Pain and Satisfaction Perceptions of Ultrasound-Guided Versus Conventional Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: While many emergency department (ED) patients need peripheral vascular catheterization, diagnosis and treatment are often delayed by difficult intravenous access (DIVA). AIMS: This study of ED patients with DIVA was designed to evaluate ultrasound (US)-guided peripheral intravenous (IV) catheterization, compare it with conventional catheterization, and analyse patient pain and satisfaction regarding catheterization. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Adult patients treated in the ED who scored >3 on the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale were randomly assigned to either US-guided or conventional peripheral IV catheterization. Data were collected from April to December 2016. Study variables were catheter insertion success, number of catheterization attempts, time required to perform the procedure, catheter length and calibre, puncture site, complications, and catheter functioning. Pain and patient satisfaction were also analysed for each group and the full sample. RESULTS: 120 and 138 patients were recruited for the US-guided and conventional peripheral IV catheterization groups, respectively. For the US-guided compared to the conventional procedure, insertion success was greater (91.75% versus 89.9%; p=0.04), the mean (SD) number of attempts was lower (1.29 (0.59) versus 1.81 (1.28); p<0.001), mean (SD) satisfaction was greater (7.59 (2.04) versus 6.69 (2.28); p=0.03), and the mean (SD) required time in minutes was greater (7.89 (7.13) versus 5.1 (3.69); p=0.045). Mean (SD) pain was moderate in both groups (4.6 (2.75) versus 4.33 (2.91) (p=0.32). Logistic regression for the full sample indicated that more attempts and greater pain were both associated with reduced satisfaction, while use of higher-calibre catheters was associated with greater satisfaction. CONCLUSION: US-guided compared to conventional peripheral IV catheterization in patients with DIVA was more successful, required fewer attempts, enabled use of longer and higher-calibre catheters, and led to greater patient satisfaction. Patients who underwent US-guided intravenous catheterization reported moderate pain, similar to that reported for the conventional procedure. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: US-guided peripheral intravenous catheterization improves ED patient care, as it requires fewer catheterization attempts. It is especially recommended for patients with DIVA.

A Qualitative Approach to Exploring the Impact of the Gay Identity Formation Process.

Background: Most gay men experience difficulty in coming to terms with their sexual orientation, with their health, wellbeing, and quality of life potentially affected by unpleasant experiences often associated with the formation of their gay identity. It is therefore important for nurses to understand the needs of gay men so that they can accompany them and provide quality care during and after the identity formation process. Objective: The aim of the study was to explore and describe the identity formation and coming out experiences of gay men. Methods: A qualitative design with a constructivist naturalist approach was used. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with five gay men with experience of the gay identity formation process, and data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method. Results: The results show that the men needed support, as they reported feeling different and alone during the identity formation and coming out process, and that their mental health was affected. Fear of rejection, negative reactions, and disappointing people were the reasons that led the men not to disclose their sexual orientation to family, while those who had come out defined a feeling of liberation. Conclusions: The gay identity formation process has potential impacts on health, wellbeing, and quality of life. Nurses need cultural competence training to be able to understand the needs of gay men, accompany them in the identity formation process, and provide individualized and non-heteronormative care. Nurses also need to participate in dismantling a heterosexist social structure.

Emotional exhaustion in nursing students. A multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To know emotional exhaustion in nursing students from four universities. METHOD: Cross-sectional, correlational study, carried out in Chile and Spain (2017-2018), with 1,368 students answering a self-applied instrument (sociodemographic/academic variables and the Emotional Exhaustion scale). Analysis with Stata 15, according to variables: Chi2 tests, Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann Whitney U test), analysis of variance and multiple regression; confidence level 95% and significance 5% (p < 0.05). Approved by the Ethics Committee, Universidad de Girona. RESULTS: Academic variables and perceived stress with Quite Much/Much classification: Exams, Problem-Based Learning, Laboratory/Simulation. Statistically significant differences in emotional exhaustion, according to sex, dependent people, workers, commuting time >30 minutes. Greater emotional exhaustion when taking courses for the second time and in academic activities where they declare perceived stress as Quite Much/Much (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: All students present mean level of emotional exhaustion (>26 and <37 points). The variables sex and having dependents are relevant aspects. Stress perceived by methodologies is significantly related to levels of emotional exhaustion.

Emotional exhaustion in nursing students. A multicenter study / Fadiga emocional em estudantes de enfermagem. Estudo multicêntrico / Cansancio emocional en estudiantes de enfermería. Estudio multicéntrico

ABSTRACT Objective: To know emotional exhaustion in nursing students from four universities. Method: Cross-sectional, correlational study, carried out in Chile and Spain (2017-2018), with 1,368 students answering a self-applied instrument (sociodemographic/academic variables and the Emotional Exhaustion scale). Analysis with Stata 15, according to variables: Chi2 tests, Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann Whitney U test), analysis of variance and multiple regression; confidence level 95% and significance 5% (p < 0.05). Approved by the Ethics Committee, Universidad de Girona. Results: Academic variables and perceived stress with Quite Much/Much classification: Exams, Problem-Based Learning, Laboratory/Simulation. Statistically significant differences in emotional exhaustion, according to sex, dependent people, workers, commuting time >30 minutes. Greater emotional exhaustion when taking courses for the second time and in academic activities where they declare perceived stress as Quite Much/Much (p < 0.005). Conclusion: All students present mean level of emotional exhaustion (>26 and <37 points). The variables sex and having dependents are relevant aspects. Stress perceived by methodologies is significantly related to levels of emotional exhaustion.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer a fadiga emocional em estudantes de enfermagem de quatro universidades. Método: Estudo transversal, correlacional, realizado no Chile e na Espanha (2017-2018). Um total de 1.368 alunos respondeu a um instrumento autoaplicável (variáveis sociodemográficas/acadêmicas e Escala de Fadiga Emocional). Análise com Stata 15, de acordo com as variáveis: testes de Chi2, teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon (Mann Whitney), análise de variância e regressão múltipla; nível de confiança de 95% e significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Girona. Resultados: Variáveis acadêmicas e estresse percebido destaca Bastante/Muito: Exames, Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas, Laboratório/Simulação. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre fadiga emocional, de acordo com o sexo, dependentes, trabalhadores, tempo de viagem > 30 minutos. Maior fadiga emocional ao cursar disciplinas pela segunda vez e em atividades acadêmicas em que declaram um estresse percebido como Bastante/Muito (p < 0,005). Conclusão: Todos os alunos apresentam fadiga emocional média (>26 e <37 pontos). As variáveis sexo, ter dependentes são aspectos relevantes. O estresse percebido pelas metodologias está significativamente relacionado com os níveis de fadiga emocional.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer cansancio emocional en estudiantes de enfermería de cuatro Universidades. Método: Estudio de corte transversal, correlacional, realizado en Chile y España (2017-2018). Respondieron instrumento autoaplicado 1368 estudiantes (variables sociodemográficas/académicas y escala de Cansancio Emocional). Análisis con Stata 15, según variables: Pruebas de Chi2, sumas y rangos de Wilcoxon (Mann Whitney), análisis de varianza y regresión múltiple; nivel de confianza 95% y significancia 5% (p < 0,05). Aprobado por Comité de Ética, Universidad de Girona. Resultados: Variables académicas y estrés percibido destacan Bastante/Mucho para: Exámenes, Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, Laboratorio/Simulación. Diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre cansancio emocional según sexo, personas a cargo, trabajadores, tiempo traslado > a 30 minutos. Mayor cansancio emocional al cursar asignaturas por segunda vez y en actividades académicas donde declaran un estrés percibido como Bastante/Mucho (p < 0,005). Conclusión: Todos los estudiantes presentan cansancio emocional medio (>26 y <37 puntos). Las variables sexo y tener personas a cargo son aspectos relevantes. Estrés percibido por metodologías se relaciona de manera importante con niveles de cansancio emocional.

Alcohol Use and Sexual Violence among Nursing Students in Catalonia, Spain: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) has become common in universities for reasons related to unwanted social/peer pressures regarding alcohol/drug use and sexual activities. Objectives: To identify perceptions of SV and alcohol use and estimate prevalence among nursing students in Catalonia, Spain. (2) Methods: Observational descriptive cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of nursing students attending public universities. (3) Results: We recruited 686 students (86.11% women), who reported as follows: 68.7% had consumed alcohol, 65.6% had been drunk at least once in the previous year, 62.65% had experienced blackouts and 25.55% had felt pressured to consume alcohol. Drunkenness and blackouts were related (p < 0.000). Of the 15.6% of respondents who had experienced SV, 47.7% experienced SV while under the influence of alcohol and were insufficiently alert to stop what was happening, while 3.06% reported rape. SV was more likely to be experienced by women (OR: 2.770; CI 95%: 1.229-6.242; p = 0.014), individuals reporting a drunk episode in the previous year (OR: 2.839; 95% CI: 1.551-5.197; p = 0.001) and individuals pressured to consume alcohol (OR: 2.091; 95% CI: 1.332-3.281; p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Nursing instructors need to raise student awareness of both the effects of alcohol use and SV, so as to equip these future health professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to deal with SV among young people.

The influence of COVID-19 on the mental health of final-year nursing students: comparing the situation before and during the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an important impact on the academic world. It is known that university studies can influence the mental health of students, and especially those studying health sciences. In this study, we therefore sought to analyse whether the current pandemic has affected the mental well-being of final-year nursing students. This was a multi-centre study, with a descriptive, longitudinal, and prospective design. Mental well-being was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire. A total of 305 participants were included in the study, of whom 52.1% had experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups analysed in terms of age, access to university, average marks, mental well-being self-esteem, emotional exhaustion, and sense of coherence. In the case of mental well-being, a direct association was found with both the pandemic situation (OR = 2.32, P = 0.010) and emotional exhaustion scores (OR = 1.20, P < 0.001), while an inverse association was found with sense of coherence scores (OR = 0.45, P < 0.001). This study shows that the mental health of students is a significant factor and one that must be taken into consideration when training nursing staff at university. There is a need to promote healthy habits and provide appropriate coping strategies. It is also important to train and prepare students for pandemic situations as these can have an important impact on the mental health of both the members of the public who will be treated by these future nursing professionals and the students themselves.

'I think I will need help': A systematic review of who facilitates the recovery from gender-based violence and how they do so.

CONTEXT: A key to advancing the eradication of gender-based violence (GBV) is knowing how to recover from it. OBJECTIVE: To identify the changes that are indicators of having overcome GBV and determine the role of various support networks. SEARCH STRATEGY: We systematically searched Web of Science. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Publications whose abstracts contained a minimum of two of the following words: (a) support or network or solidarity, (b) violence and (c) recovery or healing. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Of the 273 documents retrieved, 52 were used using a narrative synthesis approach. MAIN RESULTS: For recovery, women must reconnect with themselves, with their environment and with the world in general. Doing so requires support from both formal and informal networks. The intervention of other people is a common element in successful recovery processes. We identify three requirements for the intervention of these support networks to be effective: not blaming the victim, making women part of their own recovery process by showing them their own transformation potential and promoting reflection on the socialization they have experienced in their affective-sexual relationships. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple benefits to having formal or informal support during recovery. In informal networks, raising awareness and providing training are insufficient for promoting active support. Instead, the Second Order of Sexual Harassment must specifically be combatted. PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: From the authors' previous research, harassed women and survivors have underlined the necessity to identify indicators of recovery and which kind of support has an impact on it.

Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Associated with Suicidal Behaviour and Relationship with a Nurse-Led Suicide Prevention Programme.

Suicidal behaviour is a major public health problem that needs to be tackled by all health agents including mental health nurses. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between demographic and clinical characteristics and different kinds of suicidal behaviour with a nurse-led suicide prevention programme. METHODS: The design was a cross-sectional study, performed in the region of Osona (Catalonia) in the five-year period 2013-2017. Suicidal behaviour was classified as suicidal ideation, interrupted self-directed violence, suicide attempt or completed suicide. RESULTS: The sample included 753 patients (of whom 53 completed suicide) who experienced 931 suicidal behaviour episodes. Men represented only 38.4% of the sample but 81.1% of completed suicides. Mental disorders were associated with suicidal behaviour in 75.4% of the sample. Two thirds (66.4%) of the individuals (0.8% (n = 4) of whom completed suicide) were participants in a nurse-led suicidal behaviour case management programme. CONCLUSION: The main risk factors were being a woman for suicidal behaviour and being a man and being older for completed suicide. Mental disorders, widowhood and retirement were also associated with completed suicide. The completed suicide rate was lower among participants in the nurse-led programme.

Development, Diagnostic Sensitivity, and Prognostic Accuracy of the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization Scale for Emergency Departments.

INTRODUCTION: Difficulty in accessing peripheral veins in emergency departments increases patients' discomfort and impedes their diagnosis. The objective of this study was to develop and test the prognostic accuracy of an easily applied scale to measure difficult venous access to peripheral veins in emergency departments, called the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted in adults from the hospital catchment area attending the emergency department. Using the Delphi technique, 5 experts reached a consensus regarding a 3-item scale scored from 0 to 5. Concurrent validity and predictive validity were analyzed using a numeric rating scale and the number of access attempts, respectively. Internal consistency and interobserver reliability for 3 independent observers were analyzed using Cronbach alpha and Cohen kappa, respectively. RESULTS: In 392 participants, the concurrent and predictive validity scores pointed to positive relationships with the numeric rating scale (r = 0.82; P < 0.001) and the number of access attempts (r = 0.5; P < 0.001), respectively. The odds ratio for 1 to 2 access attempts versus more than 2 access attempts in relation to the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale score was 2.76 (95% confidence interval 1.86, 4.08; P < 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity values for the Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale were good, at 93.75% and 78.99%, respectively, as were internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.81) and interobserver reliability (Cohen kappa 0.75). DISCUSSION: The Adult-Difficult Venous Catheterization scale is a valid and reliable instrument for predicting difficult venous access in emergency departments.

Quality of Life and Social Support of People on Peritoneal Dialysis: Mixed Methods Research.

Although some study has been made into quality of life in patients with peritoneal dialysis, little is known about how this relates to social support. The aim of this paper was to study health-related quality of life, perceived social support and the experiences of people receiving peritoneal dialysis. A cross-sectional study was conducted using quantitative and qualitative methodologies, between June 2015 and March 2017. Fifty-five patients receiving peritoneal dialysis were studied. The most affected quality of life dimensions were the effects of the disease, the burden of the disease, occupational status, sleep and satisfaction. The physical component of the quality of life questionnaire was negatively associated with the number of hospital admissions over the previous year (p = 0.027) and positively associated with social support (p = 0.002). With regard to the mental component, age (p = 0.010) and social support (p = 0.041) were associated with a better quality of life. Peritoneal dialysis, while not a panacea, is experienced as being less aggressive than hemodialysis, allowing greater autonomy and improved perceived health. Greater symptomology corresponded to worse quality of life and to perceiving the disease as a burden. Patients had to adapt to the new situation despite their expectations. Social support was observed to be a key factor in perceived quality of life.

Measuring self-directed learning readiness in health science undergraduates: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The European Higher Education Area places students at the centre of the teacher-guided learning process and requires them to participate more in their education and to be responsible for acquiring the professional competences relevant to their career. Self-directed learning is a key means for developing the skills necessary for professional careers. OBJECTIVE: To measure self-directed learning readiness in health science undergraduates. METHOD: Observational descriptive cross-sectional study of a convenience sample drawn from the total health science (medicine, nursing, physiotherapy and psychology) undergraduate population (n = 1699) at the University of Girona (Spain). The data collection instrument was a self-directed learning readiness scale with 38 items administered to the 1134 undergraduates who agreed to participate. RESULTS: Just over three quarters of the sample (n = 865; 76.27%) completed the full questionnaire. Self-directed learning readiness was indicated by an overall mean (standard deviation) score of 143.65 (11.76) points. Nursing undergraduates obtained the highest mean (SD) score - 145.08 (14.13) - in the overall scale. Associations were observed between degree course and self-directed learning readiness in the learning planning, desire for learning, self-confidence, self-management and self-evaluation subscales. Women scored better than men (p < 0.13) and scores progressively improved with each additional academic year. CONCLUSION: The sampled students exhibited good self-directed learning readiness. Training students in self-directed learning skills is a necessary part of the teaching-learning process. This kind of training in universities needs to be reinforced to develop learning autonomy, promote lifelong learning and prepare competent future health professionals.

Prevalence and related factors of Active and Healthy Ageing in Europe according to two models: Results from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).

BACKGROUND: Active and Healthy Ageing (AHA) is the process of optimizing opportunities related to health, participation, and safety in order to improve quality of life. The approach most often used to measure AHA is Rowe and Kahn's Satisfactory Ageing model. Nonetheless, this model has limitations. One of the strategic objectives of the WHO Global Strategy and Action Plan (2016) is to improve Healthy Ageing measurement. Our objectives were to compare two models of assessing AHA and further compare the results by country and sociodemographic variables. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, observational analysis of a representative sample of the general population aged 50 years and older in Europe. The data analysed were obtained by the Study of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The dependent variable was AHA and its dimensions, measured using the Rowe and Kahn AHA model (AHA-B) and the authors' model based on the WHO definition (AHA-BPS). A descriptive analysis and multivariate models of binary logistical regression were developed. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 52,641 participants (mean age 65.24 years [SD = 10.18; Range = 50-104], 53.2% women). Healthy Ageing prevalence in the AHA-B model was 23.5% (95%CI = 23.1%-23.9%). In the AHA-BPS model, this prevalence was 38.9%. In both models, significant variations were observed between countries, and were distributed along a north-western to south-eastern gradient. The sociodemographic variables associated with the absence of AHA were advanced age, female sex, death of spouse, low educational level, lack of employment, and low financial status. Comparing the two models, the strength of association between absence of AHA and advanced age (85 years and older) was four times greater in the AHA-B model. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showing differences between these two models provide evidence that the AHA-BPS model does not penalize older age and is more likely to characterize AHA from a health promotion perspective.

Scale for the study of nursing students' perception of intimate partner violence: Adaptation and validation.

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most important challenges facing today's society. Health professionals, and nurses in particular, play a leading role in addressing this problem. Having an instrument to study Nursing students' perception of this type of violence may enable appropriate and necessary educational strategies for their pre-service training and help them identify and address IPV in their future careers. OBJECTIVES: To adapt and validate the IPV scale of Beccaria et al. (2011) in order to study nursing students' perception of IPV. METHOD: The original instrument (63 items) underwent back-translation. Statistical and metrical analysis in a sample of 1064 students of the four-year Nursing degree program at four public universities in Catalonia (Spain) were based on their responses to the Spanish version. RESULTS: The results of the exploratory factorial analysis and subsequent confirmatory analysis showed that the data had an adequate fit for a four-factor model. The reliability analysis showed adequate internal consistency for each subscale in the instrument: Education (0.83); Identification of the Victim (0.72); Nursing Role and Values (0.78), and Identification of the Perpetrator (0.66). CONCLUSION: The translation, cultural adaptation and validation process of the original IPV scale resulted in a Spanish-language instrument (IPV scale Spanish version) with 32 items in four subscales. We concluded that the Spanish version of the instrument is reliable and valid, and that its implementation would enable the assessment of nursing students' perception of IPV situations.

Cateterización periférica ecoguiada frente a la técnica tradicional / Ultrasound-guided peripheral catheterization

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cateterización periférica es una técnica que puede ser difícil en algunos pacientes. Recientemente, algunos estudios describen la utilización de la ecografía para guiar la cateterización venosa. OBJETIVO: Describir la tasa de éxito, el tiempo requerido y las complicaciones de la cateterización venosa periférica guiada con ecografía así como satisfacción de los pacientes y profesionales. MÉTODO: La búsqueda se realizó en bases de datos (Medline vía Pubmed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL y Cuiden Plus) de estudios publicados sobre pacientes con cateterización venosa periférica guiada con ecografía y que aportaran resultados sobre éxito de la técnica, complicaciones, tiempo utilizado, satisfacción del paciente y tipo de profesional que realiza la técnica. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 21 estudios. La mayoría de ellos obtienen un éxito superior al 80% en la cateterización ecoguiada y el tiempo no es superior al de la técnica tradicional. Las complicaciones de la técnica analizadas fueron tasas de punción arterial y del nervio inferiores al 10%. En todos los estudios que miden y comparan la satisfacción del paciente, en la técnica ecoguiada es mayor. Diversos colectivos profesionales realizan la técnica. CONCLUSIÓN: La utilización de la ecografía para las canalizaciones periféricas tiene una elevada tasa de éxito, las complicaciones son poco frecuentes y el tiempo utilizado es similar al de la técnica tradicional. La técnica de inserción de catéteres a través de ecografía puede ser aprendida por cualquier grupo profesional que realice punciones venosas. Por último, se pone de relieve la alta satisfacción del paciente con el uso de esta técnica

BACKGROUND: Peripheral catheterization is a technique that can be difficult in some PATIENTS: Some studies have recently described the use of ultrasound to guide the venous catheterization. OBJECTIVE: To describe the success rate, time required, complications of ultrasound-guided peripheral venous catheterization. and patients and professionals satisfaction METHODS: The search was performed in databases (Medline-PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Cuiden Plus) for studies published about ultrasound-guided peripheral venous catheterization performed on patients that provided results on the success of the technique, complications, time used, patient satisfaction and the type of professional who performed the technique. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies were included. Most of them get a higher success rate 80% in the catheterization ecoguide and time it is not higher than the traditional technique. The Technical complications analyzed were arterial puncture rates and lower nerve 10%. In all studies measuring and comparing patient satisfaction in the art ecoguide is greater. Various professional groups perform the technique. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ultrasound for peripheral pipes has a high success rate, complications are rare and the time used is similar to that of the traditional technique. The technique of inserting catheters through ultrasound may be learned by any professional group performing venipuncture. Finally, it gets underscores the high patient satisfaction with the use of this technique

Nursing student and professor perceptions and assessments of the achievement of practicum competencies: A mixed method approach.

Within the context of the European Higher Education Area's requirement of competency-based assessments, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the Nursing Degree Practicum experience at the University of Girona (Spain) and ascertain student and faculty perceptions of the degree of competency achieved as a result of the practicum. This cross-sectional, descriptive, study combined quantitative analysis of a questionnaire and qualitative analysis of focus group comments. In the quantitative part of the study, 163 fourth-year nursing students completed the questionnaire; the qualitative analysis was derived from a focus group of 5 students and 5 professors. On the questionnaire, overall practicum evaluation was 8.39 on a 10-point Likert scale; scores evaluating the nurse mentor/instructor and nursing professor were 8.43 and 7.98, respectively. The geriatrics practicum experience received the lowest overall score (7.81), while the surgical practicum received the lowest score on the adequacy of knowledge acquired in the classroom in previous courses (5.54). The best scores were earned by the mental health and intensive/emergency care practicum experiences (a mean of 9.05 and 8.70, respectively). Students and professors in the focus group agreed that the practicum met the Nursing degree program's competency goals, highlighting practical activity as the best methodology to evaluate competencies. Participants highlighted the importance of reflective practice and the role of the nurse mentor/instructor in student learning, and indicated that it is essential for the university and the health care centers where students take practicum courses to maintain a strong relationship and good communication. Finally, feedback from the nurse mentor/instructor and Nursing professor was very important to students, both to motivate them and to help them learn.

The evaluation of reflective learning from the nursing student's point of view: A mixed method approach.

BACKGROUND: Adapting university programmes to European Higher Education Area criteria has required substantial changes in curricula and teaching methodologies. Reflective learning (RL) has attracted growing interest and occupies an important place in the scientific literature on theoretical and methodological aspects of university instruction. However, fewer studies have focused on evaluating the RL methodology from the point of view of nursing students. OBJECTIVES: To assess nursing students' perceptions of the usefulness and challenges of RL methodology. DESIGN: Mixed method design, using a cross-sectional questionnaire and focus group discussion. METHODS: The research was conducted via self-reported reflective learning questionnaire complemented by focus group discussion. RESULTS: Students provided a positive overall evaluation of RL, highlighting the method's capacity to help them better understand themselves, engage in self-reflection about the learning process, optimize their strengths and discover additional training needs, along with searching for continuous improvement. Nonetheless, RL does not help them as much to plan their learning or identify areas of weakness or needed improvement in knowledge, skills and attitudes. Among the difficulties or challenges, students reported low motivation and lack of familiarity with this type of learning, along with concerns about the privacy of their reflective journals and about the grading criteria. CONCLUSIONS: In general, students evaluated RL positively. The results suggest areas of needed improvement related to unfamiliarity with the methodology, ethical aspects of developing a reflective journal and the need for clear evaluation criteria.

[Ultrasound-guided peripheral catheterization]. / Cateterización periférica ecoguiada frente a la técnica tradicional.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral catheterization is a technique that can be difficult in some patients. Some studies have recently described the use of ultrasound to guide the venous catheterization. OBJECTIVE: To describe the success rate, time required, complications of ultrasound-guided peripheral venous catheterization. and patients and professionals satisfaction METHODS: The search was performed in databases (Medline-PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Cuiden Plus) for studies published about ultrasound-guided peripheral venous catheterization performed on patients that provided results on the success of the technique, complications, time used, patient satisfaction and the type of professional who performed the technique. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies were included. Most of them get a higher success rate 80% in the catheterization ecoguide and time it is not higher than the traditional technique. The Technical complications analyzed were arterial puncture rates and lower nerve 10%. In all studies measuring and comparing patient satisfaction in the art ecoguide is greater. Various professional groups perform the technique. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ultrasound for peripheral pipes has a high success rate, complications are rare and the time used is similar to that of the traditional technique. The technique of inserting catheters through ultrasound may be learned by any professional group performing venipuncture. Finally, it gets underscores the high patient satisfaction with the use of this technique.

Perception of nursing students about couples' violence: knowledge, beliefs and professional role.

OBJECTIVES: to analyse the knowledge, beliefs and perception of the professional role that nursing students have, about exerted violence against women in relationships. METHOD: a descriptive qualitative study following the ecological model through 16 focus groups realized with 112 students from four nursing courses of four Spanish universities. RESULTS: the analytical categories were: knowledge, professional role, and beliefs about ones behaviour before the victim and the abuser. Students are unfamiliar with the characteristics of abuse, guidelines, protocols and screening questions and demand patterns for specific intervention. They do not identify their own professional role, be it delegated or specialized. Beliefs regarding their behaviour with the victim, not guided by professional criteria, perceive violence as a specific situation and disassociate the prevention of health care. They perceive the abuser as mentally ill, justifying the tolerance or delegation of performances. CONCLUSIONS: students define preconceived ideas about couples' violence. Speeches reproduce and reinforce stereotypical myths, values indicative of inadequate training for nursing studies which raises the need to fortify the competencies in relation to intimate couples' violence in the curriculum.

Perception of nursing students about couples' violence: knowledge, beliefs and professional role / Percepção de estudantes de enfermagem sobre violência do parceiro: conhecimentos, crenças e função profissional / Percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre violencia de pareja: conocimientos, creencias y rol profesional

to analyse the knowledge, beliefs and perception of the professional role that nursing students have, about exerted violence against women in relationships.

examinar os conhecimentos, crenças e a percepção da função profissional que têm os estudantes de enfermagem, sobre a violência contra as mulheres, nos relacionamentos íntimos.

analizar los conocimientos, las creencias y la percepción del rol profesional que tienen los estudiantes de Enfermería, acerca de la violencia ejercida contra las mujeres en las relaciones de pareja.