Transcervical intralesional vasopressin injection in hysteroscopic myomectomy--description of a new technique.

An original technique of transcervical intralesional vasopressin injection that allowed direct infiltration to submucous myomas under hysteroscopic control is described. Five patients with a symptomatic submucous myoma 1.5-5 cm in size scheduled for hysteroscopic myomectomy were recruited. The time required for vasopressin injection was less than 3 minutes in all cases. The time required for myomectomy ranged from 3 to 32 minutes. Four cases had no fluid absorption, whereas 1 had absorption of 1000 mL. The patient with the longest operative time and fluid absorption had multiple submucous myomas, including a large G2 myoma of 5 cm. All cases had complete excision without complication. The surgeons rated the operations as having minimal bleeding and excellent clarity. Transcervical intralesional vasopressin injection is a potentially simple, quick, and feasible method to facilitate complete resection of submucous myomas in hysteroscopic myomectomy.

Scan the fetal heart by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography with live xPlane imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodology of live xPlane imaging in the visualization of the fetal heart in detail. METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive pregnant women with singleton pregnancies were imaged to display four screening sections of the fetal heart, the four-chamber view, the left outflow tract view (LVOT), the right outflow tract view (RVOT), and the three-vessel and trachea view (3VT), using live xPlane imaging. The methodology of how to visualize the screening planes was described in detail. We used two methods to image the fetal heart with live xPlane imaging: one uses the four-chamber view as the starting plane and the other uses the longitudinal view of fetal upper thorax as the starting plane. RESULTS: When using the four-chamber view as the starting plane, the visualization rate of LVOT, RVOT, and 3VT was 94.1% (48/51), 100% (51/51), and 98.0% (50/51), respectively. When using the longitudinal view as the starting plane, the visualization rate of four-chamber view, LVOT, RVOT, and 3VT was 100% (51/51), 100% (51/51), 41.2% (21/51), and 100% (51/51), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Live xPlane imaging can be used to visualize the screening views of the fetal heart, and potentially may be a useful tool for the assessment and diagnosis of fetal congenital heart diseases.

A randomized controlled trial of auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for managing posthysterectomy pain.

Background. A patient- and assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the effectiveness of auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in relieving posthysterectomy pain. Method. Forty-eight women who had undergone a total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 16 each) to receive either (i) auricular TENS to therapeutic points (the true TENS group), (ii) auricular TENS to inappropriate points (the sham TENS group), or (iii) 20 minutes of bed rest with no stimulation (the control group). The intervention was delivered about 24 hours after the operation. A visual analogue scale was used to assess pain while resting (VAS-rest) and upon huffing (VAS-huff) and coughing (VAS-cough), and the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was assessed before and at 0, 15, and 30 minutes after the intervention. Result. As compared to the baseline, only the true TENS group reported a significant reduction in VAS-rest (P = .001), VAS-huff (P = .004), and VAS-cough (P = .001), while no significant reduction in any of the VAS scores was seen in the sham TENS group (all P > .05). In contrast, a small rising trend was observed in the VAS-rest and VAS-huff scores of the control group, while the VAS-cough score remained largely unchanged during the period of the study. A between-group comparison revealed that all three VAS scores of the true TENS group were significantly lower than those of the control group at 15 and 30 minutes after the intervention (all P < .02). No significant between-group difference was observed in PEFR at any point in time. Conclusion. A single session of auricular TENS applied at specific therapeutic points significantly reduced resting (VAS-rest) and movement-evoked pain (VAS-huff, VAS-cough), and the effects lasted for at least 30 minutes after the stimulation. The analgesic effects of auricular TENS appeared to be point specific and could not be attributed to the placebo effect alone. However, auricular TENS did not produce any significant improvement in the performance of PEFR.

Placental site in the second trimester of pregnancy and its association with subsequent obstetric outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if placental location in the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on 16 236 patients having ultrasound examination at 14 to 23 weeks of gestation between 2000 and 2007. The placental location was classified into one of four groups: 'central', 'fundal', 'lateral' and 'covering Os'. Obstetric outcomes of non-central placenta were compared to those with 'central' placenta. RESULTS: Women with a 'fundal' placenta were at increased risk of developing pre-eclampsia (PET) (odds ratios (OR) = 2.27; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.31-3.93), a preterm delivery before 34 weeks (OR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.18-4.22), a non-vertex presentation (OR = 3.48; 95% CI, 2.49-4.86), undergoing a manual removal of placenta (MROP) following a vaginal delivery (OR = 7.1; 95% CI, 4.24-11.85) and small for gestational age (SGA) (OR = 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03-1.79). Women with a 'lateral' placenta were at increased risk of developing PET (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.28-3.25), spontaneous preterm delivery before 34 weeks (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.04-3.98), MROP (OR = 6.75; 95% CI, 4.4-10.33) and SGA (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.48-2.23). Five women with a 'cover Os' placenta had an increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage (>1000 mL) (OR = 6.18; 95% CI 2.29-16.65) if they had a vaginal delivery. CONCLUSION: Non-central placental location in the second trimester is associated with an increase risk of adverse obstetric outcome.

Assessment of sonographer nuchal translucency measurement performance--central tendency and dispersion.

OBJECTIVE: To assess center and sonographer nuchal translucency (NT) measurements that were performed as part of routine prenatal screening for Down syndrome. METHODS: Sonographers were assessed for measures of central tendency and dispersion by comparing them with expected population median and dispersion parameters. NT measurements were converted to multiples of the expected NT values according to CRL (NTMoM) and transformed to their log(10) equivalent (log(10) NTMoM). Central tendency and measurement were assessed by checking whether the median of the NTMoM distribution and SD of the log(10) NTMoM distributions were, respectively, within 5% or 10% of the expected median of 1 and SD of 0.1. Assessment was performed using both the Center specific and Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) reference NT for Crown rump length (CRL). RESULTS: The median NT MoM was 0.95 MoM using the FMF reference and 1.01 MoM when assessed using our center specific reference median. The difference between the center and FMF derived NT MoMs was statistically significantly (p < 0.0001). NTMoM medians increased over time at a rate of 0.0099 MoM per year while log(10) NT MoM measurement dispersement was similar to the 0.1 value expected and decreased by 0.0048 per year. CONCLUSION: Centers should routinely monitor the quality of NT measurements used to estimate Down syndrome screening risk and should provide individualized feedback to sonographers of their measures of central tendency and dispersion to ensure consistent and improved performance. NT reference medians adopted from other populations should be assessed and validated against a centers own measurement distribution.

Nausea and vomiting in health-related quality of life among Chinese pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is the most common pregnancy complication affecting women during the first trimester of pregnancy. The cause of NVP remains unknown and factors associated with the occurrence of NVP are contradictory. There is currently little information on its effects of NVP in general and specifically in the Chinese population. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of NVP with different degree of severity and identify their relationship with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to determine its association with the sociodemographic and obstetric factors. METHODS: In a prospective cross-sectional study, 396 women who attended the antenatal clinic between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation were invited to complete a structured questionnaire covering maternal characteristics, severity of NVP and their HRQoL. The status of NVP and HRQoL was measured by the frequency of symptoms and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-36 (SF-36) respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed to delineate the factors associated with NVP. RESULTS: The prevalence of NVP was 90.9%. Almost all domains and dimensions of SF-36 were affected by the presence of NVP and its severity. Factors associated with the presence and severity of NVP were non-smoking, younger age and history of NVP in previous pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The various degrees of severity of NVP significantly impair both physical and mental HRQoL in Hong Kong Chinese women. Awareness and care should be given to women with symptoms of nausea or retching alone, as well as vomiting.

Massive subchorionic thrombohematoma: a series of 10 cases.

A retrospective audit identified 10 cases of massive idiopathic subchorionic thrombohematoma. The incidence was 1:3,133. Only six of these pregnancies resulted in a livebirth and only two reached term. In eight cases there were ultrasound abnormalities, including two cases of placentomegaly both of which resulted in a pregnancy loss. There was one placental abruption. Seven of the women were nulliparous. Massive subchorionic thrombohematoma is associated with poor pregnancy outcome. Ultrasound findings of placentomegaly might be a bad prognostic sign.

Outcome of induction of labour using maternal characteristics, ultrasound assessment and biochemical state of the cervix.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pre-induction sonographic, digital examination and biochemical changes in the cervix to predict induction outcome. METHODS: Transvaginal and abdominal scans were performed in 460 women at 37-41 weeks of gestation to determine cervical length (CL), posterior cervical angle (PCA) and foetal occipital position. The Bishop Score (BS) and the absence/presence of phosphorylated form of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (phIGFBP-1) in cervical secretions were assessed. Independent parameters significantly associated with a vaginal delivery were identified. RESULTS: A total of 340 (73.9%) women achieved a vaginal delivery following induction. Multivariate analysis indicated that significant independent predictors of vaginal delivery were CL (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45-0.79), PCA (AOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.09-3.28) and multiparae (AOR: 10.02, 95% CI: 5.10-19.69). For a specificity of 75%, the sensitivity for prediction of vaginal delivery using the BS, the CL and the multivariate model using the identified significant independent predictors were 37.1, 46.8 and 68%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of sonographic assessment of the cervix and maternal characteristics was superior to the either BS or CL alone in the prediction of the induction outcome. Inclusion of the absence/presence of phIGFBP-1 did not further improve induction outcome.

Study on the applicability of frontomaxillary facial angle in the first-trimester trisomy 21 fetuses in Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the measurement of frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle at 11 weeks to 13 weeks, 6 days in a Chinese population and its applicability in the screening for fetal trisomy 21. METHOD: In a retrospective study, the stored images for the measurement of fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in a Chinese population from August 2003 to March 2007 were reviewed for the comparison of the FMF angle between 22 trisomy 21 fetuses (study group) with 220 randomly selected normal fetuses with satisfactory images (control group). RESULTS: No association between FMF angle and NT, nasal bone length, or fetal heart rate was shown (P > 0.05). But the FMF angle was significantly greater in the trisomy 21 fetuses (89.7 vs 82.8, P < 0.001). The intraobserver and interobserver agreement were assessed in 9.5% (n = 21) normal cases. Mean (SD) differences of two observers were -0.83 (2.69) degrees (P > 0.05). For each observer, mean (SD) differences between the two paired measurements were -0.98 (3.11) degrees and 0.93 (1.80) degrees , respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that measurement of the FMF angle in the first trimester can be incorporated into the screening of trisomy 21 in the Chinese population, and its application is not affected by intraobserver and interobserver variability.

Gastroschisis associated with an intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix: a report of 2 cases.

We describe 2 cases of gastroschisis which were found to be associated with an intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix.

First trimester measurements of nasal bone length using three-dimensional ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility and reproducibility of measurements of nasal bone length using a three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in the first trimester. METHODS: In a prospective study, 118 consecutive pregnant women attending for Down syndrome screening at 11-13 + 6 weeks were recruited. They had successful fetal nasal bone measurement by two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound by four operators. Three-dimensional volumes were recorded in the mid-sagittal plane of fetal profile by the fifth operator and examined using multiplanar techniques. Another independent investigator randomly compared his measurements with one of the four operators. RESULTS: In the subsequent 3D examination, the nasal bone length could be examined in 94 cases (79.7%). The mean difference between the 2D and 3D measurements was 0.19 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.31] (P < 0.05). Limits of agreement were -0.73 to 1.11. The mean differences between these two observers were 0.66 mm (95% CI -0.47 to 0.86) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was significant intermethod difference between the results obtained by 2D and 3D, as well as substantial interobserver variation in 3D measurement of fetal nasal bone length in the first trimester. Independent 3D measurement of nasal bone offers no additional advantages over 2D sonography.

Ultrasound screening for fetal structural abnormalities performed by trained midwives in the second trimester in a low-risk population--an appraisal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the performance of trained midwives in second trimester ultrasound screening for fetal structural abnormalities in a low-risk population. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. POPULATION: About 13,882 women with singleton pregnancies. METHODS: The findings of routine second trimester anomaly scan performed by midwives were reviewed. Reasons for referral to maternal fetal medicine (MFM) specialists for further assessment were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The detection, false positive and false alarm rates for fetal anomalies. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-nine pregnancies with unknown outcome were excluded from the final analysis. Overall, 617 (4.51%) women were referred to MFM specialists for further assessment, of which 470 (70.2%) were for soft markers alone and 147 (23.8%) for suspected fetal structural abnormalities. In these 13,693 fetuses with known outcome, malformed fetuses were present in 185, a prevalence of 1.35%. Of these, 115 were detected during the second trimester scan and two were detected in the third trimester. The remaining 68 malformed fetuses, most of which had minor anomalies, were identified after birth. The detection rate for a malformed fetus in second trimester scan was 62.2% (115/185) (95% CI 55.2-69.2). There were four cases of false positives and 33 cases of false alarm. CONCLUSIONS: Experienced midwives with proper training can detect the majority of major structural abnormalities. Continuous audit and quality control plays a significant role in optimizing the fetal structural examination.

First trimester combined screening for Trisomy 21 in Hong Kong: outcome of the first 10,000 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of first trimester fetal Trisomy 21 (T21) screening using a combination of maternal age, nuchal translucency, maternal serum levels of free beta-hCG and PAPP-A in a predominantly Chinese population in Hong Kong. METHODS: Consecutive women who underwent the combined screening for T21 between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation between 2003 and 2007 were recruited. Risk of T21 was calculated using Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm and karyotyping was advised when the risk was 1:300 or above. All women were followed up for pregnancy and fetal outcome. RESULTS: 10,363 fetuses underwent screening. 99% of the women were Chinese and 27.4% were at or above 35 years old. 618 fetuses were screened positive (5.9%), which included 31 cases of T21, 14 cases of T18, 7 cases of T13, 10 cases of 45XO and 7 cases of other chromosomal abnormalities. Among the 9745 screened negative fetuses all but 50 (0.5%) had a known outcome, which included three T21 and four other chromosomal abnormalities. All were subsequently identified at the morphology scan except for one case of T21. The detection rate and false positive rates for T21 were 91.2% and 5.4%, respectively and the positive predictive value for all chromosomal abnormalities was 1 in 9. CONCLUSIONS: Combined screening for T21 is highly effective among Chinese women. Training, quality control, regular auditing and follow up are essential to maintain screening standards.

Fetal nasal bone status in Chinese women undergoing first-trimester screening for trisomy 21.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 in Chinese fetuses with absent nasal bone (NB) at 11-14 weeks of gestation. STUDY DESIGN: The NB was classified as present or absent in 8101 chromosomally/phenotypically normal or trisomy 21 pregnancies. The effect of crown rump length (CRL), nuchal translucency (NT), maternal age, and fetal karyotype on the incidence of absent NB was examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: The NB was successfully examined in 7925 cases (97.8%). The incidence of absent NB in unaffected and trisomy 21 cases were 2.1% (164/7899) and 50% (13/26), respectively. CRL (odds ratio [OR], 0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-0.92), NT (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3), and trisomy 21 (OR, 22.3; 95% CI, 8.1-61) were significant independent predictors of likelihood of absent NB. Positive likelihood ratios (LR) for trisomy 21 in Chinese were lower than that of Caucasians for the equivalent CRL and NT measurements. CONCLUSION: Estimated risk for trisomy 21 in Chinese incorporating nasal bone status should use LRs derived in Chinese rather than Caucasians.

Expectation and knowledge of pregnant women undergoing first and second trimester ultrasound examination in a Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate expectation and knowledge on obstetric ultrasound examination in the first and second trimester in a Chinese population. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a university obstetric clinic in Hong Kong. Chinese pregnant women who underwent the first trimester early scan sessions, or the second trimester anomaly scan sessions were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire, which contained items on their knowledge, expectation, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: In all 276 eligible pregnant women (117 in the first trimester and 159 in the second trimester) were recruited. Although 249 women (90.2%) claimed they understood the indication of the ultrasound examination, only 93 of them were correct (33.7%). The median perceived overall-detection rate for structural abnormalities was 66.5%. Living in Hong Kong for more than 7 years was significantly associated with higher knowledge level and expectation from ultrasound examination. Attaining tertiary education level was also significantly associated with higher knowledge level. Over 90% of the pregnant women studied wished to know the fetal gender from the anomaly scan examination. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of Chinese pregnant women on ultrasound was generally unsatisfactory. Understanding their limitation of knowledge and expectations helps to devise appropriate education in the local setting.

Seasonal variation in pre-eclamptic rate and its association with the ambient temperature and humidity in early pregnancy.

AIMS: To determine any relationship between ambient temperatures adjusted for humidity at conception and the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. METHODS: The subjects were singleton primiparae delivered in a Teaching Hospital between 1995 and 2002. We studied the odds of developing pre-eclampsia across months and investigated the association between the pre-eclamptic rates based on the months of conception and the mean monthly heat index. RESULTS: A total of 245 (1.6%) women were diagnosed pre-eclampsia and eclampsia during the study period. There was a significant association between the seasons of conception and rate of pre-eclampsia (logistic regression Wald chi(2) = 9.2, p = 0.03). Conceptions during summer had a higher risk of pre-eclampsia than those during autumn (2.3 vs. 1.6%, OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5). Women who conceived in June had the highest risk of developing pre-eclampsia (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.2) while women who conceived in October had the lowest after adjusting for age. A 2-month time lag was observed between the peak pre-eclamptic rate in women who conceived in June and the peak heat index in August. CONCLUSION: Singleton primiparous women who conceived in summer and had a longer exposure to higher ambient temperature were at a greater risk of pre-eclampsia.

Cervicovaginal fistula secondary to embedded fetal bones: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Embedded fetal bone after surgical termination of midtrimester pregnancy is a recognized complication. Most cases occur in the uterine cavity; however, this case demonstrates that a cervicovaginal fistula can be caused by embedment of bone in the cervical canal. CASE: A 19-year-old girl presented with persistent smelly vaginal discharge 4 years after surgical pregnancy termination. On examination she had a cervicovaginal fistula with embedded fetal bone that was subsequently removed surgically. CONCLUSION: Cervicovaginal fistula can be a complication of surgical termination of midtrimester pregnancy as fetal bones can become embedded in the cervical canal during removal.

Fetal parvovirus B19 infection in a twin pregnancy with 1 twin presenting with hydrops fetalis and the other asymptomatic: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy is a known cause of nonimmune hydrops, while about one third of maternal infection is asymptomatic. Spontaneous abortion, hydrops fetalis, intrauterine growth retardation and meconium peritonitis are possible manifestations of fetal infection, but the infection can also be asymptomatic. CASE: Both fetuses in a dichorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancy were infected with parvovirus B19 infection, but only 1 fetus presented with hydrops fetalis. That fetus died, while the other remained asymptomatic throughout the pregnancy. The mother had a normal delivery at 39 weeks of gestation, and the neonatal outcome of the surviving twin was normal apart from early-onset neonatal jaundice due to ABO incompatibility. CONCLUSION: This case, together with others, illustrates that parvovirus B19 infection in twin fetuses can present differently despite the fact that the fetuses are nurtured in rather similar intrauterine environments. A severe complication in 1 twin does not preclude a normal outcome in the other. The possibility of different manifestations should be borne in mind so that parvovirus B19 infection remains high on the list of differential diagnoses of nonimmune hydrops affecting only 1 fetus in a twin pregnancy.

Dextrocardia in pregnancy: 20 years' experience.

OBJECTIVE: To identify all pregnancies complicated by maternal dextrocardia and report the obstetric performance in these patients. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of all deliveries between May 1984 and December 2004 at Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Maternal demographic data as well as information on the antenatal course and delivery outcome were abstracted from the maternal records. Neonatal record review yielded information on the gestational age at delivery, birth weight, Apgar scores, sex and neonatal conditions after delivery. RESULTS: Fifteen singleton pregnancies in 9 patients with dextrocardia were identified. There were 6 pregnancies in 3 patients with situs inversus and 9 pregnancies in 6 patients with isolated dextrocardia. There were no apparent antenatal complications. None of the patients developed any cardiac symptoms antenatally. All the infants had a 5-minute Apgar score > 7. Four small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, defined after correcting for parity, gestational age, maternal height and maternal entry weight, occurred in patients with situs inversus. This is significantly different from the 10% expected (p < 0.002). No SGA infants were born to patients with isolated dextrocardia. CONCLUSION: Pregnancies complicated by maternal isolated dextrocardia did not have any detrimental effect on the disease or vice versa. However, SGA infants should be watched in patients with situs inversus.

Risk factors for procedure-related fetal losses after mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the institutional pregnancy loss rate following second-trimester genetic amniocentesis and to ascertain whether factors exist which would identify pregnancies at increased risk of having a procedure-related fetal loss. SETTING: University Teaching Hospital METHODS: Details of the procedure and pregnancy outcome of all patients who had amniocentesis planned or performed between 15-22 gestational weeks between January 1997 and June 2004 were extracted from our clinical audit database. The procedure-related fetal loss rate, defined as all unintended abortions, stillbirths and neonatal deaths without major fetal abnormalities or obvious obstetric causes, was determined and compared to a presumed background fetal loss rate of 0.8% based on a cohort of women who did not undergo the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 3468 consecutive amniocentesis were performed in 3440 patients with 3498 fetuses. The mean gestational age at amniocentesis was 17.6 +/- 1.2 weeks. The majority (98.6%) required only one puncture and a transplacental procedure was required in 2.7% cases. A total of 3465 chromosomal studies were performed. Sixty six cases (1.9%) of major chromosomal abnormalities were detected. Pregnancy outcome was ascertained in all except 26 singleton pregnancies (0.74%). There were 3285 (93.9%) livebirths, 103 (2.9%) termination of pregnancies (TOP), 6 (0.17%) fetal demises before the procedure, and 20 (0.61%) unintended fetal losses due to significant fetal abnormalities or obstetric complications. The remaining 58 fetal losses (1.66%) were classified as potentially procedure-related, which could be either background fetal losses or procedure-related. The procedure-related fetal loss rate after correcting for the background loss rate was 0.86%.Potentially procedure-related fetal losses were found to be significantly associated with a procedure at 18 weeks or beyond (odds ratio OR = 1.97), a procedure performed for abnormal second-trimester biochemical screening test (OR = 3.08), a bloody tap (OR = 6.48), and a female fetus (OR = 2.39); but not to the number of punctures (p = 0.66) nor transplacental amniocentesis (p = 0.104). CONCLUSIONS: Mid-trimester amniocentesis is associated with a small but significant risk of fetal loss of 0.86%.