[Parameters of cardiac muscle repolarization on the electrocardiogram when changing anatomical and electric position of the heart].

While discussing the diagnostic value of the single channel electrocardiogram a set of theoretical considerations emerges inevitably, one of the most important among them is the question about dependence of the electrocardiogram parameters from the direction of electrical axis of heart. In other words, changes in what of electrocardiogram parameters are in fact liable to reflect pathological processes in myocardium, and what ones are determined by extracardiac factors, primarily by anatomic characteristics of patients. It is arguable that while analyzing electrocardiogram it is necessary to orient to such physiologically based informative indexes as ST segment displacement. Also, symmetry of the T wave shape is an important parameter which is independent of patients anatomic features. The results obtained are of interest for theoretical and applied aspects of the biophysics of the cardiac electric field.

[A re-focused angular endoscope with fiber optics]. / Perefokusiruemyi ugol'chatyi éndoskop s volokonnoi optikoi.

A new model of an angular endoscope is described. The optical circuit and the design of the instrument are reviewed. The main technical parameters and the results of testing are provided.

[The use of Soviet-made flexible ophthalmic endoscopes during surgical interventions on the "closed" eye]. / Primenenie otechestvennykh gibkikh oftal'moéndoskopov v khode operativnykh vmeshatel'stv na "zakrytom" glazu.

Possibilities of the usage of different models of flexible ophthalmic endoscopes in diagnosis and treatment of intraocular eye pathology have been studied. The paper presents data about the usage of endoscopes at the time of intraocular operations in the "closed" eye of 25 patients with pathologic changes of different etiology in the posterior segment of the eye (25 eyes). Comparative analysis of possibilities of the usage of different models has revealed advantages of endoscopes with combined observation and illumination channels and with a wide-angle objective. Different methods for the usage of flexible ophthalmic endoscopes are described. It is pointed out that ophthalmic endoscopy, by giving a surgeon additional information about intraocular changes, allows the operation of a closed type in vitreoretinal pathology to be much more effective.

[Possibilities of the use of rigid and flexible ophthalmoendoscopes in the diagnosis and treatment of intraocular pathology]. / Vozmozhnosti primeneniia zhestkogo i gibkogo oftal'moéndoskopov v diagnostike i lechenii vnutriglaznoi patologii.

The authors analyse the potentialities of the rigid and flexible fiber optics-based ophthalmoendoscopes, made in this country, in the diagnosis and treatment of impairments and diseases of the eyeball. The endoscopes have been employed during intraocular interventions in 18 patients with various abnormalities of the posterior segment of the eye. Comparison of the rigid (MD-71M) and flexible (OGE-1) endoscopes has shown the advantages of the latter design for intraocular surgery. Prospects in the use of ophthalmoendoscopy are outlined. The authors emphasize the possibility of surgery on a 'closed eye' with the use of a flexible endoscope in cases when the transparency of the anterior optic media is essentially reduced or absent; this limits the need in traumatic surgical interventions like the 'open sky'.

[Spinal endoscopy in the diagnosis of diseases of the spinal cord]. / Spinal'naia éndoskopiia v diagnostike zabolevanii spinnogo mozga.

A total of 112 patients with various diseases of the spinal cord were examined using spinal endoscopy. It is concluded on the basis of the findings obtained that this method is fairly reliable in detecting the pathological process in the cerebrospinal canal including secondary changes in its membranes and cerebrospinal radicals with the vessels attached to the latter which can develop in some forms of spinal diseases. While admitting the diagnostic significance of radioisotopic, roentgenocontrast and other methods of studying the spinal cord the authors consider spinal endoscopy to be fairly promising in terms of the topic and differential diagnosis of various disorders of the spinal cord, membranes and radicals which is crucial for early surgical of therapeutic management of the disease.