. A Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMSE) assessed cognition, a MMSE score of < 27 was set as the cut-off point of CI; a score > 27 was considered as no CI. Patients were categorized into: MMSE<27 (cases) and MMSE>27 (controls). AS was evaluated by pulse wave velocity (PWV). Serum VCAM-1 levels were determined in a random sample. Results: This study comprised 91 patients (cases, n=26; 29.6%; controls, n=65, 71.4%); aged 73±8 vs. 73±7 years, respectively (p=0.73), of whom 53.8% and 36.9% respectively, were women; SPD was found to be a risk factor for CI; the presence of SPD increased the risk for MMSE <27 by an average 5.39 times (model 1). PWV was associated with MMSE < 27 in the three models. The risk of having MMSE < 27 increased an average of2.404-fold for each 1-unit increase in PWV SPD and AS had significant and independent associations on the risk for development CI. MMSE negatively correlated with CAL% (r=0.69) and PWV (r=0.70). PWV positively correlated with CAL% (r=0.67). Serum VCAM-1 levels were higher in SPD with lower MMSE scores. In conclusion, SPD increases the risk of development of cognitive decline in CVD patients. PWV was directly associated with the risk of cognitive decline. These findings denote a significant opportunity to improve periodontal health in order to avert CI in CVD patients.

RESUMEN La enfermedad periodontal severa (EPS) podría estar asociada a la rigidez arterial (RA) y al deterioro cognitivo (DC). Se realizó un estudio transversal de casos y controles y se investigó la presencia de RA y DC en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) y EPS. En pacientes hospitalizados con ECVse registraron las características demográficas y factores de riesgo aterogénicos. El DC se diagnosticó a través del Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Punto de corte: MMSE<27 (casos); puntaje >27 ausencia de DC (controles). La EPS fue diagnosticada clínica y radiográficamente. Se registraron el nivel inserción clínica (NIC) y NIC %. La RA fue evaluada a través de la velocidad de onda de pulso (VOP). VCAM-1 sérico se determinó en una muestra aleatoria. Se incluyeron 91 pacientes (casos,n=26; 29.6%; controles,n=65, 71.4%); edad promedio: 73±8 vs. 73±7 años, respectivamente (p=0.73); % de mujeres: 53.8 vs. 36.9, respectivamente y EPS (n=54) y ausencia de EP (noEP) en 37. MMSE< 27 en 26 pacientes; 23 de ellos, con EPS. La presencia de EPS aumentó el riesgo de MMSE< 27 en 5.39 veces (modelo 1). La VOP se asoció a MMSE< 27 (Modelo 1, 2 y 3). El riesgo de MMSE< 27 incrementó en promedio en 2.40 veces por cada aumento de unidad de VOP. EPS y RA mostraron asociaciones significativas e independientes sobre el riesgo de DC. MMSE se correlacionó negativamente con NIC % (r=0.69) y POV (r=0.70); y POV, positivamente con NIC % (r=0.67). Los niveles séricos de VCAM-1 fueron más elevados en presencia de EPS y puntajes bajos de MMSE. Puede concluirse que en pacientes con ECV y EPS, el aumento en RA incrementaría el riesgo de DC. Estos hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de promover y mantener la salud bucal para evitar el DC en pacientes con ECV.

Cognitive impairment related to arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease patients with severe periodontitis.

Severe periodontal disease (SPD) associated with systemic peripheral inflammation, cognitive impairment (CI) and arterial stiffness (AS) has been recognized. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CI and arterial stiffness (AS) occur in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with SPD. A crosssectional case-control study included hospitalized patients with CVD. Demographic characteristics, CVD and atherogenic risk factors were recorded. SPD was diagnosed by clinical and radiographic dental examinations. Dental clinical attachment level (CAL) and CAL % were recorded. A Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMSE) assessed cognition, a MMSE score of < 27 was set as the cut-off point of CI; a score ≥ 27 was considered as no CI. Patients were categorized into: MMSE<27 (cases) and MMSE≥27 (controls). AS was evaluated by pulse wave velocity (PWV). Serum VCAM-1 levels were determined in a random sample. Results: This study comprised 91 patients (cases, n=26; 29.6%; controls, n=65, 71.4%); aged 73±8 vs. 73±7 years, respectively (p=0.73), of whom 53.8% and 36.9% respectively, were women; SPD was found to be a risk factor for CI; the presence of SPD increased the risk for MMSE <27 by an average 5.39 times (model 1). PWV was associated with MMSE < 27 in the three models. The risk of having MMSE < 27 increased an average of 2.404-fold for each 1-unit increase in PWV. SPD and AS had significant and independent associations on the risk for development CI. MMSE negatively correlated with CAL% (r=0.69) and PWV (r=0.70). PWV positively correlated with CAL% (r=0.67). Serum VCAM-1 levels were higher in SPD with lower MMSE scores. In conclusion, SPD increases the risk of development of cognitive decline in CVD patients. PWV was directly associated with the risk of cognitive decline. These findings denote a significant opportunity to improve periodontal health in order to avert CI in CVD patients.

La enfermedad periodontal severa (EPS) podría estar asociada a la rigidez arterial (RA) y al deterioro cognitivo (DC). Se realizó un estudio transversal de casos y controles y se investigó la presencia de RA y DC en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) y EPS. En pacientes hospitalizados con ECV se registraron las características demográficas y factores de riesgo aterogénicos. El DC se diagnosticó a través del Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Punto de corte: MMSE<27 (casos); puntaje ≥27 ausencia de DC (controles). La EPS fue diagnosticada clínica y radiográficamente. Se registraron el nivel inserción clínica (NIC) y NIC %. La RA fue evaluada a través de la velocidad de onda de pulso (VOP). VCAM-1 sérico se determinó en una muestra aleatoria. Se incluyeron 91 pacientes (casos,n=26; 29.6%; controles,n=65, 71.4%); edad promedio: 73±8 vs. 73±7 años, respectivamente (p=0.73); % de mujeres: 53.8 vs. 36.9, respectivamente y EPS (n=54) y ausencia de EP (noEP) en 37. MMSE< 27 en 26 pacientes; 23 de ellos, con EPS. La presencia de EPS aumentó el riesgo de MMSE< 27 en 5.39 veces (modelo 1). La VOP se asoció a MMSE< 27 (Modelo 1, 2 y 3). El riesgo de MMSE< 27 incrementó en promedio en 2.40 veces por cada aumento de unidad de VOP. EPS y RA mostraron asociaciones significativas e independientes sobre el riesgo de DC. MMSE se correlacionó negativamente con NIC % (r=0.69) y POV (r=0.70); y POV, positivamente con NIC % (r=0.67). Los niveles séricos de VCAM-1 fueron más elevados en presencia de EPS y puntajes bajos de MMSE. Puede concluirse que en pacientes con ECV y EPS, el aumento en RA incrementaría el riesgo de DC. Estos hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de promover y mantener la salud bucal para evitar el DC en pacientes con ECV.

Oxidative stress response to air particle pollution in a rat nutritional growth retardation model.

Air pollution consisting of gases and particulate matter-(PM) represents a health problem in cities worldwide. However, air pollution does not impact equally all individuals, as children appear to be more vulnerable subpopulations. Air pollution and malnutrition are two distinct factors that have been associated with oxidative damage. Therefore, the interaction between environmental exposure and nutritional status in populations at risk needs to be explored. The aim of this study was to examine oxidative metabolism in lung, heart and liver in malnourished young rats exposed to residual oil fly ash (ROFA). A Nutritional Growth Retardation (NGR) model was developed in weanling male rats placed on a 20% restricted balanced diet for 4 weeks. Then, NGR and control rats were intranasally instilled with either ROFA (1mg/kg BW) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Twenty-four hr post-exposure lung, heart and liver were excised, and serum collected. ROFA induced lung and liver inflammation in control and NGR animals as evidenced by lung polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment and alveolar space reduction accompanied by liver lymphocyte and binucleated hepatocyte level increase. In lung and liver, antioxidant defense mechanisms reduced lipoperoxidation. In contrast, only in NGR animals did ROFA exposure alter heart oxidative metabolism leading to lipid peroxidation. Although histological and biochemical tissue alterations were detected, no marked changes in serum liver and heart systemic biomarkers were observed. In conclusion, NGR animals responded differently to PM exposure than controls suggesting that nutritional status plays a key role in responsiveness to ambient air contaminants.

Efficacy of phytosterols and fish-oil supplemented high-oleic-sunflower oil rich diets in hypercholesterolemic growing rats.

Phytosterols (P) and fish-oil (F) efficacy on high-oleic-sunflower oil (HOSO) diets were assessed in hypercholesterolemic growing rats. Controls (C) received a standard diet for 8 weeks; experimental rats were fed an atherogenic diet (AT) for 3 weeks, thereafter were divided into four groups fed for 5 weeks a monounsaturated fatty acid diet (MUFA) containing either: extra virgin olive oil (OO), HOSO or HOSO supplemented with P or F. The diets did not alter body weight or growth. HOSO-P and HOSO-F rats showed reduced total cholesterol (T-chol), non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-chol) and triglycerides and increased HDL-chol levels, comparably to the OO rats. Total body fat (%) was similar among all rats; but HOSO-F showed the lowest intestinal, epididymal and perirenal fat. However, bone mineral content and density, and bone yield stress and modulus of elasticity were unchanged. Growing hypercholesterolemic rats fed HOSO with P or F improved serum lipids and fat distribution, but did not influence material bone quality.

Monounsaturated fatty acids-rich diets in hypercholesterolemic-growing rats.

The effects of replacing dietary saturated fat by different monounsaturated fatty acid (ω-9MUFA) sources on serum lipids, body fat and bone in growing hypercholesterolemic rats were studied. Rats received one of the six different diets: AIN-93G (control, C); extra virgin olive oil (OO) + C; high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) + C or atherogenic diet (AT) for 8 weeks; the remaining two groups received AT for 3 weeks and then, the saturated fat was replaced by an oil mixture of soybean oil added with OO or HOSO for 5 weeks. Rats consuming MUFA-rich diets showed the highest body fat, hepatic index and epididymal, intestinal and perirenal fat, and triglycerides. T-chol and non-HDL-chol were increased in HOSO rats but decreased in OO rats. Bone mineral content and density were higher in both OO and HOSO groups than in AT rats. This study casts caution to the generalization of the benefits of MUFA for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

mRNA of cytokines in bone marrow and bone biomarkers in response to propranolol in a nutritional growth retardation model.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess mRNA of IL-6, TNFα and IL-10 cytokines in bone marrow, possible mediators involved in altered bone remodeling with detrimental consequences on bone quality in NGR (Nutritional growth retardation) rats. METHODS: Weanling male Wistar rats were assigned either to control (C) or experimental group (NGR) (n=20 each). C and NGR groups were assigned to 2 groups according to receiving saline solution (SS) or propranolol hydrochloride (P): C, C+P (CP), NGR or NGR+P (NGRP). For 4 weeks, NGR and NGRP rats received 80% of the amount of food consumed by C and CP, respectively, the previous day, corrected by body weight. P (7 mg/kg/day) was injected ip 5 days/week, for 4 weeks in CP and NGRP rats. Body weight and length were recorded. After 4 weeks, blood was drawn. Femurs were dissected for RNA isolation from bone marrow and mRNA of cytokines assays. RESULTS: Food restriction induced a significant negative effect on body growth in NGR and NGRP rats (p<0.001). P had no effects on zoometric parameters (p>0.05). CTX-I increased in NGR rats vs. C (p<0.001), but diminished in NGRP (p<0.01). Serum osteocalcin, PTH, calcium and phosphate levels remained unchanged between groups (p>0.05). In NGR, bone marrow IL-6 mRNA and IL-10 mRNA levels were low as compared to other groups (p<0.05). In contrast, bone marrow TNF-α mRNA levels were significantly high (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidences that NGR outcomes in a bone marrow proinflammatory microenvironment leading to unbalanced bone remodeling by enhancement of bone resorption reverted by propranolol.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factor in overweight and obese children.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight/ obese children and adolescents. METHODOLOGY: The study included 139 healthy white Argentinean children/adolescents (aged 8-14 years) who were overweight (n = 30) or obese (n = 109), based on BMI z score according to WHO, 2007. Children were referred to the Nutrition Clinic, San Martin University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina for evaluation and treatment. Dyslipidemia was considered when one or more serum lipids (mg/dL) were out of range: total cholesterol ≥ 200, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) ≤ 40, triglycerides (TG) > 110, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) > 130 or non-HDL-C > 145 and fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 110. Additional metabolic syndrome risk factors included: increased waist circumference (WC, ≥ 90th percentile) and high blood pressure (> 90th percentile). A history of low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) and a family history of: dyslipidemia (FHDL), premature acute myocardial infarction (FHPAMI) and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (FHT2DM) were also assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among overweight and obese children was 50.4% and its pattern was: hypertriglyceridemia 31.9%, low HDL-C 29.7%, high non-HDL-C 15.8%, hypercholesterolemia 11.9%, and elevated LDL-C 10.7%. The dyslipidemia was more often detected among those with increased WC (55.4%), FHDL (51.1%), and FHT2DM (48%); prevalence was lower in those with FHPAMI (18.7%) and low birth weight (4.3%). Most children presented a variety of metabolic syndrome risk factors; only 25.8% did not have any such alterations identified. BMI z score showed a positive association with TG and negative with HDL-C. Overweight and obesity increased the odds ratios of metabolic syndrome risk factors, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese children were prone to have dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Excess body weight is an important harbinger of health that requires the assessment of multiple parameters to discern further health concerns that may be amenable to specific treatment.

Oxidative stress assessed in saliva from patients with acute myocardial infarction. A preliminary study.

UNLABELLED: There is evidence that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with increasing production of reactive oxygen species and tissue injury. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of oxidative stress indices in saliva 24 and 48h after AMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective study comparing salivary levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with AMI with elevation of the ST segment in electrocardiogram versus clinically healthy subjects. Oxidative stress indices including the rate of oxidation of 2'7' dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) were evaluated in saliva from patients with AMI at 24 and 48 hours. At each sampling time, blood was drawn for serum markers of myocardial infarction. RESULTS: This study included ten patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ten clinically healthy controls. Mean age was 67.8 +/- 11.1 vs. 48.7 +/- 4.1 years (p < 0.001) and gender was 60% male vs. 50% (p > 0.05) for AMI vs. controls, respectively. Our results demonstrated an increase in the rate of oxidation of DCFH-DA in the myocardial infarction group as compared with controls (p = 0.004), which remained unchanged at 48h. There was no difference in salivary catalase activity between controls and AML subjects at 24h or at 48h post-diagnosis (p = 0.157). The relationship between CAT48 and DCFH-DA48 was fairly significant (r = 0.39; p = 0.053). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study showed that biomarkers of oxidative stress are detectable in saliva of patients with acute myocardial infarction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Future studies using a larger population are needed to confirm these observations and to explore the possibility of using the saliva to monitor evolving diagnosis and prognosis in acute coronary syndrome.

Low protein intake magnifies detrimental effects of ovariectomy and vitamin D on bone.

Protein-induced changes in bone and calcium homeostasis could potentially be greater in the elderly and in women at risk for osteoporosis. We hypothesize that a low protein intake would magnify the negative changes in bone metabolism seen in vitamin D (vitD) insufficiency and/or estrogen deficiency. The present study was undertaken to better understand how a low protein diet along with vitD insufficiency could affect bone metabolism using a rodent ovariectomized (OVX) model. Rats (n = 60) underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or sham operation. The first 15 days after surgery, all rats were fed a standard rodent diet. Thereafter, rats (n = 10/group) were fed a low protein diet (LP; 2.5 %) or a control diet (NP; 12.5 %) with 100 IU% vitD (+D; cholecalciferol) or without vitD (-D) for 45 days. The groups were as follows: SHAM + NP + D (control); SHAM + LP + D; SHAM + LP - D; OVX + NP + D; OVX + LP + D; OVX + LP - D. Body weight (BW) of control and OVX + NP + D groups increased while those feeding the LP diet, independently of vitD feedings, decreased (p < 0.05). The OVX + LP - D group presented the lowest serum Ca, phosphorus and osteocalcin levels and the highest CTX levels (p < 0.05). At the end of the study, total skeleton bone mineral content, proximal tibia bone mineral density, bone volume and trabecular number levels decreased as follows: SHAM + NP + D (controls) > SHAM + LP + D > OVX + NP + D > SHAM + LP - D > OVX + LP + D > OVX + LP - D (p < 0.05). A low protein diet negatively affected bone mass and magnified the detrimental effects of vitD and/or estrogen deficiencies.

Oxidative stress assessed in saliva from patients with acute myocardial infarction: a preliminary study

Existe evidencia que permite establecer una asociación entre la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno y el daño tisular en el síndrome coronario agudo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue detectaren saliva de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), la presencia de reactantes de estrés oxidativo a las 24 y 48 horas. Materiales y métodos: se efectuó un estudio prospectivo de comparación entre pacientes con IAM con supradesnivel del segmento STen el electrocardiograma y sujetos sin patología clínica evidente. Laproducción de especies reactivas de oxígeno fue evaluada mediantela tasa de oxidación de la 2’7’ diacetato de diclorohidrofluoreceina (DCFH-DA) y la actividad antioxidante de la enzima catalasa (CAT) en saliva de pacientes con IAM a las 24 y 48 h de producido el síndrome coronario agudo. Simultáneamente, se determinaron en suero los biomarcadores diagnósticos de IAM. Resultados: se incorporaron10 pacientes con IAM con supradesnivel del ST que fueron comparados con 10 sujetos del grupo control. La edad promedio fue 67.8 ± 11.1 vs 48.7 ± 4.1 años, respectivamente (p<0.001); el 60 por ciento vs 50 por ciento fueron hombres sin diferencias entre ambos grupos (p>0.05). La media de la velocidad de oxidación de la DCFH-DA fue mayor a las 24 h en los pacientes con IAM (p=0.004). Estas diferencias semantuvieron a las 48 h del infarto sin cambios significativos. No se encontraron diferencias en las medias de actividad de la enzima catalasa entre IAM y control (p>0.05). Se encontró una relación entre CAT48 y DCFH-DA48 (r=0.39; p=0.053). Conclusiones: Enesta población se han detectado reactantes de estrés oxidativo ensaliva de pacientes con IAM. Relevancia clínica: nuevos estudios con mayor número de casos serán necesarios para confirmar estas observaciones y evaluar la utilidad de la saliva en el diagnóstico,evolución y pronóstico del síndrome coronario agudo.

There is evidence that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is asso-ciated with increasing production of reactive oxygen species andtissue injury. The aim of this study was to assess the presence ofoxidative stress indices in saliva 24 and 48h after AMI. Materialsand methods: We designed a prospective study comparing sali-vary levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with AMIwith elevation of the ST segment in electrocardiogram versus clin-ically healthy subjects. Oxidative stress indices including the rateof oxidation of 2’7’ dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT)were evaluated in saliva from patients with AMI at 24 and 48hours. At each sampling time, blood was drawn for serum mark-ers of myocardial infarction. Results: This study included tenpatients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctionand ten clinically healthy controls. Mean age was 67.8 ± 11.1 vs.48.7 ± 4.1 years (p<0.001) and gender was 60% male vs. 50%(p>0.05) for AMI vs. controls, respectively. Our results demon-strated an increase in the rate of oxidation of DCFH-DA in themyocardial infarction group as compared with controls (p=0.004),which remained unchanged at 48h. There was no difference insalivary catalase activity between controls and AMI subjects at24h or at 48h post-diagnosis (p=0.157). The relationship betweenCAT48and DCFH-DA48was fairly significant (r=0.39; p=0.053).Conclusion: This preliminary study showed that biomarkers ofoxidative stress are detectable in saliva of patients with acutemyocardial infarction. Clinical Relevance: Future studies using alarger population are needed to confirm these observations and toexplore the possibility of using the saliva to monitor evolving diag-nosis and prognosis in acute coronary syndrome.

Oxidative stress assessed in saliva from patients with acute myocardial infarction. A preliminary study. / Oxidative stress assessed in saliva from patients with acute myocardial infarction. A preliminary study.

UNLABELLED: There is evidence that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with increasing production of reactive oxygen species and tissue injury. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of oxidative stress indices in saliva 24 and 48h after AMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a prospective study comparing salivary levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with AMI with elevation of the ST segment in electrocardiogram versus clinically healthy subjects. Oxidative stress indices including the rate of oxidation of 27 dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) were evaluated in saliva from patients with AMI at 24 and 48 hours. At each sampling time, blood was drawn for serum markers of myocardial infarction. RESULTS: This study included ten patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ten clinically healthy controls. Mean age was 67.8 +/- 11.1 vs. 48.7 +/- 4.1 years (p < 0.001) and gender was 60

male vs. 50

(p > 0.05) for AMI vs. controls, respectively. Our results demonstrated an increase in the rate of oxidation of DCFH-DA in the myocardial infarction group as compared with controls (p = 0.004), which remained unchanged at 48h. There was no difference in salivary catalase activity between controls and AML subjects at 24h or at 48h post-diagnosis (p = 0.157). The relationship between CAT48 and DCFH-DA48 was fairly significant (r = 0.39; p = 0.053). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study showed that biomarkers of oxidative stress are detectable in saliva of patients with acute myocardial infarction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Future studies using a larger population are needed to confirm these observations and to explore the possibility of using the saliva to monitor evolving diagnosis and prognosis in acute coronary syndrome.

Oxidative stress assessed in saliva from patients with acute myocardial infarction: a preliminary study

Existe evidencia que permite establecer una asociación entre la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno y el daño tisular en el síndrome coronario agudo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue detectaren saliva de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), la presencia de reactantes de estrés oxidativo a las 24 y 48 horas. Materiales y métodos: se efectuó un estudio prospectivo de comparación entre pacientes con IAM con supradesnivel del segmento STen el electrocardiograma y sujetos sin patología clínica evidente. Laproducción de especies reactivas de oxígeno fue evaluada mediantela tasa de oxidación de la 2Æ7Æ diacetato de diclorohidrofluoreceina (DCFH-DA) y la actividad antioxidante de la enzima catalasa (CAT) en saliva de pacientes con IAM a las 24 y 48 h de producido el síndrome coronario agudo. Simultáneamente, se determinaron en suero los biomarcadores diagnósticos de IAM. Resultados: se incorporaron10 pacientes con IAM con supradesnivel del ST que fueron comparados con 10 sujetos del grupo control. La edad promedio fue 67.8 ± 11.1 vs 48.7 ± 4.1 años, respectivamente (p<0.001); el 60 por ciento vs 50 por ciento fueron hombres sin diferencias entre ambos grupos (p>0.05). La media de la velocidad de oxidación de la DCFH-DA fue mayor a las 24 h en los pacientes con IAM (p=0.004). Estas diferencias semantuvieron a las 48 h del infarto sin cambios significativos. No se encontraron diferencias en las medias de actividad de la enzima catalasa entre IAM y control (p>0.05). Se encontró una relación entre CAT48 y DCFH-DA48 (r=0.39; p=0.053). Conclusiones: Enesta población se han detectado reactantes de estrés oxidativo ensaliva de pacientes con IAM. Relevancia clínica: nuevos estudios con mayor número de casos serán necesarios para confirmar estas observaciones y evaluar la utilidad de la saliva en el diagnóstico,evolución y pronóstico del síndrome coronario agudo.(AU)

There is evidence that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is asso-ciated with increasing production of reactive oxygen species andtissue injury. The aim of this study was to assess the presence ofoxidative stress indices in saliva 24 and 48h after AMI. Materialsand methods: We designed a prospective study comparing sali-vary levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with AMIwith elevation of the ST segment in electrocardiogram versus clin-ically healthy subjects. Oxidative stress indices including the rateof oxidation of 2Æ7Æ dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT)were evaluated in saliva from patients with AMI at 24 and 48hours. At each sampling time, blood was drawn for serum mark-ers of myocardial infarction. Results: This study included tenpatients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctionand ten clinically healthy controls. Mean age was 67.8 ± 11.1 vs.48.7 ± 4.1 years (p<0.001) and gender was 60% male vs. 50%(p>0.05) for AMI vs. controls, respectively. Our results demon-strated an increase in the rate of oxidation of DCFH-DA in themyocardial infarction group as compared with controls (p=0.004),which remained unchanged at 48h. There was no difference insalivary catalase activity between controls and AMI subjects at24h or at 48h post-diagnosis (p=0.157). The relationship betweenCAT48and DCFH-DA48was fairly significant (r=0.39; p=0.053).Conclusion: This preliminary study showed that biomarkers ofoxidative stress are detectable in saliva of patients with acutemyocardial infarction. Clinical Relevance: Future studies using alarger population are needed to confirm these observations and toexplore the possibility of using the saliva to monitor evolving diag-nosis and prognosis in acute coronary syndrome.(AU)

Dyslipidemia is not associated with cardiovascular disease risk in an animal model of mild chronic suboptimal nutrition.

Previous studies performed in an experimental model of nutritional growth retardation (NGR) have observed metabolic adaptation. We hypothesized that changes in lipid-lipoprotein profile, glucose, and insulin levels occur, whereas overall body growth is reduced.The aim of this study was to assess serum lipid-lipoprotein profile, hepatogram, insulinemia and glycemia, and CVD risk markers in rats fed a suboptimal diet. Weanling male rats were assigned either to control (C) or NGR group. In this 4-week study, C rats were fed ad libitum a standard diet, and NGR rats received 80% of the amount of food consumed by C. Zoometric parameters, body fat content, serum lipid-lipoprotein profile, hepatogram, insulinemia, and glycemia were determined, and the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and homeostasis model assessment and ß-cell function were calculated. Suboptimal food intake induced a significant decrease in body weight and length, which were accompanied by a reduction of 50% in body fat mass. Serum lipoproteins were significantly higher in NGR rats, with the exception of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which remained unchanged. Nutritional growth retardation rats had decreased triglycerides compared with C rats. No significant differences were detected in liver function parameters. The CVD risk markers homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance and homeostasis model assessment and ß-cell function were significantly lower in NGR rats. Mild chronic suboptimal nutrition in weanling male rats led to growth retardation and changes in the lipid-lipoprotein profile, glucose, and insulin levels while preserving the integrity of liver function. These data suggest a metabolic adaptation during suboptimal food intake, which ensures substrates flux to tissues that require constant energy-in detriment to body growth. The CVD risk markers suggested that mild chronic food restriction of approximately 20% could provide protection against this degenerative disease.

High-fat diets affect energy and bone metabolism in growing rats.

BACKGROUND: High-fat diets are usually associated with greater weight (W) gain and body fat (BF). However, it is still unclear whether the type and amount of fat consumed influence BF. Additionally, dietary fat intake may also have consequences on skeletal health. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in healthy growing rats the effects of high-fat diets and type of dietary fat intake (saturated or vegetable oils) on energy and bone metabolism. METHODS: At weaning, male Wistar rats (n = 50) were fed either a control diet (C; fat = 7% w/w) or a high-fat diet (20% w/w) containing either: soybean oil, corn oil (CO), linseed oil (LO), or beef tallow (BT) for 8 weeks. Zoometric parameters, BF, food intake and digestibility, and total and bone alkaline phosphatase (b-AP) were assessed. Total skeleton bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC), BMC/W, spine BMD, and bone volume (static-histomorphometry) were measured. RESULTS: Animals fed BT diet achieved lower W versus C. Rats fed high-fat vegetable oil diets showed similar effects on the zoometric parameters but differed in BF. BT showed the lowest lipid digestibility and BMC. In contrast, high vegetable oil diets produced no significant differences in BMC, BMC/W, BMD, spine BMD, and bone volume. Marked differences were observed for LO and BT groups in b-AP and CO and BT groups in bone volume. CONCLUSION: BT diet rich in saturated fatty acids had decreased digestibility and adversely affected energy and bone metabolisms, in growing healthy male rats. There were no changes in zoometric and bone parameters among rats fed high vegetable oil diets.

Salivary bone turnover markers in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: daily and seasonal rhythm.

No studies had investigated circadian and circannual rhythms of bone biomarkers in whole saliva. We evaluated the salivary daily and seasonal rhythm of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and bone alkaline phosphatase (b-ALP). Forty clinical and oral healthy ambulatory pre- and postmenopausal women from two southern Argentine cities: Comodoro Rivadavia (latitude 45º S) and Ushuaia (latitude 54º S) were included in the study. CTX levels were evaluated in serum, urine, and saliva, and b-ALP levels were measured in serum and saliva. In both groups of women, salivary CTX showed a maximum percentage of change early in the morning (80%) and a minimum in the late afternoon (45%), similarly to the pattern observed in urinary samples. No daily rhythm was observed in serum or salivary b-ALP. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels decreased in winter vs. summer (p < 0.01) without differences between the two studied groups. Conversely, parathormone reached higher levels in winter (p < 0.05) which induced a slight non-significant increment in salivary CTX and b-ALP levels. The results showed that, as in serum and urinary samples, salivary CTX exhibits daily and a slight seasonal rhythmicity. Whole non-stimulated saliva is a useful tool to detect several oral and systemic diseases because it has important advantages compared to serum and urinary samples. Then, it may also be a promising sample to test changes in bone metabolism contributing to diagnose and to monitor the therapy of several metabolic bone diseases.

The use of ozone to lighten teeth. An experimental study.

Tooth-whitening agents are available for therapeutic use in the dental office or at home. However, whitening more severe stains, such as those caused by systemic ingestion of tetracycline, constitutes a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an experimental model of growing rats, the efficacy of using ozone to lighten tetracycline-stained incisors. At weaning, male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two control groups, C2, and C60 (n=8, each) were used to document the usual age-related color. The third group (n=24) received 0.25 g% of oxytetracycline (0) until 60 days of age. These rats were subsequently divided into three further groups: O0, O3 and O5 (n=8, each). These rats were anesthetized; O3 and O5 groups received ozone application to the lower incisors for 3 (group O3) or 5 minutes (group O5), respectively; while O0 did not receive the ozone treatment. Teeth were then photographed and the incisors from the control (C60) and treatment groups (O0, O3 and O5) were cut, and compared to a standard color guide (there were eight shades numbered 0 to 7, lightest to darkest) to assess the hue visually. The teeth were then placed in phosphoric acid to quantify the color by spectrophotometry. The data (mean +/- SD) were analyzed by One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test or Dunnett test. The visual observation, analyzed blindly by one investigator showed that O3 and O5 groups had diminished yellowing of the teeth as compared to the untreated O0 group (P < 0.001). The color quantified by spectrophotometry also detected significant differences among groups (O3 < O0, P < 0.01; O5 < O0, P < 0.001 and O5 < 03, P < 0.01). C21 and C60 were significantly different among groups (P < 0.001). This is the first experimental study to show that ozone can be successfully used for lightening the yellowish tinge of tetracycline-stained rat incisors. Further studies are required for its potential use in the dental clinic.

The use of ozone to lighten teeth: An experimental study

Tooth-whitening agents are available for therapeutic use in the dental office or at home. However, whitening more severe stains, such as those caused by systemic ingestion of tetracycline, constitutes a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an experimental model of growing rats, the efficacy of using ozone to lighten tetracycline-stained incisors. At weaning, male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two control groups, C21 and C60 (n=8, each) were used to document the usual age-related color. The third group (n=24) received 0.25 g% of oxytetracycline (O) until 60 days of age. These rats were subsequently divided into three further groups: O0, O3 and O5 (n=8, each). These rats were anesthetized; O3 and O5 groups received ozone application to the lower incisors for 3 (group O3) or 5 minutes (group O5), respectively; while O0 did not receive the ozone treatment. Teeth were then photographed and the incisors from the control (C60) and treatment groups (O0, O3 and O5) were cut, and compared to a standard color guide (there were eight shades numbered 0 to 7, lightest to darkest) to assess the hue visually. The teeth were then placed in phosphoric acid to quantify the color by spectrophotometry. The data (mean ± SD) were analyzed by One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test or Dunnett test. The visual observation, analyzed blindly by one investigator, showed that O3 and O5 groups had diminished yellowing of the teeth as compared to the untreated O0 group (P<0.001). The color quantified by spectrophotometry also detected significant differences among groups (O3 < O0, P<0.01; O5 < O0,P < 0.001 and O5 < O3, P<0.01). C21 and C60 were significantly different among groups (P<0.001). This is the first experimental study to show that ozone can be successfully used for lightening the yellowish tinge of tetracycline- stained rat incisors. Further studies are required for its potential use in the dental clinic.

Los agentes blanqueadores dentales estan disponibles para tratamientos que se realizan en el consultorio odontologico o en el domicilio. Sin embargo, aclarar manchas severas, como las causadas por la ingestion sistemica de tetraciclina, constituyen un desafio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en un modelo experimental de ratas en crecimiento, la eficiencia del uso de ozono para aclarar los incisivos oscurecidos por el uso de tetraciclina. Ratas macho Wistar al destete (N=40) fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de tres grupos. Dos de ellos grupos controles, C21 y C60 (N=8, cada uno), para documentar el color habitual de los incisivos, correspondiente a la edad del animal. El tercer grupo (N = 24) recibio 0,25 % de oxitetraciclina (O) hasta los 60 dias de edad. Entonces, el grupo O se dividio aleatoriamente en tres grupos O0, O3 y O5 (N = 8, cada uno) y las ratas se anestesiaron. Los grupos O3 y O5 recibieron en los incisivos inferiores la aplicacion de ozono durante 3 y 5 minutos, respectivamente; mientras que O0 no recibio tratamiento. Los incisivos de C60, O0, O3 y O5 fueron fotografiados. Luego se cortaron y se contrastaron con una guia estandar de ocho colores (ordenados de 0 a 7, desde el mas claro a mas oscuro) para cuantificar visualmente el color de los incisivos. Luego, se colocaron en acido fosforico para cuantificar el color por espectrofotometria. Los resultados (media ± SD) se analizaron por medio de ANOVA y prueba de Tukey o Dunnett (α =0.05) para determinar el efecto del tratamiento. El analisis visual de las imagenes mostro que los grupos O3 y O5 disminuyeron el color amarillo intenso respecto a O0. Dicha diferencia de color fue evaluada a traves de la guia (G) y cuantificada mediante espectrofotometria (E). Segun G, la mayor diferencia de color respecto a C60 fue para O0 (P<0.001), disminuyo en O3 (P<0.001) y aun mas en O5 (P<0.01). De acuerdo a E, O3

Estudio de la percepción del peso corporal en tres grupos de estudiantes universitarios de Argentina y España / Study of body weight perception in three groups of university students from Argentina and Spain

Objetivo: comparar los datos antropométricos y la percepción del propio peso (imagen corporal) en estudiantes universitarios de carreras relacionadas con el área Salud, de dos ciudades de dos países de habla hispana, según género, ciudades y países. Población y Método: se realizó una encuesta a 879 estudiantes universitarios, de 18 a 24 años de edad, de Barcelona (España) y Buenos Aires (Argentina), pertenecientes a las siguientes facultades: Veterinaria (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, UAB) (n= 495), Agricultura (Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, UPC) (n= 249) y Odontología (Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA) (n= 135). Se distribuyó un cuestionario autoadministrado, en el horario de clase de una asignatura troncal de cada curso, que incluyó datos personales, antropométricos y algunas preguntas relacionadas con sus creencias y motivaciones acerca de hábitos saludables. Resultados: Se han encontrado diferencias entre género, entre facultades y entre países. El IMC de la población total fue: mujeres: 21.1± 5.1; varones: 22.7± 2.7. El porcentaje de mujeres con Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) inferior a 18,5 fue similar en los 3 grupos de estudiantes (12,3 a 15,7). El 64% del total de las mujeres universitarias presentaron disconformidad con su peso y deseos de adelgazar. La población de estudiantes con IMC adecuado que deseaba perder peso fue (% e IC 95%): UAB: 76.2% (58.0%-94.4%), UPC: 67.9% (50.9%-85.2%); UBA: 72.2% (51.5%-92.9%). El intento previo de reducir el peso fue de 61% en mujeres vs. 32% en varones (p<0,001) y la población argentina es la que más se deja aconsejar por un profesional. Las estudiantes con IMC<18.5 también manifestaron el deseo de perder peso (UAB=34%; UPC=46%; UBA=39%). Conclusión: la educación nutricional debería ser utilizada como una herramienta para modificar actitudes tendientes a mejorar la percepción de la imagen y peso corporales, la nutrición y las prácticas alimentarias.