Impact of pre- and/or post-autologous stem cell transplantation exposure to brentuximab vedotin on survival outcomes in patients with high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma.

The AETHERA trial demonstrated that brentuximab vedotin (BV) consolidation after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) at high risk of relapse/progression increases progression-free survival (PFS). Patients previously exposed to BV were excluded from that trial. However, BV alone or in combination with chemotherapy is frequently used as front-line treatment and/or pre-ASCT salvage therapy. We analyzed data from 156 patients with high-risk HL who underwent ASCT with (BV-CON, n = 62) or without (non-BV, n = 94) BV consolidation. Fifty-seven patients received BV-based salvage regimens before ASCT. The 3-year overall survival and PFS for all patients were 91.6% and 70.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that BV-CON was associated with better PFS (HR 0.39, p = 0.01), whereas positive PET at transplant leaded to worse PFS (HR 2.71, p = 0.001). BV-CON improved PFS in PET-positive patients (72.2% vs. 43.0%, p = 0.05), with a beneficial trend observed in PET negative (88.8% vs. 75.2%, p = 0.09). BV-CON patients with or without BV exposure pre-ASCT had a significantly better PFS than non-BV with or without BV pretransplant treatment (HR 0.36, p = 0.004). The efficacy of real-life BV consolidation therapy was similar to that in the AETHERA trial. This therapeutic strategy improves survival independently of BV exposure prior to ASCT.

New insights in the Spanish gene pool of olive (Olea europaea L.) preserved ex situ and in situ based on high-throughput molecular markers.

In Spain, several local studies have highlighted the likely presence of unknown olive cultivars distinct from the approximately 260 ones previously described in the literature. Furthermore, recent advancements in identification techniques have significantly enhanced in terms of efficacy and precision. This scenario motivated a new nationwide prospecting effort aimed at recovering and characterizing new cultivated germplasm using high-throughput molecular markers. In the present study, the use of 96 EST-SNP markers allowed the identification of a considerable amount of new material (173 new genotypes) coming from areas with low intensification of production in different regions of Spain. As a result, the number of distinct national genotypes documented in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA, Córdoba (WOGBC-ESP046) increased to 427. Likewise, 65 and 24 new synonymy and homonymy cases were identified, respectively. This rise in the number of different national cultivars allowed to deepen the knowledge about the underlying genetic structure. The great genetic variability of Spanish germplasm was confirmed, and a new hot spot of diversity was identified in the northern regions of La Rioja and Aragon. Analysis of the genetic structure showed a clear separation between the germplasm of southern and northern-northeastern Spain and indicated a significantly higher level of admixture in the latter. Given the expansion of modern olive cultivation with only a few cultivars, this cryptic germplasm is in great danger of disappearing. This underlines the fact that maintaining as many cultivars as possible will increase the genetic variability of the olive gene pool to meet the future challenges of olive cultivation.

Utility of EST-SNP Markers for Improving Management and Use of Olive Genetic Resources: A Case Study at the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba.

Olive, the emblematic Mediterranean fruit crop, owns a great varietal diversity, which is maintained in ex situ field collections, such as the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (WOGBC), Spain. Accurate identification of WOGBC, one of the world's largest collections, is essential for efficient management and use of olive germplasm. The present study is the first report of the use of a core set of 96 EST-SNP markers for the fingerprinting of 1273 accessions from 29 countries, including both field and new acquired accessions. The EST-SNP fingerprinting made possible the accurate identification of 668 different genotypes, including 148 detected among the new acquired accessions. Despite the overall high genetic diversity found at WOGBC, the EST-SNPs also revealed the presence of remarkable redundant germplasm mostly represented by synonymy cases within and between countries. This finding, together with the presence of homonymy cases, may reflect a continuous interchange of olive cultivars, as well as a common and general approach for their naming. The structure analysis revealed a certain geographic clustering of the analysed germplasm. The EST-SNP panel under study provides a powerful and accurate genotyping tool, allowing for the foundation of a common strategy for efficient safeguarding and management of olive genetic resources.

Analyses of the Updated "Animal rDNA Loci Database" with an Emphasis on Its New Features.

We report on a major update to the animal rDNA loci database, which now contains cytogenetic information for 45S and 5S rDNA loci in more than 2600 and 1000 species, respectively.The data analyses show the following: (i) A high variability in 5S and 45S loci numbers, with both showing 50-fold or higher variability. However, karyotypes with an extremely high number of loci were rare, and medians generally converged to two 5S sites and two 45S rDNA sites per diploid genome. No relationship was observed between the number of 5S and 45S loci. (ii) The position of 45S rDNA on sex chromosomes was relatively frequent in some groups, particularly in arthropods (14% of karyotypes). Furthermore, 45S rDNA was almost exclusively located in microchromosomes when these were present (in birds and reptiles). (iii) The proportion of active NORs (positively stained with silver staining methods) progressively decreased with an increasing number of 45S rDNA loci, and karyotypes with more than 12 loci showed, on average, less than 40% of active loci. In conclusion, the updated version of the database provides some new insights into the organization of rRNA genes in chromosomes. We expect that its updated content will be useful for taxonomists, comparative cytogeneticists, and evolutionary biologists. .

Interactions between Microbial Food Safety and Environmental Sustainability in the Fresh Produce Supply Chain.

Improving the environmental sustainability of the food supply chain will help to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This environmental sustainability is related to different SDGs, but mainly to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). The strategies and measures used to improve this aspect of the food supply chain must remain in balance with other sustainability aspects (economic and social). In this framework, the interactions and possible conflicts between food supply chain safety and sustainability need to be assessed. Although priority must be given to safety aspects, food safety policies should be calibrated in order to avoid unnecessary deleterious effects on the environment. In the present review, a number of potential tensions and/or disagreements between the microbial safety and environmental sustainability of the fresh produce supply chain are identified and discussed. The addressed issues are spread throughout the food supply chain, from primary production to the end-of-life of the products, and also include the handling and processing industry, retailers, and consumers. Interactions of fresh produce microbial safety with topics such as food waste, supply chain structure, climate change, and use of resources have been covered. Finally, approaches and strategies that will prove useful to solve or mitigate the potential contradictions between fresh produce safety and sustainability are described and discussed. Upon analyzing the interplay between microbial safety and the environmental sustainability of the fresh produce supply chain, it becomes clear that decisions that are taken to ensure fresh produce safety must consider the possible effects on environmental, economic, and social sustainability aspects. To manage these interactions, a global approach considering the interconnections between human activities, animals, and the environment will be required.

Reusable Plastic Crates (RPCs) for Fresh Produce (Case Study on Cauliflowers): Sustainable Packaging but Potential Salmonella Survival and Risk of Cross-Contamination.

The handling of fresh fruits and vegetables in reusable plastic crates (RPCs) has the potential to increase the sustainability of packaging in the fresh produce supply chain. However, the utilization of multiple-use containers can have consequences related to the microbial safety of this type of food. The present study assessed the potential cross-contamination of fresh cauliflowers with Salmonella enterica via different contact materials (polypropylene from RPCs, corrugated cardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) from wooden boxes). Additionally, the survival of the pathogenic microorganism was studied in cauliflowers and the contact materials during storage. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to evaluate the environmental impact of produce handling containers made from the different food-contact materials tested. The results show a higher risk of cross-contamination via polypropylene compared with cardboard and MDF. Another outcome of the study is the potential of Salmonella for surviving both in cross-contaminated produce and in contact materials under supply chain conditions. Regarding environmental sustainability, RPCs have a lower environmental impact than single-use containers (cardboard and wooden boxes). To exploit the potential environmental benefits of RPCs while ensuring food safety, it is necessary to guarantee the hygiene of this type of container.

Liquid biopsy: a non-invasive approach for Hodgkin lymphoma genotyping.

The Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) genomic landscape is hardly known due to the scarcity of tumour cells in the tissue. Liquid biopsy employing circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) can emerge as an alternative tool for non-invasive genotyping. By using a custom next generation sequencing (NGS) panel in combination with unique molecule identifiers, we aimed to identify somatic variants in the ctDNA of 60 HL at diagnosis. A total of 277 variants were detected in 36 of the 49 samples (73·5%) with a good quality ctDNA sample. The median number of variants detected per patient was five (range 1-23) with a median variant allele frequency of 4·2% (0·84-28%). Genotyping revealed somatic variants in the following genes: SOCS1 (28%), IGLL5 (26%), TNFAIP3 (23%), GNA13 (23%), STAT6 (21%) and B2M (19%). Moreover, several poor prognosis features (high LDH, low serum albumin, B-symptoms, IPI ≥ 3 or at an advanced stage) were related to significantly higher amounts of ctDNA. Variant detection in ctDNA by NGS is a feasible approach to depict the genetic features of HL patients at diagnosis. Our data favour the implementation of liquid biopsy genotyping for the routine evaluation of HL patients.

CANNUSE, a database of traditional Cannabis uses-an opportunity for new research.

Cannabis is one of the most versatile genera in terms of plant uses and has been exploited by humans for millennia due to its medicinal properties, strong fibres, nutritious seeds and psychoactive resin. Nowadays, Cannabis is the centre of many scientific studies, which mainly focus on its chemical composition and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, while new applications of this plant are continuously being developed, some of its traditional uses are becoming rare and even disappearing altogether. Information on traditional uses of Cannabis is vast, but it is scattered across many publication sources in different formats, so synthesis and standardization of these data are increasingly important. The CANNUSE database provides an organized information source for scientists and general public interested in different aspects of Cannabis use. It contains over 2300 entries from 649 publications related to medicinal, alimentary, fibre and other uses from different geographical areas and cultures around the world. We believe this database will serve as a starting point for new research and development strategies based on the traditional knowledge. Database URL: http://cannusedb.csic.es.

Crystal-Plasticity-Finite-Element Modeling of the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Response of a Directionally Solidified Nickel-Base Superalloy.

The flow stress behaviour of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy, MAR-M247, is presented through the combination of experiments and crystal-plasticity simulations. The experimental campaign encompassed quasi-static and dynamic testing in the parallel and perpendicular orientation with respect to the columnar grains. The material showed low strain-rate sensitivity in all cases. Virtual samples were generated with DREAM3d and each grain orientation was established according to the DS nature of the alloy. The elasto-visco-plastic response of each crystal is given by phenomenological-base equations, considering the dislocation-dislocation interactions among different slip systems. The hardening-function constants and the strain-rate sensitivity parameter were fitted with the information from tests parallel to the grain-growth direction and the model was able to predict with accuracy the experimental response in the perpendicular direction, confirming the suitability of the model to be used as a tool for virtual testing. Simulations also revealed that in oligocrystalline structures of this type, the yield-strength value is controlled by the grains with higher Schmid factor, while this influence decreases when plastic strain increases. Moreover, the analysis of the micro-fields confirmed that grains perpendicular to the loading axis are prone to nucleate cavities since the stresses in these regions can be twice the external applied stress.

Overexpression of LeNHX4 improved yield, fruit quality and salt tolerance in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

The function of the tomato K+, Na+/H+ antiporter LeNHX4 has been analyzed using 35S-driven gene construct for overexpressing a histagged LeNHX4 protein in Solanum lycopersicum L. Compared to wild-type plants, the expression of LeNHX4 was enhanced in most of plants transformed with a gene construct for LeNHX4 overexpression although some plants showed a decreased LeNHX4 expression. Overexpression of LeNHX4 was associated to an increased fruit size while silencing of this gene was related to a decreased fruit size. We have investigated the effect of LeNHX4 overexpression on fruit production and quality and we have also evaluated salt tolerance in two different overexpression lines by measuring proline, protein and glucose concentrations in tomato leaves grown either under control (0 mM NaCl) or saline (125 mM NaCl) conditions. Plants overexpressing LeNHX4 showed a higher amount of fruits than WT plants and accumulated higher contents of sugars and cations (Na+ and K+). The application of 125 mM NaCl, affected negatively fruit production and quality of WT plants. However the transgenic lines overexpressing LeNXH4 increased fruit quality and yield. In relation to salt tolerance, overexpression lines showed higher levels of leaf proline, glucose and proteins under NaCl treatment. The overexpression of LeNHX4 in tomato plants, improved salinity tolerance and increased fruit yield and quality under both normal and salinity stress conditions.

Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Na and Mg Aqueous Hybrid Batteries Using Na and K Birnessites.

Sodium and magnesium batteries with intercalation electrodes are currently alternatives of great interest to lithium in stationary applications, such as distribution networks or renewable energies. Hydrated laminar oxides such as birnessites are an attractive cathode material for these batteries. Sodium and potassium birnessite samples have been synthesized by thermal and hydrothermal oxidation methods. Hybrid electrochemical cells have been built using potassium birnessite in aqueous sodium electrolyte, when starting in discharge and with a capacity slightly higher than 70 mA h g-1. Hydrothermal synthesis generally shows slightly poorer electrochemical behavior than their thermal counterparts in both sodium and potassium batteries. The study on hybrid electrolytes has resulted in the successful galvanostatic cycling of both sodium birnessite and potassium birnessite in aqueous magnesium electrolyte, with maximum capacities of 85 and 50 mA h g-1, respectively.

Critical points affecting the microbiological safety of bell peppers washed with peroxyacetic acid in a commercial packinghouse.

The washing stage from a bell pepper commercial packinghouse was assessed to study some of the critical control points related to bacterial cross-contamination. The washing line comprised two overhead spray bars applications: a pre-wash step without peroxyacetic acid (PAA), and a wash step with PAA. The physicochemical characteristics of the wash water and the bacterial quality and safety of the wash water and bell peppers (including aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB), Salmonella spp., and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC)) were studied. Additionally, the performance of commercial test methods (reflectometry, amperometric probe, chronoamperometric sensor) for measuring the residual concentration of PAA was examined. The bacterial load of the pre-wash water (8.7 ± 1.3 log cfu/100 mL AMB) was very high and thus peppers after the pre-wash showed a significantly higher bacterial load (4.9 ± 0.9 log cfu/g AMB) than the unwashed (3.8 ± 0.7 log cfu/g AMB) or the washed peppers (3.3 ± 0.8 log cfu/g AMB) (p < 0.05). However, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in bell pepper samples (n = 40), and only one water sample was confirmed positive for STEC (n = 64, 1.6% prevalence). The chronoamperometric sensor (PAASense) and the online amperometric probe showed similar results, while the reflectometry (Quantofix) significantly sub estimated (p < 0.05) PAA concentration. The results obtained highlight the need for interventions to improve hygiene in the washing line to ensure the microbiological quality and safety of bell peppers. The maintenance of optimal PAA concentrations in all the washing steps is critical for reducing the chance of water-mediated cross-contamination.

A Methodology Towards Mechanical Properties Optimization of Three-Component Polymers by the Gradual Variation of Feed Composition in Semi-Continuous Emulsion-Free Radical Polymerization.

In this work, a new methodology for the synthesis of three-component polymers (TCPs) was developed using a seeded, semi-continuous free-radical emulsion polymerization towards the optimization of the moduli-ultimate deformation performance and energy dissipation capacity for a styrene (S), n-butyl acrylate (BA), and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) system. The three components were sequentially fed in pairs, varying feed composition along the conversion using S as the common monomer. To prepare a reference material, an industrial method was utilized with those monomers, using an equivalent global composition in a two-stage batch process (TS). Nanophase formation in the particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the separation of the phases in the solid samples was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The changes in glass transition temperature were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The latter was primarily used to compare mechanodynamic properties as a function of temperature for the two synthesis methods used. Thus, the higher toughness of the forced composition three-component polymeric materials was evaluated by means of their energy dissipation capacity, toughness, and stress-strain measurements at several temperatures.

Suitability of centrifuge water for detecting the presence of Escherichia coli versus finished fresh-cut lettuce testing.

Fresh produce causes most foodborne outbreaks in the USA, and it is also considered a hazardous food product in other areas of the world such as Europe. The outbreaks attributed to fresh produce increase the focus of producers on hygiene to minimize exposure to food hazards. The fresh produce industry has the urgent need to detect if there are production lots contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms before distribution. Although the industry is mostly using end-product testing for the detection of target microorganisms, previous studies have evaluated the suitability of different sampling points within the production line of a fresh-cut processing plant. In the present study, the centrifuge effluent water was assessed as an alternative sampling point to end-product testing. E. coli was selected as an index microorganism of the presence of pathogens. The presence of E. coli was assessed in centrifuge effluent water, and fresh-cut lettuce from a commercial fresh-cut produce processing line (n = 95). The rate of false positives and negatives, as well as the specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency of the alternative method were calculated. The mean population of E. coli in positive water samples was 0.86 log cfu/100 mL, while the mean population of E. coli in positive fresh-cut lettuce samples was 0.23 log cfu/g. The proportion of positive samples in centrifuge effluent water and lettuce was similar (≈20%), and most of the results in both matrices were coincident (81.1%). However, the alternative method was not reliable due to its low sensitivity, as only 47.6% of the lettuce samples positive for E. coli could be matched with positive water samples.

Overexpression of LeNHX2 and SlSOS2 increases salt tolerance and fruit production in double transgenic tomato plants.

Transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. MicroTom) overexpressing both the K+,Na+/H+ antiporter LeNHX2 and the regulatory kinase SlSOS2 were produced by crossing transgenic homozygous lines overexpressing LeNHX2 and SlSOS2. LeNHX2 expression was enhanced in plants overexpressing LeNHX2 but surprisingly even more in plants overexpressing SlSOS2 with and without LeNHX2. All transgenic plants showed better NaCl tolerance than wild type controls and plants overexpressing both LeNHX2 and SlSOS2 grew better under saline conditions than plants overexpressing only one of these genes. Yield related parameters indicated that single and above all double transgenic plants performed significantly better than wild type controls. All transgenic plants produced fruits with a higher K+ content than wild-type plants and plants overexpressing SlSOS2 accumulated more Na+ in fruits than the rest of the plants when grown with NaCl. Roots, stems and leaves of transgenic plants overexpressing LeNHX2 showed a higher K+ content than wild type and single transgenic plants overexpressing SlSOS2. Na+ content in stems and leaves of NaCl treated plants was higher in SlSOS2 overexpressing plants than in wild type and LeNHX2 single transgenic plants. All transgenic lines showed a higher leaf relative water content and a higher plant water content and water use efficiency than wild type controls when both were grown in the presence of NaCl. Results in this work indicate that the joint overexpression of LeNHX2 and SlSOS2 improves growth and water status under NaCl stress, affects K+ and Na+ homeostasis and enhances fruit yield of tomato plants.

Evaluation of the recombinant antigens B2t and 2B2t, compared with hydatid fluid, in IgG-ELISA and immunostrips for the diagnosis and follow up of CE patients.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread helminthic zoonoses and is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus complex. CE diagnosis and monitoring primarily rely on imaging techniques, complemented by serology. This is usually approached by the detection of IgG antibodies against hydatid fluid (HF), but the use of this heterogeneous antigenic mixture results in a variable percentage of false positive and negative results, and has shown to be useless for follow-up due to the long persistence of anti-HF antibodies in cured patients. To improve test performances and standardization, a number of recombinant antigens mainly derived from HF have been described, among them the B2t and 2B2t antigens. The performance of these antigens in the diagnosis and follow up of patients with CE has been so far evaluated on a limited number of samples. Here, we evaluated the performances of tests based on B2t and 2B2t recombinant antigens compared to HF in IgG-ELISA and immunochromatography (IC) for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CE in a retrospective cohort study. A total of 721 serum samples were collected: 587 from 253 patients with CE diagnosed by ultrasonography (US), 42 from patients with alveolar echinococcosis and 92 from healthy donors from Salamanca (Spain). The highest overall sensitivity was obtained with HF in ELISA (85.5%), followed by IC containing HF and 2B2t-HF (83.0% and 78.2%, respectively). The lowest sensitivity was obtained with B2t and 2B2t in ELISA (51.8%). The highest specificity was obtained with IC containing 2B2t-HF (100%), and the lowest with HF-ELISA (78.0%). The lowest cross-reactivity with sera from patients with alveolar echinococcosis was detected with the recombinant antigens in ELISA (9.5% - 16.7%) and the highest with the HF-IC (64.3%). The results of B2t and 2B2t-ELISA were influenced by cyst stage, as classified by US according to the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE), with low sensitivity for inactive (CE4 and CE5) cysts, and by the drug treatment, with higher sensitivity in patients after drug treatment compared with patients not subjected to drug treatment. The two recombinant antigens in ELISA provided promising results for monitoring patients in follow-up, although their use is limited to patients with positive serology against them at the beginning of the follow-up. Potential biological reasons behind the low sensitivity of the recombinant antigens and possible strategies to enhance the performance of CE serology are discussed.

Agricultural reuse of municipal wastewater through an integral water reclamation management.

The DESERT-prototype, a state-of-the-art compact combination of water treatment technologies based on filtration and solar-based renewable energy, was employed to reclaim water for agricultural irrigation. Water reclaimed through the DESERT-prototype (PW) from a secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as conventional irrigation water (CW) and the secondary effluent (SW) itself, were employed to cultivate baby romaine lettuces in a greenhouse in Murcia (Spain), by means of drip and sprinkler irrigation methods, thus establishing six treatments. Assessments of physicochemical and microbiological quality of irrigation water, as well as agronomic and microbiological quality of crops from all treatments, showed that results associated to PW complied in all cases with relevant standards and guidelines. In contrast, results linked to SW and CW presented certain non-compliance cases of water and crop microbiological quality. These assessments lead to conclude that the DESERT-prototype is an appropriate technology for safe water reclamation oriented to agricultural production, that can be complemented by a proper irrigation method in reaching safety targets.

Evolutionary trends in animal ribosomal DNA loci: introduction to a new online database.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci encoding 5S and 45S (18S-5.8S-28S) rRNAs are important components of eukaryotic chromosomes. Here, we set up the animal rDNA database containing cytogenetic information about these loci in 1343 animal species (264 families) collected from 542 publications. The data are based on in situ hybridisation studies (both radioactive and fluorescent) carried out in major groups of vertebrates (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals) and invertebrates (mostly insects and mollusks). The database is accessible online at www.animalrdnadatabase.com . The median number of 45S and 5S sites was close to two per diploid chromosome set for both rDNAs despite large variation (1-74 for 5S and 1-54 for 45S sites). No significant correlation between the number of 5S and 45S rDNA loci was observed, suggesting that their distribution and amplification across the chromosomes follow independent evolutionary trajectories. Each group, irrespective of taxonomic classification, contained rDNA sites at any chromosome location. However, the distal and pericentromeric positions were the most prevalent (> 75% karyotypes) for 45S loci, while the position of 5S loci was more variable. We also examined potential relationships between molecular attributes of rDNA (homogenisation and expression) and cytogenetic parameters such as rDNA positions, chromosome number, and morphology.

Demonstration tests of irrigation water disinfection with chlorine dioxide in open field cultivation of baby spinach.

BACKGROUND: Treatments for the disinfection of irrigation water have to be evaluated by demonstration tests carried out under commercial settings taking into account not only their antimicrobial activity but also the potential phytotoxic effects on the crop. The consequences of the treatment of irrigation water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) used for sprinkler irrigation of baby spinach in two commercial agricultural fields was assessed. RESULTS: Residual ClO2 levels at the sprinklers in the treated field were always below 1 mg L-1 . ClO2 treatment provoked limited but statistically significant reductions in culturable Escherichia coli counts (0.2-0.3 log reductions), but not in the viable E. coli counts in water, suggesting the presence of viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC). Although disinfected irrigation water did not have an impact on the microbial loads of Enterobacteriaceae nor on the quality characteristics of baby spinach, it caused the accumulation of chlorates (up to 0.99 mg kg-1 in plants) and the reduction of the photosynthetic efficiency of baby spinach. CONCLUSION: Low concentrations of ClO2 are effective in reducing the culturable E. coli present in irrigation water but it might induce the VBNC state. Presence of disinfection by-products and their accumulation in the crop must be considered to adjust doses in order to avoid crop damage and chemical safety risks. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.