Heavy metal spatial distribution, source analysis, and ecological risks in the central hilly area of Hainan Island, China: results from a high-density soil survey.

The presence of heavy metals in soil has gained considerable attention due to their potential risks to ecosystems and human health. In this study, a thorough soil investigation was performed in the hilly region of central Hainan, which was formerly regarded as an area with the highest ecological environmental quality. A total of 7094 soil samples were systematically collected with high density over a large area. Simultaneously, a detailed investigation was conducted on the surrounding environment of each sampling point, including environmental factors such as soil, land use and crop types. The soil samples were analysed for heavy metals, pH, organic matter, and other parameters. The soil heavy metal pollution level, ecological risk and health risk were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index and the potential ecological risk index. The findings showed that the average contents of the heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil were 1.68, 0.042, 24.2, 6.49, 0.0319, 7.06, 29.6 and 49.8 mg·kg-1 respectively. Except for Hg, the mean values of the other heavy metals were either lower than or similar to the background values of Hainan. Also, only a few localised areas showed contamination by heavy metals. The primary sources of heavy metals, identified by a positive matrix factorisation model, could be categorised into four types: natural sources related to the soil formation process from acidic intrusive rocks (such as granite); natural sources primarily influenced by atmospheric deposition; anthropogenic sources associated with agricultural activities; and natural sources related to the soil formation process from middle-mafic intrusive rocks and black shales. The correlation analysis and variance analysis findings suggested that the content of heavy metals in the soil was primarily associated with the parent rock. The study area generally had low heavy metal levels and was not significantly polluted. However, agricultural activities still affected the enrichment of heavy metals. Therefore, it is imperative to remain vigilant about the ecological risks linked to soil heavy metals while continuing land development and expanding agricultural activities in the future. These findings indicate that conducting high-density soil surveys can enhance our understanding of regional soil heavy metals and enable reliable recommendations for agricultural planning. Whether in areas with low pollution risk or potential pollution risk, it is recommended that high-density soil surveys be conducted provide scientific guidance for further agricultural development.

Differentiating environmental scenarios to establish geochemical baseline values for heavy metals in soil: A case study of Hainan Island, China.

Soil heavy metal distributions exhibit regional heterogeneity due to the complex characteristics of parent materials and soil formation processes, emphasizing the need for appropriate regional standards prior to assessing soil risks. This study focuses on Hainan Island and employs the Multi-purpose Regional Geochemical Survey dataset to establish heavy metal geochemical baseline and background values for soil using an iterative method. Geographical detector analysis reveals that parent materials are the primary factor influencing heavy metal distribution, followed by soil types and land use. Heavy metal geochemical baseline values are established for the island's three environments and administrative regions. Notably, a universal geochemical baseline value cannot adequately represent regional variations in heavy metal distribution, with parent materials playing a crucial role in various scenarios. Locally applicable values based on parent material are the most representative for Hainan Island. This study provides a reference framework for developing region-specific environmental baseline values for soil heavy metal assessments.

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical volcanic area: Influence of parent materials.

To understand the distribution characteristics and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in soils in the typical volcanic area, 2,592 soil samples were collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm) and 269 samples were collected from the middle (80-100 cm) and deep layers (180-200 cm) in northeast of Hainan province, China. Accordingly, eight heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As, and Hg) were analyzed and determined. The effects of different parent materials and land use types on the accumulation of heavy metals in soils were compared, and the primary heavy metal sources were analyzed. The pollution level and ecological risk of heavy metals in soils in the study area were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk indices (E i & RI). The results showed that, except that of Pb, the median concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals in the surface soils were higher than the background concentrations in the Hainan Island soils, indicating varying degrees of accumulation. The influence of land use type on the accumulation of heavy metals in surface soils varied from that of the parent materials. Anthropogenic activities highly influenced As, Cd, Hg, and Pb concentrations, whereas geological conditions primarily influenced Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations. The Igeo results showed that the mean value of the eight metal elements were greater than zero, except for Pb. In the surface soils, the Igeo values of As, Cd, Hg, and Zn mostly fell into the light to moderate pollution class, and those of Cr, Cu, and Ni fell into the medium and heavy pollution class. The RI of the study area showed a high to significantly high ecological risk because of the Cd, Hg, and Ni concentrations. The results give a new insight in the parent material's geochemical control on the heavy metal elements in soils, and it can serve as a reference for the background value of local soil heavy metals and provide a scientific basis for controlling the potential ecological risk of heavy metals and reasonable land use plans.

Vertical distribution and major influencing factors of soil selenium in tropical climate: A case study of Chengmai County, Hainan Island.

Soil selenium is of great significance to human health. Soil-forming parent rocks are the most critical factor that influences soil Se levels. Chengmai County, Hainan Island, has a tropical climate and diverse types of parent rocks, in which soil Se content is high. This study investigated the vertical distribution of soil Se from various parent rock substrates under tropical climatic conditions, and the factors that influence these soil Se contents, with 69 vertical soil profiles covering Chengmai County. The vertical distribution of soil Se and correlations with CIA (chemical alteration index), Al2O3, TFe2O3 (total iron oxide expressed as Fe2O3), total iodine, SOC (soil organic carbon), and pH were analysed. As per the results, the mean ± standard error of Se content in the A, B, and C horizons was 0.88 ± 0.13 mg/kg, 0.77 ± 0.08 mg/kg and 0.45 ± 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. The parent rock strictly controlled the horizon distribution of Se in the A-horizon. Soil Se showed A-B-horizons-enrichment in the vertical profile, especially in soil profiles overlying granite and basalt. It is hypothesised that the Se enriched in soils developed from the Tuolie Formation due to the release of Se from the weathering process of Se-rich rocks. Meanwhile, Se in soils developed from granite and basalt is more closely associated with exogenous input. Another crucial factor for the high level of Se in Chengmai County is the tropical climate, which has led the rocks to generally undergo intense chemical weathering. This results in soils rich in clay minerals and Fe/Al oxyhydroxides, which easily absorb and retain Se. Furthermore, the Se content of the B-horizon was generally higher than that of the A-horizon due to leaching. These results provide further knowledge and understanding of the geochemical behaviour of soil Se and guide the evaluation of Se-rich land resources under tropical climatic conditions.