Highly segregated trophic niche of two congeneric fish species in Neotropical floodplain lakes.

The diets of two sympatric, morphologically similar species of Moenkhausia were studied to investigate whether the manner in which they exploit food resources can help to explain their coexistence. Fish diets were evaluated during the low-water season in six lakes of the upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil). The results indicate that these two species segregate in relation to food resources and that the differential use of resources is probably a strategy that reduces competition during periods of a potential food shortage (the low-water season).

Effects of flooding regime on the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish in the Upper Paraná River floodplain.

Flood pulses affect floodplain enrichment via the incorporation of nutrients and terrestrial biomass. As a result, they positively affect the body condition of aquatic organisms. This paper evaluates whether the absence of floods (resulting from dam control) affects the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish. In addition, whether piscivores respond similarly to alterations in the flooding regime was assessed. Five piscivorous species were selected (Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, and Salminus brasiliensis). The fish were captured in four distinct years and in three river subsystems with differentiated water level fluctuations (Ivinheira = not regulated; Baía = regulated by the Paraná River level; Paraná = regulated by dams). Feeding activity and body condition were evaluated using the mean values of the standard residuals generated by regression models between body and stomach weights and standard length and body weight (all log-transformed). Differences among years and subsystems were evaluated via two-way analysis of variance. Pearson and Spearman correlations were performed between flooding attributes (duration, amplitude, timing, and daily variability) and feeding activity and body condition. Feeding activity differed across subsystems, whereas body condition varied across years, depending on the subsystem. Hoplias aff malabaricus (an ambusher adapted to starvation) presented feeding activity independent of the flooding regime and also presented better body condition in times of high water levels. Rhaphidon vulpinus exhibited variations in feeding activity but did not present alterations in body condition. The other species presented poorer body condition in years or subsystems with regular floods. Correlations identified that the duration and timing of floods had negative effects on body condition, whereas amplitude and mean annual water level improved feeding activity. Therefore, regular floods affect the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish, and the response of each species depends on the existence or absence of pre-adaptation to long periods of starvation. Consequently, considering the role of the flood pulse in determining the availability of feeding resources for early life stages of piscivores, control of the flood pulse by dams is also disadvantageous for piscivorous fish.

Effects of flooding regime on the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish in the Upper Paraná River floodplain / Efeitos do regime de cheias sobre a atividade alimentar e condição corporal de peixes piscívoros na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná

Flood pulses affect floodplain enrichment via the incorporation of nutrients and terrestrial biomass. As a result, they positively affect the body condition of aquatic organisms. This paper evaluates whether the absence of floods (resulting from dam control) affects the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish. In addition, whether piscivores respond similarly to alterations in the flooding regime was assessed. Five piscivorous species were selected (Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, and Salminus brasiliensis). The fish were captured in four distinct years and in three river subsystems with differentiated water level fluctuations (Ivinheira = not regulated; Baía = regulated by the Paraná River level; Paraná = regulated by dams). Feeding activity and body condition were evaluated using the mean values of the standard residuals generated by regression models between body and stomach weights and standard length and body weight (all log-transformed). Differences among years and subsystems were evaluated via two-way analysis of variance. Pearson and Spearman correlations were performed between flooding attributes (duration, amplitude, timing, and daily variability) and feeding activity and body condition. Feeding activity differed across subsystems, whereas body condition varied across years, depending on the subsystem. Hoplias aff malabaricus (an ambusher adapted to starvation) presented feeding activity independent of the flooding regime and also presented better body condition in times of high water levels. Rhaphidon vulpinus exhibited variations in feeding activity but did not present alterations in body condition. The other species presented poorer body condition in years or subsystems with regular floods. Correlations identified that the duration and timing of floods had negative effects on body condition, whereas amplitude and mean annual water level ...

Os pulsos naturais de cheias são considerados fundamentais para o sucesso no recrutamento de peixes e no enriquecimento das planícies de inundação pela incorporação de nutrientes e biomassa terrestre, atuando positivamente na condição dos organismos aquáticos. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar se a ausência dos pulsos anuais, resultantes do controle por reservatórios hidrelétricos, afeta a atividade alimentar e a condição corporal de peixes piscívoros e se este grupo trófico responde de maneira similar às alterações no regime de cheias. Para isto foram selecionadas cinco espécies: Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Rhaphiodon vulpinus e Salminus brasiliensis, capturadas em quatro anos distintos e em três subsistemas com variações hidrométricas diferenciadas (Ivinheima, não regulado; Baía, influenciado pelo regime hídrico do Rio Paraná, e Rio Paraná, nível regulado por represas). A atividade alimentar e a condição corporal foram avaliados através dos valores médios dos resíduos padronizados, gerados pelas regressões entre os logaritmos do peso total e peso do estômago e peso total e comprimento padrão, respectivamente, sendo as diferenças entre anos e subsistemas avaliadas pela análise de variância fatorial (ANOVA). Correlações de Pearson e Spearman entre os atributos hidrográficos (duração, magnitude, época e variabilidade diária) e a atividade alimentar e condição corporal foram analisadas. A atividade alimentar foi diferente apenas entre os subsistemas, enquanto a condição variou entre os períodos conforme o subsistema. Hoplias aff. malabaricus, emboscadora e adaptada a anorexia, foi a única com atividade alimentar independente do regime de cheias e com melhor condição corporal em períodos de águas altas. R. vulpinus, embora com variações na atividade alimentar, não mostrou alterações na condição. Já, as demais espécies mostraram tendências de baixa condição corporal em períodos ou locais ...

Effects of flooding regime on the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish in the Upper Paraná River floodplain

Flood pulses affect floodplain enrichment via the incorporation of nutrients and terrestrial biomass. As a result, they positively affect the body condition of aquatic organisms. This paper evaluates whether the absence of floods (resulting from dam control) affects the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish. In addition, whether piscivores respond similarly to alterations in the flooding regime was assessed. Five piscivorous species were selected (Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, and Salminus brasiliensis). The fish were captured in four distinct years and in three river subsystems with differentiated water level fluctuations (Ivinheira = not regulated; Baía = regulated by the Paraná River level; Paraná = regulated by dams). Feeding activity and body condition were evaluated using the mean values of the standard residuals generated by regression models between body and stomach weights and standard length and body weight (all log-transformed). Differences among years and subsystems were evaluated via two-way analysis of variance. Pearson and Spearman correlations were performed between flooding attributes (duration, amplitude, timing, and daily variability) and feeding activity and body condition. Feeding activity differed across subsystems, whereas body condition varied across years, depending on the subsystem. Hoplias aff malabaricus (an ambusher adapted to starvation) presented feeding activity independent of the flooding regime and also presented better body condition in times of high water levels. Rhaphidon vulpinus exhibited variations in feeding activity but did not present alterations in body condition. The other species presented poorer body condition in years or subsystems with regular floods. Correlations identified that the duration and timing of floods had negative effects on body condition, whereas amplitude and mean annual water level improved feeding activity. Therefore, regular floods affect the feeding activity and body condition of piscivorous fish, and the response of each species depends on the existence or absence of pre-adaptation to long periods of starvation. Consequently, considering the role of the flood pulse in determining the availability of feeding resources for early life stages of piscivores, control of the flood pulse by dams is also disadvantageous for piscivorous fish.

Os pulsos naturais de cheias são considerados fundamentais para o sucesso no recrutamento de peixes e no enriquecimento das planícies de inundação pela incorporação de nutrientes e biomassa terrestre, atuando positivamente na condição dos organismos aquáticos. O presente trabalho pretende avaliar se a ausência dos pulsos anuais, resultantes do controle por reservatórios hidrelétricos, afeta a atividade alimentar e a condição corporal de peixes piscívoros e se este grupo trófico responde de maneira similar às alterações no regime de cheias. Para isto foram selecionadas cinco espécies: Acestrorhynchus lacustris, Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Plagioscion squamosissimus, Rhaphiodon vulpinus e Salminus brasiliensis, capturadas em quatro anos distintos e em três subsistemas com variações hidrométricas diferenciadas (Ivinheima, não regulado; Baía, influenciado pelo regime hídrico do Rio Paraná, e Rio Paraná, nível regulado por represas). A atividade alimentar e a condição corporal foram avaliados através dos valores médios dos resíduos padronizados, gerados pelas regressões entre os logaritmos do peso total e peso do estômago e peso total e comprimento padrão, respectivamente, sendo as diferenças entre anos e subsistemas avaliadas pela análise de variância fatorial (ANOVA). Correlações de Pearson e Spearman entre os atributos hidrográficos (duração, magnitude, época e variabilidade diária) e a atividade alimentar e condição corporal foram analisadas. A atividade alimentar foi diferente apenas entre os subsistemas, enquanto a condição variou entre os períodos conforme o subsistema. Hoplias aff. malabaricus, emboscadora e adaptada a anorexia, foi a única com atividade alimentar independente do regime de cheias e com melhor condição corporal em períodos de águas altas. R. vulpinus, embora com variações na atividade alimentar, não mostrou alterações na condição. Já, as demais espécies mostraram tendências de baixa condição corporal em períodos ou locais de cheias regulares. As correlações mostram que duração e início regular das cheias têm efeito negativo sobre a condição corporal dos indivíduos, enquanto a magnitude e os valores médios anuais foram benéficos à tomada de alimento. A variabilidade nos níveis diários da água correlacionou-se negativamente com a intensidade na tomada de alimento. Estes resultados demonstram que as cheias regulares afetam a atividade alimentar e a condição dos piscívoros e, a resposta dada depende da existência ou não de pré-adaptação a períodos prolongados de anorexia. Ressalta-se, entretanto, que dado o papel dos pulsos de cheias no recrutamento, na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares para as fases iniciais dos piscívoros, na atenuação do canibalismo e predação intra-guilda, o controle das cheias por represamentos é desastroso também para os piscívoros.

Variation in prey selection of a piscivorous fish after the impoundment of a neotropical reservoir: prey size and type.

The relative abundance and size of prey fish in the stomachs of the predator Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro were compared with those recorded in the field to estimate prey selection. Fish samples were taken monthly in the Manso Reservoir (State of Mato Grosso, Brazil) immediately after the impoundment, from March 2000 to February 2001 (period I) and from March 2003 to February 2004 (period II). In period I, the small relative dominance of the prey in the environment seemed to have lead to random foraging. In period II, however, when the forage fish Moenkhausia dichroura was dominant in the environment, the predator shifted its diet, foraging mainly on this prey. Species with short relative body depth were positively selected. The prey size classes between 30 and 49 mm, and 50 and 69 mm standard length (L(S)) were the most abundant in the environment. Small prey were predominantly selected by A. pantaneiro. Even when a given prey or prey size was predominant in the environment, A. pantaneiro was a selective predator and maintained its preferences associated to prey type and L(S), although it consumed the most abundant resource.

Trophic morphology of five benthic-feeding fish species of a tropical floodplain.

This study describes the morphology of the digestive apparatus and the size and organic content of the ingested food of five species of benthic-feeding fishes (Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Trachydoras paraguayensis e Iheringichthys labrosus). The samples were taken in the floodplain of the up Paraná River in February and August 1991. The results suggested that these species have different mouth, teeth, gill rakers, stomach and intestine length. These morphologic characteristics were related with the type, size and nutritional quality of the food ingested. Although these species feed on the bottom, the morphologic divergences probably explain the differences in diet.

Trophic morphology of five benthic-feeding fish species of a tropical floodplain

This study describes the morphology of the digestive apparatus and the size and organic content of the ingested food of five species of benthic-feeding fishes (Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Trachydoras paraguayensis e Iheringichthys labrosus). The samples were taken in the floodplain of the up Paraná River in February and August 1991. The results suggested that these species have different mouth, teeth, gill rakers, stomach and intestine length. These morphologic characteristics were related with the type, size and nutritional quality of the food ingested. Although these species feed on the bottom, the morphologic divergences probably explain the differences in diet