Barrier to Resistance of Dolutegravir in Two-Drug Combinations.

A major concern when using two-drug anti-HIV regimens is the risk of viral resistance. However, no techniques to evaluate the barrier to resistance of two-drug combinations in vitro have been reported. We evaluated the emergence of drug-resistant mutants in a passage study with constant concentrations of two drugs simultaneously. The barrier to resistance of dolutegravir-containing two-drug combinations was higher than the other combinations evaluated in this study.

Novel secondary mutations C56S and G149A confer resistance to HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors.

Cabotegravir (CAB, S/GSK1265744) is an investigational second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) with a chemical structure similar to dolutegravir. CAB is under development as a long-acting injectable formulation for treatment of HIV-1 infection and for pre-exposure prophylaxis. We conducted an in vitro passage study of raltegravir- or elvitegravir-resistant signature mutants in the presence of CAB to characterize the resistance profile of this drug. During passage with Q148H virus, G140S arose by day 14, followed by G149A and C56S. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we obtained HIV molecular clones containing mutations encoding C56S and G149A in the integrase-coding region. Those substitutions were characterized in vitro as INSTI-resistance-associated secondary resistance mutations. Signature mutant viruses G140S/Q148H in which C56S and G149A were added acquired further INSTI resistance in conjunction with diminished integration activity, which yielded slower growth under drug-free conditions.

Effects of raltegravir or elvitegravir resistance signature mutations on the barrier to dolutegravir resistance in vitro.

The recently approved HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir (DTG) (S/GSK1349572) has overall advantageous activity when tested in vitro against HIV-1 with raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) resistance signature mutations. We conducted an in vitro resistance selection study using wild-type HIV-1 and mutants with the E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, Q148H, Q148K, Q148R, and N155H substitutions to assess the DTG in vitro barrier to resistance. No viral replication was observed at concentrations of ≥ 32 nM DTG, whereas viral replication was observed at 160 nM RAL or EVG in the mutants. In the Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R mutants, G140S/Q148H, E138K/Q148K, E138K/Q148R, and G140S/Q148R secondary mutations were identified with each INSTI and showed high resistance to RAL or EVG but limited resistance to DTG. E138K and G140S, as secondary substitutions to Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R, were associated with partial recovery in viral infectivity and/or INSTI resistance. In the E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, and N155H mutants, no secondary substitutions were associated with DTG. These in vitro results suggest that DTG has a high barrier to the development of resistance in the presence of RAL or EVG signature mutations other than Q148. One explanation for this high barrier to resistance is that no additional secondary substitution of E92Q, Y143C, Y143R, or N155H simultaneously increased the fold change in 50% effective concentration (EC50) to DTG and infectivity. Although increased DTG resistance via the Q148 pathway and secondary substitutions occurs at low concentrations, a higher starting concentration may reduce or eliminate the development of DTG resistance in this pathway in vitro.

Antiviral characteristics of GSK1265744, an HIV integrase inhibitor dosed orally or by long-acting injection.

GSK1265744 is a new HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) engineered to deliver efficient antiviral activity with a once-daily, low-milligram dose that does not require a pharmacokinetic booster. The in vitro antiviral profile and mechanism of action of GSK1265744 were established through integrase enzyme assays, resistance passage experiments, and cellular assays with site-directed molecular (SDM) HIV clones resistant to other classes of anti-HIV-1 agents and earlier INSTIs. GSK1265744 inhibited HIV replication with low or subnanomolar efficacy and with a selectivity index of at least 22,000 under the same culture conditions. The protein-adjusted half-maximal inhibitory concentration (PA-EC50) extrapolated to 100% human serum was 102 nM. When the virus was passaged in the presence of GSK1265744, highly resistant mutants with more than a 10-fold change (FC) in EC50 relative to that of the wild-type were not observed for up to 112 days of culture. GSK1265744 demonstrated activity against SDM clones containing the raltegravir (RAL)-resistant Y143R, Q148K, N155H, and G140S/Q148H signature variants (FC less than 6.1), while these mutants had a high FC in the EC50 for RAL (11 to >130). Either additive or synergistic effects were observed when GSK1265744 was tested in combination with representative anti-HIV agents, and no antagonistic effects were seen. These findings demonstrate that, similar to dolutegravir, GSK1265744 is differentiated as a new INSTI, having a markedly distinct resistance profile compared with earlier INSTIs, RAL, and elvitegravir (EVG). The collective data set supports further clinical development of GSK1265744.

Naphthyridinone (NTD) integrase inhibitors 4. Investigating N1 acetamide substituent effects with C3 amide groups.

A series of N1 acetamide substituted naphthyridinone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors have been explored to understand structure-activity relationships (SAR) with various C3 amide groups. Investigations were evaluated using integrase enzyme inhibition, antiviral activity and protein binding effects to optimize the sub-structures. Lipophilicity was also incorporated to understand ligand lipophilic efficiency as a function of the structural modifications. Three representative analogs were further examined in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) antiviral assay as well as in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies.

Once-daily dolutegravir versus darunavir plus ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (FLAMINGO): 48 week results from the randomised open-label phase 3b study.

BACKGROUND: Dolutegravir has been shown to be non-inferior to an integrase inhibitor and superior to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). In FLAMINGO, we compared dolutegravir with darunavir plus ritonavir in individuals naive for antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: In this multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study, HIV-1-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive adults with HIV-1 RNA concentration of 1000 copies per mL or more and no resistance at screening were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either dolutegravir 50 mg once daily or darunavir 800 mg plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily, with investigator-selected tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine. Randomisation was stratified by screening HIV-1 RNA (≤100,000 or >100,000 copies per mL) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) selection. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA concentration lower than 50 copies per mL (Food and Drug Administration [FDA] snapshot algorithm) at week 48 with a 12% non-inferiority margin. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01449929. FINDINGS: Recruitment began on Oct 31, 2011, and was completed on May 24, 2012, in 64 research centres in nine countries worldwide. Of 595 patients screened, 484 patients were included in the analysis (242 in each group). At week 48, 217 (90%) patients receiving dolutegravir and 200 (83%) patients receiving darunavir plus ritonavir had HIV-1 RNA of less than 50 copies per mL (adjusted difference 7·1%, 95% CI 0·9-13·2), non-inferiority and on pre-specified secondary analysis dolutegravir was superior (p=0·025). Confirmed virological failure occurred in two (<1%) patients in each group; we recorded no treatment-emergent resistance in either group. Discontinuation due to adverse events or stopping criteria was less frequent for dolutegravir (four [2%] patients) than for darunavir plus ritonavir (ten [4%] patients) and contributed to the difference in response rates. The most commonly reported (≥10%) adverse events were diarrhoea (dolutegravir 41 [17%] patients vs darunavir plus ritonavir 70 [29%] patients), nausea (39 [16%] vs 43 [18%]), and headache (37 [15%] vs 24 [10%]). Patients receiving dolutegravir had significantly fewer low-density lipoprotein values of grade 2 or higher (11 [2%] vs 36 [7%]; p=0·0001). INTERPRETATION: Once-daily dolutegravir was superior to once-daily darunavir plus ritonavir. Once-daily dolutegravir in combination with fixed-dose NRTIs represents an effective new treatment option for HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive patients. FUNDING: ViiV Healthcare and Shionogi & Co.

Carbamoyl pyridone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors 3. A diastereomeric approach to chiral nonracemic tricyclic ring systems and the discovery of dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) and (S/GSK1265744).

We report herein the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitors dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) (3) and S/GSK1265744 (4). These drugs stem from a series of carbamoyl pyridone analogues designed using a two-metal chelation model of the integrase catalytic active site. Structure-activity studies evolved a tricyclic series of carbamoyl pyridines that demonstrated properties indicative of once-daily dosing and superior potency against resistant viral strains. An inherent hemiaminal ring fusion stereocenter within the tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone scaffold led to a critical substrate controlled diastereoselective synthetic strategy whereby chiral information from small readily available amino alcohols was employed to control relative and absolute stereochemistry of the final drug candidates. Modest to extremely high levels of stereochemical control were observed depending on ring size and position of the stereocenter. This approach resulted in the discovery of 3 and 4, which are currently in clinical development.

[Pharmacokinetics and safety of dolutegravir in healthy Japanese subjects].

Dolutegravir (DTG) is a once-daily, unboosted integrase inhibitor that has been shown to be effective by once daily dosing. The impact of race on dolutegravir pharmacokinetics has not yet been fully characterized. This study was a Phase 1, open label, single dose study to determine pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and tolerability of DTG following 50mg single oral administration in the fasted state in healthy adult Japanese subjects. Subjects had a screening visit within 30 days prior to the administration of study drug, and a follow-up visit within 7 to 14 days after the administration of study drug. Safety evaluation and serial PK samplings were performed pre-dose and for 72 hours after dosing. Non-compartmental analysis was performed for PK parameter calculation. Data were compared to historical values from a similar Phase 1 study conducted in non-Asian, healthy adult subjects (n = 18, 17 Caucasian and 1 Arabic/North African). Ten subjects were enrolled and completed the study. DTG was well tolerated with no adverse events reported throughout the study period. Geometric means (CV%) of single dose DTG PK parameters in Japanese subjects for C(max), AUC(inf), t1/2 and C24 were 2.14microg/mL (47%), 43.4 microg x hr/mL (46%), 14.6 hours (10%) and 0.67 microg/mL (45%). The pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of DTG following single dose oral administration to Japanese healthy adult subjects were consistent with findings previously observed in non-Japanese healthy adult subjects. DTG may be given to Japanese subjects without dose-adjustment.

Carbamoyl pyridone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. 2. Bi- and tricyclic derivatives result in superior antiviral and pharmacokinetic profiles.

This work is a continuation of our initial discovery of a potent monocyclic carbamoyl pyridone human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor that displayed favorable antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties. We report herein a series of bicyclic carbamoyl pyridone analogues to address conformational issues from our initial SAR studies. This modification of the core unit succeeded to deliver low nanomolar potency in standard antiviral assays. An additional hydroxyl substituent on the bicyclic scaffold provides remarkable improvement of antiviral efficacies against clinically relevant resistant viruses. These findings led to additional cyclic tethering of the naked hydroxyl group resulting in tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone inhibitors to address remaining issues and deliver potential clinical candidates. The tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone derivatives described herein served as the immediate leads in molecules to the next generation integrase inhibitor dolutegravir which is currently in late stage clinical evaluation.

Naphthyridinone (NTD) integrase inhibitors: N1 protio and methyl combination substituent effects with C3 amide groups.

Substituent effects of a series of N1 protio and methyl naphthyridinone HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors has been explored. The effects of combinations of the N1 substituent and C3 amide groups was extensively studied to compare enzyme inhibition, antiviral activity and protein binding effects on potency. The impact of substitution on ligand efficiency was considered and several compounds were advanced into in vivo pharmacokinetic studies ultimately leading to the clinical candidate GSK364735.

Safety and efficacy of dolutegravir in treatment-experienced subjects with raltegravir-resistant HIV type 1 infection: 24-week results of the VIKING Study.

BACKGROUND: Dolutegravir (DTG; S/GSK1349572), a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor, has limited cross-resistance to raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir in vitro. This phase IIb study assessed the activity of DTG in HIV-1-infected subjects with genotypic evidence of RAL resistance. METHODS: Subjects received DTG 50 mg once daily (cohort I) or 50 mg twice daily (cohort II) while continuing a failing regimen (without RAL) through day 10, after which the background regimen was optimized, when feasible, for cohort I, and at least 1 fully active drug was mandated for cohort II. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of subjects on day 11 in whom the plasma HIV-1 RNA load decreased by ≥0.7 log(10) copies/mL from baseline or was <400 copies/mL. RESULTS: A rapid antiviral response was observed. More subjects achieved the primary end point in cohort II (23 of 24 [96%]), compared with cohort I (21 of 27 [78%]) at day 11. At week 24, 41% and 75% of subjects had an HIV-1 RNA load of <50 copies/mL in cohorts I and II, respectively. Further integrase genotypic evolution was uncommon. Dolutegravir had a good, similar safety profile with each dosing regimen. CONCLUSION: Dolutegravir 50 mg twice daily with an optimized background provided greater and more durable benefit than the once-daily regimen. These data are the first clinical demonstration of the activity of any integrase inhibitor in subjects with HIV-1 resistant to RAL.

Carbamoyl pyridone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. 1. Molecular design and establishment of an advanced two-metal binding pharmacophore.

Our group has focused on expanding the scope of a two-metal binding pharmacophore concept to explore HIV-1 integrase inhibitors through medicinal chemistry efforts to design novel scaffolds which allow for improvement of pharmacokinetic (PK) and resistance profiles. A novel chelating scaffold was rationally designed to effectively coordinate two magnesium cofactors and to extend an aromatic group into an optimal hydrophobic pharmacophore space. The new chemotype, consisting of a carbamoyl pyridone core unit, shows high inhibitory potency in both enzymatic and antiviral assay formats with low nM IC50 and encouraging potency shift effects in the presence of relevant serum proteins. The new inhibitor design displayed a remarkable PK profile suggestive of once daily dosing without the need for a PK booster as demonstrated by robust drug concentrations at 24 h after oral dosing in rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys.

The activity of the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir against HIV-1 variants isolated from raltegravir-treated adults.

BACKGROUND: Dolutegravir (DTG, S/GSK1349572) is an integrase inhibitor with low nanomolar potency. Susceptibility to dolutegravir and raltegravir was determined for raltegravir-resistant clinical isolates. METHODS: Genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility to integrase inhibitors was examined using 39 clinical isolate samples obtained from 18 adults who had exhibited incomplete viral suppression on a raltegravir-based regimen. RESULTS: Of 39 samples evaluated, 30 had genotypic and phenotypic resistance to raltegravir. All samples lacking raltegravir resistance retained complete susceptibility to dolutegravir. Of the 30 samples with genotypic evidence of raltegravir resistance, the median level of phenotypic resistance to raltegravir was high (median fold change in inhibitory concentration at 50%, >81; range, 3.7 to >87), while the level of resistance to dolutegravir was close to that of wild-type variants (median fold change, 1.5; range, 0.9-19.0). Longitudinal samples from 5 subjects collected during long-term failure of raltegravir revealed time-dependent general decreases in phenotypic susceptibility to raltegravir, with minimal changes in phenotypic susceptibility to dolutegravir. The median fold change to dolutegravir for isolates containing changes at G140S + Q148H, G140S + Q148R, T97A + Y143R, and N155H (thus including raltegravir signature resistance codons) were 3.75, 13.3, 1.05, and 1.37, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dolutegravir retained in vitro activity against clinical isolates obtained from subjects who failed raltegravir-based therapy at near wild-type levels for variants containing the Y143 and N155 resistance mutations. Isolates with Q148 plus additional integrase mutations possessed a broader range of and more reduced susceptibility to dolutegravir.

Effect of a single supratherapeutic dose of dolutegravir on cardiac repolarization.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a supratherapeutic dose of the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir on the QT and corrected QT (QTc) interval. DESIGN: Randomized, partial-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, 3-period, balanced crossover study. SETTING: Clinical research unit. SUBJECTS: Forty-two healthy subjects were randomized; of these subjects, 38 completed the study, three withdrew early because of protocol violations, and one was lost to follow-up. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to receive three single doses of the following treatments: dolutegravir 250-mg suspension, moxifloxacin 400-mg tablet, and placebo suspension; each treatment was separated by a 14-day washout period. Treatment with the dolutegravir and placebo suspension was blinded, whereas treatment with moxifloxacin was open label. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic exposure at a supratherapeutic dose of dolutegravir 250 mg was 2-4 times higher than the pharmacokinetic exposure at clinically relevant dosages (50 mg once or twice/day). The upper limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the placebo-adjusted mean change from baseline of the QTc interval (ΔΔQTcF) using Fridericia's formula was less than 10 msec at all time points. The sensitivity of the study to detect modest increases in QT interval was established with moxifloxacin, a positive control for QT-interval prolongation. The maximum ΔΔQTcF values for dolutegravir and moxifloxacin were observed at 4 hours: 1.99 msec (90% CI -0.55-4.53 msec) and 9.58 msec (90% CI 7.05-12.11 msec), respectively. CONCLUSION: This pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model demonstrates no relationship between dolutegravir plasma concentration and ΔΔQTcF. Furthermore, a supratherapeutic dose of dolutegravir was generally well tolerated without any serious or severe adverse events. As such, dolutegravir does not affect cardiac repolarization.

Characterization of the R263K mutation in HIV-1 integrase that confers low-level resistance to the second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor dolutegravir.

Integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have been developed to inhibit the ability of HIV-1 integrase to irreversibly link the reverse-transcribed viral DNA to the host genome. INSTIs have proven their high efficiency in inhibiting viral replication in vitro and in patients. However, first-generation INSTIs have only a modest genetic barrier to resistance, allowing the virus to escape these powerful drugs through several resistance pathways. Second-generation INSTIs, such as dolutegravir (DTG, S/GSK1349572), have been reported to have a higher resistance barrier, and no novel drug resistance mutation has yet been described for this drug. Therefore, we performed in vitro selection experiments with DTG using viruses of subtypes B, C, and A/G and showed that the most common mutation to emerge was R263K. Further analysis by site-directed mutagenesis showed that R263K does confer low-level resistance to DTG and decreased integration in cell culture without altering reverse transcription. Biochemical cell-free assays performed with purified IN enzyme containing R263K confirmed the absence of major resistance against DTG and showed a slight decrease in 3' processing and strand transfer activities compared to the wild type. Structural modeling suggested and in vitro IN-DNA binding assays show that the R263K mutation affects IN-DNA interactions.

Combining symmetry elements results in potent naphthyridinone (NTD) HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

A series of naphthyridinone HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors have been designed based on a psdeudo-C2 symmetry element present in the two-metal chelation pharmacophore. A combination of two distinct inhibitor binding modes resulted in potent inhibition of the integrase strand-transfer reaction in the low nM range. Effects of aryl and N1 substitutions are disclosed including the impact on protein binding adjusted antiviral activity.

Antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of dolutegravir as 10-day monotherapy in HIV-1-infected adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antiviral activity, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of dolutegravir (DTG), a next-generation HIV integrase inhibitor (INI), as short-term monotherapy. DESIGN: A phase IIa, randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study. METHODS: In this study, INI-naive, HIV-1-infected adults currently off antiretroviral therapy were randomized to receive DTG (2, 10, or 50 mg) or placebo once daily for 10 days in an eight active and two placebo randomization scheme per DTG dose. Placebo patients were pooled for the purpose of analysis. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (n = 9 for DTG 2 and 10 mg, n = 10 for DTG 50 mg, and n = 7 for placebo) were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were similar across dose groups. Significant reductions in plasma HIV-1 RNA from baseline to day 11 were observed for all DTG dose groups compared with placebo (P < 0.001), with a mean decrease of 1.51-2.46 log(10) copies/ml. In addition, a well characterized dose-response relationship was observed for viral load decrease. Most patients (seven of 10, 70%) receiving DTG 50 mg achieved plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml. The pharmacokinetic variability was low (coefficient of variation, range 25-50%). Plasma HIV-1 RNA reduction was best predicted by Cτ using an E(max) model. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, fatigue, and headache; the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate in severity. CONCLUSION: Dolutegravir demonstrated potent antiviral activity, good short-term tolerability, low pharmacokinetic variability, and a predictable pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics relationship, which support once-daily dosing without a pharmacokinetic booster in integrase-naive patients in future studies.

A strategy for neuraminidase inhibitors using mechanism-based labeling information.

A potent inhibitor for Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCNA) was developed by using a novel two-step strategy, a target amino acid validation using mechanism-based labeling information, and a potent inhibitor search using a focused library. The labeling information suggested the hidden dynamics of a loop structure of VCNA, which can be a potential target of the novel inhibitor. A focused library composed of 187 compounds was prepared from a 9-azide derivative of 2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) to interrupt the function of the loop of the labeled residues. Inhibitor 3 c showed potent inhibition properties and was the strongest inhibitor with FANA, a N-trifluoroacetyl derivative of DANA. Validation studies of the inhibitor with a detergent and a Lineweaver-Burk plot suggested that the 9-substitution group would interact hydrophobically with the target loop moiety, adding a noncompetitive inhibition property to the DANA skeleton. This information enabled us to design compound 4 having the combined structure of 3 c and FANA. Compound 4 showed the most potent inhibition (K(i) =73 nM, mixed inhibition) of VCNA with high selectivity among the tested viral, bacterial, and mammal neuraminidases.

In Vitro antiretroviral properties of S/GSK1349572, a next-generation HIV integrase inhibitor.

S/GSK1349572 is a next-generation HIV integrase (IN) inhibitor designed to deliver potent antiviral activity with a low-milligram once-daily dose requiring no pharmacokinetic (PK) booster. In addition, S/GSK1349572 demonstrates activity against clinically relevant IN mutant viruses and has potential for a high genetic barrier to resistance. S/GSK1349572 is a two-metal-binding HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor whose mechanism of action was established through in vitro integrase enzyme assays, resistance passage experiments, activity against viral strains resistant to other classes of anti-HIV agents, and mechanistic cellular assays. In a variety of cellular antiviral assays, S/GSK1349572 inhibited HIV replication with low-nanomolar or subnanomolar potency and with a selectivity index of 9,400. The protein-adjusted half-maximal effective concentration (PA-EC(50)) extrapolated to 100% human serum was 38 nM. When virus was passaged in the presence of S/GSK1349572, highly resistant mutants were not selected, but mutations that effected a low fold change (FC) in the EC(50) (up to 4.1 fold) were identified in the vicinity of the integrase active site. S/GSK1349572 demonstrated activity against site-directed molecular clones containing the raltegravir-resistant signature mutations Y143R, Q148K, N155H, and G140S/Q148H (FCs, 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, and 2.6, respectively), while these mutants led to a high FC in the EC(50) of raltegravir (11- to >130-fold). Either additive or synergistic effects were observed when S/GSK1349572 was tested in combination with representative approved antiretroviral agents; no antagonistic effects were seen. These findings demonstrate that S/GSK1349572 would be classified as a next-generation drug in the integrase inhibitor class, with a resistance profile markedly different from that of first-generation integrase inhibitors.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of S/GSK1349572, a next-generation HIV integrase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers.

S/GSK1349572 is a novel integrase inhibitor with potent in vitro anti-HIV activity, an in vitro resistance profile different from those of other integrase inhibitors, and favorable preclinical safety and pharmacokinetics (PK). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-dose and multiple-dose, dose escalation studies evaluated the PK, safety, and tolerability of S/GSK1349572 for healthy subjects. In the single-dose study, two cohorts of 10 subjects each (8 active, 2 receiving placebo) received suspension doses of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg in an alternating panel design. In the multiple-dose study, three cohorts of 10 subjects each (8 active, 2 receiving placebo) received suspension doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg once daily for 10 days. A cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) substudy with midazolam was conducted with the 25-mg dose. Laboratory testing, vital signs, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and PK sampling were performed at regular intervals. S/GSK1349572 was well tolerated. Most adverse events (AEs) were mild, with a few moderate AEs reported. Headache was the most common AE. No clinically significant laboratory trends or ECG changes were noted. PK was linear over the dosage range studied. The steady-state geometric mean area under the concentration-time curve over a dosing interval (AUC(0-tau)) and maximum concentration of the drug in plasma (C(max)) ranged from 16.7 microg.h/ml (coefficient of variation [CV], 15%) and 1.5 microg/ml (CV, 24%) at a 10-mg dose to 76.8 microg.h/ml (CV, 19%) and 6.2 microg/ml (CV, 15%) at a 50-mg dose, respectively. The geometric mean steady-state concentration at the end of the dosing interval (C(tau)) with a 50-mg dose was 1.6 microg/ml, approximately 25-fold higher than the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration (0.064 microg/ml). The half-life was approximately 15 h. S/GSK1349572 had no impact on midazolam exposure, indicating that it does not modulate CYP3A activity. The PK profile suggests that once-daily, low milligram doses will achieve therapeutic concentrations.