Centronuclear Myopathy with Abundant Nemaline Rods in a Japanese Black and Hereford Crossbred Calf.

Histopathological examination was performed on skeletal and diaphragmatic muscles from an 8-month-old male crossbred calf showing abnormal gait and tremor of the hindlimbs. There were numerous round fibres with centrally placed nuclei forming nuclear chains in longitudinal sections, associated with interstitial fibrosis or adipose tissue infiltration. On nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) staining, some muscle fibres in severe lesions showed a spoke-like appearance due to a radial arrangement of sarcoplasmic strands. Additionally, increased NADH-TR activity in the subsarcolemmal structures, appearingas ring-like or necklace-like forms, were observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and variably shaped electron-dense inclusions consisting of myofibrillar streams. Another prominent feature was the existence of numerous nemaline rods within muscle fibres; these were stained red by Gomori's trichrome stain. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the nemaline rods showed strong immunoreactivity with α-actinin and desmin antibodies. Electron microscopically, these structures were composed of dense-homogeneous material and continuous with the Z disk. The case was diagnosed as centronuclear myopathy with increased nemaline rods.

Bioengineered osteochondral precursor for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in a Thoroughbred filly.

CASE REPORT: A 13-month-old Thoroughbred filly was diagnosed with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the medial tibial malleolus. A sponge impregnated with platelet-rich plasma, bone morphogenetic protein-2, mesenchymal stem cells and gelatin ß-tricalcium phosphate was applied to the OCD site following arthroscopy and debridement. Postoperative radiography (every week for 16 weeks), computed tomography (CT) (16 weeks postoperatively), arthroscopy (16 weeks postoperatively) and biopsy of the regenerated tissue (16 weeks postoperatively) were performed to evaluate the outcome. Radiographically, the defect began to diminish 3 weeks postoperatively and had disappeared by 12 weeks. CT images showed that the debrided site was filled with ossified tissue and arthroscopy showed that the regenerated tissue was covered with smooth tissue, which a biopsy showed was fibrocartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Placing the impregnated sponge in the OCD lesion facilitated satisfactory regeneration of tissue in the debrided area, but the regenerated cartilage was fibrocartilage. This method may be a viable option for the treatment of cases of equine OCD, but further work to determine how to induce hyaline cartilage regeneration is required.

In vivo osteoinductivity of gelatin ß-tri-calcium phosphate sponge and bone morphogenetic protein-2 on an equine third metacarpal bone defect.

This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of a gelatin-ß-TCP sponge (sponge) incorporating BMP-2 (BMP-2/sponge) on bone regeneration in equines. Six bone defects were created in third metacarpals of five thoroughbred horses, and a total of six treatments were applied in a randomized manner. The treatments were BMP-2/sponge, BMP-2/gelatin hydrogel sheet (sheet), free BMP-2, bFGF/sheet, plain sponge, and plain sheet. The defects were monitored for 16 weeks by radiography and then examined by histological analysis. Radiographic evaluation scores of bone regeneration revealed significantly greater bone regeneration of defects treated with BMP-2/sponge than defects treated with plain sponge or BMP-2 sheet (P<0.05). In histological analysis, compact bone was observed over a wide area in the BMP-2/sponge treatment. We concluded that the treatment with BMP-2/sponge accelerated bone regeneration in the equines of this study.

Detection of lumpy skin disease virus antigen and genomic DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from an Egyptian outbreak in 2006.

An outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported in 2006 in Egypt affecting 16 provinces. Biopsies and post-mortem tissue samples were collected from calves that showed typical clinical signs of LSD and fixed in formalin. These samples were collected from a private dairy farm in the Damietta province of Egypt. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were assessed using histology, and skin lesions were classified as either acute or subacute/chronic. Both lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction and LSDV antigen detected by immunohistochemistry using a capripoxvirus-specific monoclonal antibody were observed in the acute skin lesions and in some subacute/chronic skin lesions.

Predominant involvement of the cerebellum in guinea pigs infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

This study reports the experimental transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to guinea pigs and describes the cerebellar lesions in these animals. Guinea pigs were inoculated intracerebrally with 10% brain homogenates from BSE-affected cattle. These animals were designated as the first passage. Second and third passages were subsequently performed. All guinea pigs developed infection at each passage. The mean incubation period of the first passage was 370 days post-infection (dpi) and this decreased to 307 dpi and 309 dpi for the second and third passages, respectively. Mild to severe spongiform degeneration and gliosis were observed in the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. In addition, the affected animals had marked pathological changes in the cerebellum characterized by severe cortical atrophy associated with Bergmann radial gliosis of the molecular layer and reduction in the width of the granular cell layer. Immunohistochemically, intense PrP(Sc) deposition and scattered plaque-like deposits were observed in the molecular and granular cell layers. Cerebellar lesions associated with severe atrophy of the cortex have not been reported in animal prion diseases, including in the experimental transmission of PrP(Sc) to small rodents. These lesions were similar to the lesions of human kuru or the VV2 variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, although typical kuru plaques or florid plaques were not observed in the affected animals.

Clinical experience of using multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle.

To determine the clinical usefulness of multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle, images were obtained from 27 cattle, which were then subjected to postmortem and histopathological examinations. The cattle were divided into three categories of disorder: neurological (18 cases), skeletal (four cases) and other (five cases). In five cattle, which were suspected to have brain diseases, no abnormalities were identified by either CT or histopathological examination. Eight types of lesions were detected by CT in the cattle with neurological and vestibular disorders. The diseases diagnosed included hydrocephalus (three cases), intracranial arachnoid cysts (three cases), otitis media (five cases), cerebral abscess (one case), meningoencephalocele (one case), porencephaly (one case), bicephalus (one case) and rupture of the spinal cord (one case). Lesions were identified in all the cattle with skeletal disorders, including luxation (two cases), fracture (two cases), spondylosis (one case) and congenital disorders of the skeletal system (one case). Morphological disorders in the eyes (one case), nasal cavity (two cases), frontal sinuses (one case), thyroid glands (two cases), lung fields (two cases) and abdominal organs (two cases) were diagnosed by CT.

Infection of different strains of mice with Lawsonia intracellularis derived from rabbit or porcine proliferative enteropathy.

This report describes intestinal lesions in five strains of mice infected orally with Lawsonia intracellularis-infected tissue homogenates from rabbits or pigs (RLI and PLI). BALB/cA, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J and ICR mice were susceptible to infection with RLI, whereas only C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J and ICR strains were susceptible to PLI. In susceptible mice, crypt epithelial hyperplasia occurred in association with an inflammatory reaction, as in proliferative enteropathy (PE) in other species. The intestinal changes in the infected mice varied from mild to severe. Unlike rabbit or porcine PE, in which the changes are confined to the ileum, the lesions in mice were located in the caecum. Immunolabelling of L. intracellularis antigen was abundant in early infection when the epithelial hyperplasia was mild or absent. When the hyperplasia had become severe, however, immunolabelling was weak. For this reason, it is suggested that transitory infection of the epithelium induces epithelial hyperplasia. Genetic differences between mouse strains appeared to play an important role in the response to L. intracellularis infection. Moreover, the susceptibility of BALB/cA mice to RLI but not to PLI suggests that there are significant biological differences between L. intracellularis isolates from rabbit PE and porcine PE.

Species-specificity of a panel of prion protein antibodies for the immunohistochemical study of animal and human prion diseases.

Monoclonal antibodies to the prion protein (PrP) have been of critical importance in the neuropathological characterization of PrP-related disease in men and animals. To determine the influence of species-specific amino-acid substitutions recognized by monoclonal antibodies, and to investigate the immunohistochemical reactivity of the latter, analyses were carried out on brain sections of cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, sheep with scrapie, mice infected with scrapie, and human beings with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or Gerstmann-Sträussler-Sheinker disease (GSS). Immunoreactivity varied between the antibodies, probably as the result of differences in the amino-acid sequence of the prion protein in the various species. Some monoclonal antibodies against mouse recombinant PrP gave strong signals with bovine, ovine and human PrP(Sc), in addition to murine PrP(Sc), even though the amino-acid sequences determined by the antibody epitope are not fully identical with the amino-acid sequences proper to the species. On the other hand, in certain regions of the PrP sequence, when the species-specificity of the antibodies is defined by one amino-acid substitution, the antibodies revealed no reactivity with other animal species. In the region corresponding to positions 134-159 of murine PrP, immunohistochemical reactivity or species-specificity recognized by the antibodies may be determined by one amino acid corresponding to position 144 of murine PrP. Not all epitopes recognized by a monoclonal antibody play an important role in antigen-antibody reactions in immunohistochemistry. The presence of the core epitope is therefore vital in understanding antibody binding ability.

Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in BALB/c mice in both acute and chronic infection.

To examine the frequency of congenital infection by Neospora caninum, BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with tachyzoites of N. caninum either during pregnancy (Group 1) or 4 weeks or more before pregnancy (Group 2). Further, the mice inoculated during pregnancy were bred at 4 weeks or more after delivery to form Group 3. Congenital transmission was observed in 76% of the neonates of the mice in Group 1 and in 50% of the neonates of the mice in Group 2. Interestingly, congenital transmission was observed in 86% of the neonates from Group 3. These results suggest that chronically-infected BALB/c mice efficiently transmit N. caninum infection to their offspring.

Fluorescence detection of a new photosensitizer, PAD-S31, in tumour tissues and its use as a photodynamic treatment for skin tumours in dogs and a cat: a preliminary report.

We describe here the detection by fluorescence of a new photosensitizer, PAD-S31, in tumours in dogs and cats and the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using PAD-S31 for skin tumours in two dogs and one cat. PAD-S31 is a hydrophilic photosensitizer that has two peaks at absorption wavelengths 406 and 665 nm in distilled water. In a preliminary experiment in mice transplanted with SCCVII and colon 26, PAD-S31 was retained in tumour tissues rather than in other organs. The tumours resected from dogs and cats after intravenous administration of PAD-S31 at a dose of 15 mg/kg emitted strong red fluorescence under light illumination of 402 nm wavelength. Animals given PAD-S31 showed no cutaneous photosensitivity under room light illumination. Irradiation at laser light 670 nm wavelength (fluence rate 150 mW/cm2 and total light dosage 150 J/cm2) on cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs ( n=2 ) and a cutaneous basal cell tumour in a cat induced complete remission. These results suggest PAD-S31 could be a promising photosensitizer for use in a small animal veterinary practice.

Experimental transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in the small intestinal epithelial cells of neonatal mice.

Using an immunohistochemical method, we attempted to detect the transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) to the enterocytes of the small intestine of neonatal mice by oral exposure with sheep brain affected by scrapie. Five 1-day-old neonatal mice were exposed by oral inoculation to the homogenized brain of a scrapie-affected sheep. In the small intestine of all mice 1 hour after inoculation, immunoreactivity with antinormal prion protein (PrPc) antibody was seen in the cytoplasm of villus enterocytes. This finding suggests transmission of abnormal PrPsc into the cytoplasm of enterocytes. In control mice treated with normal sheep brain, no PrPc signal was seen in enterocytes of the small intestine. Immunopositivity for neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein was seen in the cytoplasm of enterocytes of mice inoculated with scrapie and normal sheep brain. This suggests that the enterocytes of neonatal mice can absorb PrPsc and other macromolecular proteins of the sheep brain affected by scrapie and may be more important than previously thought as a pathway for PrPsc transmission in neonatal animals.

Eimeria stiedai merozoite 49-kDa soluble antigen induces protection against infection.

A soluble antigen isolated from Eimeria stiedai merozoites with a molecular mass of 49 kDa was detected in the bile of infected rabbits. Rabbits immunized with the antigen shed a lower number of oocysts than did nonimmunized rabbits postchallenge (p.c.). The immunized rabbits showed a marked and transient increase of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) activity on day 8 p.c. The blood indocyanine green (ICG) clearance and r-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity showed no change throughout the experiment However, nonimmunized rabbits showed a gradual increase of ALT and GGT in the plasma and a delay of ICG p.c. Many merozoites were observed in the biliary ducts of the nonimmunized rabbits on day 8 p.c. using standard histology. In contrast, in the immunized rabbits, many inflammatory cells were observed around the biliary ducts, but there were few parasites in the tissue. These results suggest that the 49-kDa soluble protein antigen detected in the bile of the infected rabbits was a merozoite-specific antigen, and the immune reaction to the antigen may induce protective effects against the infection.

Deletion of one of the duplicated Hsp70 genes causes hereditary myopathy of diaphragmatic muscles in Holstein-Friesian cattle.

Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a major chaperone that folds protein and prevents aggregation. The Hsp70 family contains both constitutive and stress-inducible forms. In humans, two of the inducible Hsp70 genes are located within the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on 6p21.3, as a duplicated locus, 12 kb apart from each other. We report that loss of one of the duplicated Hsp70 genes, the bovine homologue within the bovine MHC, is responsible for hereditary myopathy of diaphragmatic muscles (HMDM) in Holstein-Friesian cattle. Although the remaining Hsp70 gene is intact, Hsp70 protein levels are dramatically decreased in affected cattle. In normal diaphragmatic muscle, Hsp70 binds several proteins involved in energy metabolism including glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that PYGM accumulated in the HMDM-specific core-like structures in affected cattle. Misfolding of energy-related proteins due to Hsp70 deficiency might lead to protein aggregation and muscle fibre degeneration.

Increase of Th1 type cytokine mRNA expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of calves experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum.

The expression of the messenger RNA of interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 was examined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood lymphocytes of calves that were orally inoculated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. In all of the calves, gene expression of interleukin-12, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma was observed at delivery and this expression was repressed within the next 24h. In calves inoculated with C. parvum, mRNA expression of interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma was noticed on day 3 post-inoculation (p.i.) and increased in the convalescent phase of the infection, whereas in non-inoculated calves no mRNA expression was detectable up to the end of the experiment. No mRNA expression of interleukin-4 or 6 was detected during the experiment. Our observations suggest that systemic Th1 type immune responses are induced in calves infected with C. parvum and may be available for evaluation of the control of the infection.

Diffuse retinochoroiditis due to Baylisascaris procyonis in Monglian gerbils.

Baylisascaris procyonis, raccoon roundworm, causes a severe retinal lesion in humans. The lesion is termed as diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN). To understand the pathogenesis of B. procyonis in gerbils, we inoculated 17 embryonated eggs/g body weight of B. procyonis into 15 male Mongolian gerbils, Merionis ungiculatus, and monitored their fundi with an ophthalmoscope. Six of 15 gerbils (40%) showed severe retinitis with a sinuous track due to larval movement. The lesions extended across nearly half of the affected fundi. Histopathological examination revealed perivasculitis in the optic disk region, inflammatory proliferation of the pigment cells, and vitreitis in most cases. These findings were similar to those in human cases of DUSN, suggesting that gerbils might be a useful model for understanding the pathogenesis of B. procyonis infection in humans.

Relationship between liver disorders and protection against Eimeria stiedai infection in rabbits immunized with soluble antigens from the bile of infected rabbits.

Soluble antigens exist in the bile of rabbits infected with Eimeria stiedai (E. stiedai) in the acute phase, and rabbits immunized with the antigens show resistance against the infection. In this study, the liver function of rabbits immunized either with the soluble antigens or PBS were examined following the parasite challenge. Rabbits immunized with PBS shed a number of oocysts and showed an increase in r-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and a decrease in blood Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance. However, rabbits immunized with the soluble antigens shed a lower number of oocysts and showed a transient increase of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) activity on Day 8 post-challenge (p.c.). The blood Indocyanine green clearance of the rabbits showed no change throughout the experiment. By histopathological observation of the liver, a number of merozoites were found in the biliary ducts on Day 8 post-challenge in the non-immunized rabbits. In contrast, a number of lymphocytes and neutrophilic leukocytes assembled around the biliary ducts of the immunized rabbits, but few parasites were found there on Day 8 post-challenge. These results suggest that the soluble antigens stimulate local immune reactions, for example around the biliary ducts, resulting in elimination of the parasite's development.

Malignant retroperitoneal paraganglial tumour in a cow.

A large primary retroperitoneal sublumbar neoplasm was identified in an 11-year-old Holstein cow, with metastases to the lungs, kidneys and lymph nodes. The tumour cells proliferated in a characteristic endocrine pattern, were argyrophilic and positive for neuron-specific enolase, and had membrane-bounded intracytoplasmic granules. In addition, the cells were occasionally positive for cytokeratin and had desmosome-like intercellular junctions. The primary tumour mass was diagnosed as a malignant paraganglial tumour of the aortico-sympathetic ganglion (organ of Zuckerkandl), and was considered to contain primitive cells with epithelial differentiation.