[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the left lower lobe invading the upper lobe ahead of fissure].

We described a case of pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that was resected video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with safety surgical margin. The legion masqueraded primary lung cancer showing invasion to neighboring lobe. Positron emission tomography (PET) was not helpful in diagnosing whether it was malignant or not. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor was called as inflammatory pseudotumor, formerly. Several reports, however, suggested that so called inflammatory pseudotumor was a true neoplasm rather than a proliferating tissue due to inflammatory response. It is not rare that inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor invades neighboring organ or shows relapsing after coarse margin resection. Our case would remind pulmonary physicians of its correct treatment, i.e. surgical resection with adequate safety margin.

Glia maturation factor-beta is produced by thymoma and may promote intratumoral T-cell differentiation.

AIMS: To investigate whether Glia maturation factor-beta (GMFB) is expressed in thymomas and is associated with T-cell development. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated the expression of GMFB by immunohistochemistry in 86 cases of thymoma classified into five type A, 35 type AB, 11 type B1, 26 type B2, and nine type B3 thymomas according to the World Health Organization classification system. Immunoblotting and in situ hybridization (ISH) studies were also performed in selected cases. The results of the immunoblot analysis were in accordance with those of immunohistochemical scoring. The ISH study ascertained the tumour cells producing the protein. Immunohistochemically, GMFB expression was observed in one (20%) of type A, 32 (80%) of type AB, all (100%) of type B1 and B2, and eight (89%) of type B3 thymoma with statistically significant differences between type A and type AB, type B1, or type B2 thymoma, and between type B3 and type AB or type B2 thymoma. There was a significant correlation between GMFB expression and the amount of accompanying non-neoplastic T cells. GMFB promoted T-cell differentiation into CD4-/CD8+ cells when analysed by two-colour flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that T-cell development in thymoma may be maintained partly by GMFB produced by the tumour cells.

SAGE mRNA expression in advanced-stage lung cancers.

AIMS: SAGE and HAGE are recently isolated genes, which were thought to be expressed tumour-specifically, and are potentially coding for tumour-specific antigens recognized by T lymphocytes. The expression of these genes may serve as a useful diagnostic marker in detecting malignant disease. We report the correlation of SAGE and HAGE expression with clinicopathological features in patients with lung cancer who had undergone surgery. METHODS: Expression of SAGE and HAGE messenger RNA was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 102 lung carcinomas and adjacent histological normal lung samples using LightCycler. RESULTS: SAGE/GAPDH mRNA expression was not significantly different between the tumour of lung cancer tissue (3.777+/-10.802) and normal lung tissue (3.028+/-3.356, p=0.7283). There was no relationship between SAGE gene expression and age, gender or N-status. SAGE/GAPDH expression was significantly higher in stage III-IV lung cancer (6.180+/-16.475) than in stage I lung cancer (1.534+/-2.591, p=0.0393). SAGE/GAPDH expression was also significantly higher in T4 lung cancer (9.183+/-23.117) than in T2 lung cancer (2.676+/-5.943, p=0.0362) and T1 lung cancer (2.373+/-3.433, p=0.0371). CONCLUSIONS: Detection for SAGE mRNA expression is possible in lung cancer samples. There was no relationship between HAGE gene expression and clinicopathological factor, such that the usefulness of detection for HAGE mRNA expression is limited for lung cancer.

FHIT mRNA expression in thymoma.

AIMS: The FHIT gene is located at 3p14.2 a region frequently lost in multiple tumour types. Loss of FHIT expression has been found to occur frequently in multiple tumour types. We wished to investigate that FHIT mRNA levels in a series of thymomas. METHODS: Expression of FHIT messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a LightCycler in 49 thymomas and 11 adjacent histologically normal thymus samples from patients. RESULTS: FHIT transcripts in tumour samples (28.6+/-35.8) at levels significantly lower than those in normal thymus samples (573.9+/-1028.0, p=0.001). No relationship was seen between FHIT gene expression and age, gender, or pathological thymoma subtypes. FHIT mRNA expression in invasive thymomas (stage II-IV, 34.5+/-39.2) was significantly higher than that in stage I thymomas (20.7+/-29.7, p=0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed that p21 protein positive thymoma had a tendency towards higher FHIT gene expression than in p21 negative thymoma. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased FHIT expression might be seen in early stage thymoma, suggesting that loss of FHIT expression may associate with tumorigenesis of thymoma.

Angioarrestin mRNA expression in early-stage lung cancers.

AIMS: Angioarrestin is a recently isolated gene, which has a novel function as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumorigenesis. It has been reported that the angioarrestin expression was decreased in lung cancer. We attempted to determine the influence of angioarrestin expression on clinicopathological features in patients with lung cancer who had undergone surgery. METHODS: Expression of angioarrestin messenger RNA was evaluated by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 93 lung carcinomas and adjacent histological normal lung samples using LightCycler. RESULTS: Angioarrestin/GAPDH mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the tumor of lung cancer tissue (86.676+/-123.505) than in the normal lung tissue (1154.218+/-2003.508, p<0.0001), although only four lung cancer tissues had more than one tumor/normal ratio of angioarrestin/GAPDH mRNA expression. There was no relationship between angioarrestin gene expression and age, gender or T-status. However, decreased angioarrestin/GAPDH expression was especially seen at stage I lung cancer (54.156+/-62.783) when compared to stage II-IV lung cancer (110.315+/-151.359, p=0.0316). Decreased angioarrestin/GAPDH expression was especially seen at N0 lung cancer (56.396+/-69.941) when compared to N2 lung cancer (137.522+/-180.489, p=0.0362). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased expression of angioarrestin mRNA was the early phase phenomena for tumor progression from lung cancer. Alternatively, loss of antianiogenesis might play a role in oncogenesis for lung cancer.

Clinical significance of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase mRNA expression in thymoma.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes which degrade extracellular matrix and basement membrane. There is much evidence that their increased expression is correlated with tumor aggressiveness in various carcinomas. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the specific inhibitors of MMPs. MMPs and TIMPs are considered to play an important role in carcinoma invasion and metastasis. We hypothesized that MMPs and TIMPs also play an important role in thymoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 34 thymoma cases. The mRNA levels of MMP-1, -7, and -9, TIMP-1 and -2, and GAPDH were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction using LightCycler. We also performed immunohistochemistry for TIMP-1. RESULTS: The TIMP-1/GAPDH mRNA expression level was significantly higher in invasive (stage II-IV) thymomas (means +/- SE, 81.4 +/- 28.1) than in noninvasive (stage I) thymomas (30.9 +/- 8.3, P = 0.026). The MMP-1/GAPDH mRNA expression level was also higher in invasive thymomas (19.7 +/- 7.5) than in non invasive thymomas (2.26 +/- 1.72, P = 0.020). Immunopositivity of TIMP-1 was localized in stromal cells adjacent to the advancing margin of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that TIMPs and MMPs play an important role in the invasion of thymoma.

Endostatin gene therapy on murine lung metastases model utilizing cationic vector-mediated intravenous gene delivery.

Tumors require ongoing angiogenesis to support their growth. Inhibition of angiogenesis by production of antiangiogenic factors should be a viable approach for cancer gene therapy. In this study, we investigated whether intravenous administration of endostatin gene complexed with a cationic vector (GL67/DOPE or PEI22K) could inhibit the development of lung tumors in mice injected i.v. with NFSa Y83 fibrosarcoma cells (5 x 10(5)) which frequently form lung metastasis. mRNA and protein of the transfected gene were produced in the lung and other organs of the transfected mice as assessed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Single intravenous injection of the endostatin gene (60 microg) complexed with either GL67/DOPE or PEI22K on day 3 or day 7 after fibrosarcoma cell inoculation significantly inhibited tumor formation in the lung as evidenced by the reduced number of lung tumors and lung weight, and prolonged survival of the endostatin gene-transfected mice compared with control mice. These findings suggested that the endostatin gene therapy, using cationic vector-mediated intravenous gene transfer, might be a feasible strategy for organ-targeted prevention and regulation of possible disseminated cancers.

[Therapeutic options which potentially cure patients with thymoma].

This study reports clinicopathologic features, treatment, and outcome of 107 thymomas, especially focusing on a combined modality program using hemithorax irradiation (HI) and restaging surgery using corticosteroid for advanced thymoma showing disseminative lesions. The use of HI after presumably total resection of the dissemination under posterolateral thoracotomy had no effect on reducing the incidence of relapsing. On the other hand, our own experience revealed that corticosteroid caused degenerative changes in the epithelial cells and lymphocytes of thymomas. The fact led us administer corticosteroid not only in preoperative setting but during postoperative HI. A better prognosis may be anticipated, although the follow up period is short and the number of patients involved is small.

[Surgery for multiple primary lung cancers].

Thirty-eight patients (3.4%) of multiple primary lung cancers were treated among 1,106 patients of lung cancer at Nagoya City University Hospital. Twenty-eight patients had multiple lung lesions at the same time. Ten had the second primary lung cancer from 5 to 12 years after the first operation. Thirty-six patients had the second operation, and two had adjuvant therapy for lung cancer. Their 5 year survival rate was 36%. Especially of the patients with stage I lung cancer, 5 year survival rate was 65%. Radical but less invasive operation like VATS should be chosen for their treatment.

Clinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and Ets-1 gene expression in patients with lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) is a member of the MMP family and has a wide variety of substrate spectra. Ets domain transcription factors are reported to play an important role in carcinoma invasion and metastasis. The regulatory role of Ets-1 has been shown in several MMPs. We have hypothesized that MMP-7 and Ets-1 mRNA levels could be predictors of the development and invasion of lung cancer. METHODS: The study included 73 lung cancer cases. The mRNA levels were quantified by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a LightCycler. RESULTS: No significant difference in MMP-7 and Ets-1 mRNA levels was found among gender, age, and pathological subtype. The MMP-7 mRNA levels were elevated in tumor tissues from stage II-IV lung cancer (1.629 +/- 2.267) compared to those from stage I lung cancer (0.762 +/- 1.463) (P = 0.0290). There was a tendency toward higher MMP-7 mRNA expression levels in tumors with lymph node metastasis (1.728 +/- 2.432) compared to those without lymph node metastasis (1.141 +/- 1.838) (P = 0.1076). Thus, MMP-7 mRNA levels may serve as a marker of higher stages in lung cancer. No significant difference in Ets-1 mRNA levels was found among clinical stages and T-status. The Ets-1 mRNA levels were elevated in tumors from N2 patients (7.512 +/- 13.306) compared to those from N0 patients (2.525 +/- 4.719) (P = 0.0209). Ets-1 mRNA levels showed a positive correlation with MMP-7 expression (P = 0.0042). CONCLUSIONS: Using the LightCycler RT-PCR assay, the determination of MMP-7 and Ets-1 mRNA levels might provide a potential marker for advanced lung cancer. However, further studies and a longer follow-up are needed to confirm the impact of MMP-7 in the biological behavior of the tumor.

Expression of the MTA1 mRNA in thymoma patients.

The MTA1 gene is a recently identified metastasis-associated gene which has been implicated in the signal transduction or regulation of gene expression. We examined the mRNA expression levels of the MTA1, the human homologue of the rat mta1 gene in thymoma. Expression of MTA1 mRNA was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 30 thymoma samples using LightCycler. The data was analyzed in reference to clinicopathological data. There was no relationship between MTA1 gene expression and age and gender. MTA1/GAPDH mRNA level in stage IV thymoma (6.431+/-3.404) was significantly higher than the level in stage I thymoma (2.592+/-1.902, P=0.0081). There was a tendency towards higher MTA1/GAPDH mRNA level in stage IV thymoma when compared to stage II thymoma (3.746+/-3.292, P=0.072). Thus our results show that the expression of the MTA1 gene is closely related to invasiveness in thymoma. The gene MTA1 could potentially provide information on the mechanism of tumor invasion and metastasis.

Expression of the cdc25B mRNA correlated with that of N-myc in neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors in early childhood. Overexpression of the proto-oncogene N-myc has been reported to be correlated with more malignant course of the disease. cdc25B is reported to be a target of myc and elevated in several malignant cells and tissues. METHODS: Expression of cdc25B and N-myc messenger RNAs were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in 20 tumor samples from neuroblastoma using LightCycler. The data were analyzed with reference to clinicopathological factors. Immunohistochemistry for cdc25B was also performed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the cdc25B expression between patient groups according to age, gender and clinical stage. The cdc25B mRNA expression levels were significantly correlated with N-myc mRNA levels (y = -0.445 + 20.577x, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We could not establish the clinical significance to determine the cdc25B mRNA level from neuroblastoma. However, we suggest that cdc25B may play an active role as a target of N-myc in neuroblastoma, although the biological function of cdc25B in neuroblastoma remains to be clarified.

Expression of the cdc25B gene as a prognosis marker in non-small cell lung cancer.

There is an evidence to suggest that cdc25B phosphatase is an oncogenic. We hypothesized that cdc25B gene may be expressed in tumors of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and affect their clinical outcome. Expression of cdc25B messenger RNA was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 55 non-small cell lung carcinomas and adjacent histological normal lung samples using LightCycler. The data was analyzed in reference to clinicopathological data and survival data. There was no difference of cdc25B expression level between the NSCLC tissue and normal lung tissue. There was no relationship between cdc25B gene expression and age, gender, N or T-status and clinical stage. However, the NSCLC patients with high cdc25B expression had significantly poor survival than the patients with low cdc25B expression (P=0.0173). Thus we suggest that cdc25B may predict poor survival.

Expression of the sensitive to apoptosis gene, SAG, as a prognostic marker in nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Inhibition of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness. We hypothesized that a novel sensitive to apoptosis gene, SAG, may be expressed in tumors of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and may affect their clinical outcome. Expression of SAG messenger RNA was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 80 nonsmall cell lung carcinomas and 65 adjacent histologic nonmalignant lung samples using a LightCycler. The data were analyzed in reference to clinicopathologic data and survival. The SAG/GAPDH mRNA level in 80 NSCLC was 2.337 +/- 1.972. Of 65 paired NSCLC and nonmalignant lung samples, SAG/GAPDH mRNA levels were 2.313 +/- 2.064 and 1.696 +/- 1.910, respectively. The SAG mRNA level was significantly higher in NSCLC compared with nonmalignant lung tissue (p = 0.0169). There was no relationship between SAG gene expression and age, gender, T- or N-status or clinical stages. The NSCLC patients with high SAG/GAPDH expression (>1.8) had significantly poorer survival than the patients with low SAG/GAPDH expression (<1.8, p = 0.0227). Thus we suggest that SAG gene expression in NSCLC may be a useful prognostic marker.

Serum level of the periostin, a homologue of an insect cell adhesion molecule, in thymoma patients.

Periostin protein shares structural and sequence homology with fasciclin I, which is an insect adhesion molecule. Periostin has a typical signal peptide at the N-terminal end suggesting it is a secreted protein. Recently, we developed a novel sandwich chemiluminescence assay to determine serum concentrations of periostin. We investigated the serum periostin level in thymoma patients, and attempted to determine the correlation between serum periostin level and clinicopathological factors of thymoma patients who had undergone surgery between January 1994 and July 1996. Serum periostin levels were not significantly different between the thymoma patients (1264.4+/-122.9 ng/ml) and the normal control (962.0+/-118.6 ng/ml) (P=0.0877). There was no relationship between serum periostin level and age, gender or pathological subtype. However the serum periostin level of stage IV patients (1497.0+/-285.8 ng/ml) was significantly higher than normal control (P=0.0460). These data suggest that serum periostin level may indicate tumor invasion and progression of thymoma.

Serum level of the periostin, a homologue of an insect cell adhesion molecule, as a prognostic marker in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Periostin protein shares structural and sequence homology with fasciclin I, which is an insect adhesion molecule. Periostin has a typical signal peptide at the N-terminal end, which suggests that it is a secreted protein. Recently, the authors developed a novel sandwich chemiluminescence assay to determine serum concentrations of periostin. METHODS: The authors investigated the serum periostin level in lung carcinoma patients and attempted to determine the influence of serum periostin level on clinical outcome for patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) who had undergone surgery between January 1994 and July 1996. Expression of periostin messenger RNA was also examined by in situ RNA hybridization for lung carcinomas. RESULTS: The periostin gene was shown to be highly expressed at the tumor periphery of lung carcinoma tissue but not within the tumor by in situ RNA hybridization. Serum periostin levels were not significantly different between the NSCLC patients (1142.1 +/- 89.2 ng/mL) and the normal control (962.0 +/- 118.6 ng/mL) (P = 0.2985). There was no relation between serum periostin level and gender, stage, bone metastasis, N status, or T status. However, the serum periostin levels of NSCLC patients had decreased significantly by 4 weeks after the resection of the tumor. The NSCLC patients with high periostin level (> 962 ng/mL) had significantly poorer survival than the patients with normal periostin level (P = 0.0406). Using the Cox proportional hazards regression model, the authors found that stage (P < 0.0001) and serum periostin level (P = 0.0226) were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The in situ RNA hybridization data from the current study suggested that expression of periostin may be involved in tumor invasionand that the serum periostin level may serve as a prognostic marker for NSCLC.

Overexpression of Hrad17 gene in non-small cell lung cancers correlated with lymph node metastasis.

We used palindromic PCR-driven cDNA differential display technique to identify and isolate a gene, human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe checkpoint gene rad17, from colon cancer tissues. The loss of checkpoint control in mammalian cells results in genomic instability, leading to the amplification, rearrangement, or loss of chromosomes, events associated with tumor progression. We hypothesized that the Hrad17 may be expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We attempted to determine the influence of Hrad17 expression on clinicopathological features for patients with NSCLC who had undergone surgery. Expression of Hrad17 messenger RNA was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 102 non-small cell lung carcinomas and adjacent histologically normal lung samples from patients for whom follow up data were available. Hrad17 transcripts were detected in 26 (25.5%) of the tumor samples, although some of the paired normal lung samples showed weak expression. There was no relationship between Hrad17 gene expression and age, gender or T-status. About 13 of 31 (41.9%) NSCLC patients with Hrad17 overexpressions were node positive, on the other hand, 13 of 76 (18.3%) cases without Hrad17 overexpressions were node positive. Thus the expression of Hrad17 mRNA correlated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.0231) from NSCLC. Hrad17 protein was highly expressed at the advancing margin of the tumor of lung cancer tissue but not within the normal lung tissue by immunohistochemistry. Thus the expression of Hrad17 might correlate with more advanced NSCLC.

Expression of the antiapoptosis gene, AAC-11, as a prognosis marker in non-small cell lung cancer.

Inhibition of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness. We hypothesized that a novel apoptosis inhibitor gene, antiapoptosis clone 11 (AAC-11), may be expressed in tumors of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and affect their clinical outcome. Expression of AAC-11 messenger RNA was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 94 non-small cell lung carcinomas and adjacent histologically normal lung samples. The data was analyzed in reference to clinicopathological and survival data. AAC-11 transcripts were detected in 12 (12.7%) of the tumor samples, although five of paired normal lung samples showed very weak expression. There was no relationship between AAC-11 gene expression and age, gender, N or T-status. AAC-11 was preferentially expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (26.9% of squamous cell carcinoma vs. 7% of adenocarcinoma). The NSCLC patients with AAC-11 expression had significantly poor survival than the patients without AAC-11 expression (P=0.0360). Although the AAC-11 gene was not expressed in a majority of NSCLC tumors, we suggest that AAC-11 may predict poor survival.

Expression of Periostin, homologous with an insect cell adhesion molecule, as a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancers.

We used our palindromic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-driven cDNA differential display technique to identify and isolate a gene, designated periostin, from cancer tissues and found it to be overexpressed in several human tumors. We attempted to determine the influence of periostin expression on clinical outcome in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis. Periostin gene was highly expressed at the tumor periphery of lung cancer tissue but not within the tumor by in situ RNA hybridization, suggesting that expression of periostin may be involved in the process of tumor invasion. Periostin transcripts were detected in 50 (49.0%) of the tumor samples, although some paired normal lung samples showed weak expression. There was no relationship between periostin gene expression and gender, N- or T-status. The NSCLC patients with periostin expression had significantly poorer survival than the patients without periostin expression (P = 0.0338).

Expression of the prothymosin alpha mRNA correlated with that of N-myc in neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant solid cancers in early childhood. Overexpression of the proto-oncogene, N-myc, has been reported to be correlated with more malignant course of the disease. Prothymosin alpha, a cellular proliferation-associated gene, is reported to be a target of myc and elevated in several malignant cells and tissues. Expression of prothymosin alpha and N-myc messenger RNAs were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in 18 tumor samples from neuroblastoma using LightCycler. The data was analyzed in reference to clinicopathological factors. There was a tendency that higher prothymosin alpha transcripts levels in the tumor samples from younger patients (<1year.) when compared to the older group (>1 year.) (P=0.0845). There was no relationship between prothymosin alpha gene expression and gender (P=0.3029), mass screening case or not (P=0.3007), or stage. The prothymosin alpha mRNA expression levels were correlated with N-myc mRNA levels (P=0.006). Thus we suggest that prothymosin alpha plays an active role as a target of N-myc in neuroblastoma.