Prevalencia y factores asociados a la revisión del etiquetado nutricional por adultos en el Perú

Introducción: La ausencia o poca revisión del etiquetado nutricional es muy frecuente, y estas brindan información sobre la calidad de los alimentos que se van a adquirir y consumir. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la frecuente revisión del etiquetado nutricional (REN) y sus factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico que evalúa los datos de la Vigilancia Alimentaria Nutricional por Etapas de Vida (VIANEV) de 2017-2018. La REN se consideró frecuente cuando el adulto leyó siempre o casi siempre la tabla de nutrientes de productos que adquiere y/o consume. Se hicieron estimaciones y análisis bivariados, se determinaron factores asociados empleando un modelo lineal generalizado de familia Poisson con enlace log bajo imputación múltiple. Resultados: Se encontró que el 62,4% no revisa el etiquetado del contenido nutricional. Solo 14,9% de los adultos lo hace frecuentemente. Para el modelo crudo, la educación superior se asoció con mayor prevalencia de REN (RP=10,79; IC95%: 1,49-78,16); y una menor prevalencia en el área rural (RP=0,47; IC95%: 0,31-0,73) y tener al menos una Necesidad Básica Insatisfecha (RP=0,56; IC95%: 0,33-0 ,98). En el modelo ajustado se encontró asociación para divorciados (RP: 4,24; IC95%: 1,91 a 9,41), convivientes (RP: 1,61; IC95%: 1,04 a 2,47) y quienes consumían 5 a más porciones de fruta o verduras al día (RP: 1,77; IC95%: 1,28 a 2,44). Conclusiones: La revisión de etiquetas nutricionales no es un comportamiento usual en adultos, y su realización se asoció en los divorciados, convivientes y con los que consumen 5 a más porciones de frutas y verduras.

Introduction: The absence or little review of nutritional labeling is very frequent, and these provide information on the quality of the food that is going to be acquired and consumed. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the frequent review of nutritional labeling (REN) and its associated factors. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study that evaluates the data from the Nutritional Food Surveillance by Life Stages (VIANEV) from 2017-2018. REN was considered frequent when the adult always or almost always read the table of nutrients of the products they purchase and/or consume. Estimates and bivariate analyzes were made, associated factors were determined using a generalized linear model of the Poisson family with log link under multiple imputation. Results: It was found that 62,4% do not review the nutritional content labeling. Only 14,9% of adults do so frequently. For the crude model, higher education was associated with a higher prevalence of REN (PR=10,79; 95%CI: 1,49-78,16); and a lowerprevalence in rural areas (PR=0,47; 95%CI: 0,31-0,73) and having at least one Unsatisfied Basic Need (PR=0,56; 95%CI: 0,33-0,98). In the adjusted model, an association was found for divorcees (PR=4,24; 95%CI: 1,91-9,41), cohabiting (PR=1,61; 95%CI: 1,04-2,47) and those who consumed 5 or more servings of fruit or vegetables per day (PR=1,77; 95%CI: 1,28-2,44). Conclusions: The review of nutritional labels is not a usual behavior in adults, and its performance was associated with divorced people, cohabitants and with those who consume 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables.

Vigilancia de la situación del sobrepeso, obesidad y sus determinantes en el marco del Observatorio de Nutrición y estudio del sobrepeso y obesidad. Informe técnico 2023 / Monitoring of the situation of overweight, obesity and its determinants within the framework of the Nutrition Observatory and study of overweight and obesity. Technical report 2023

La presente publicación describe el análisis de la situación nutricional de la población peruana, con énfasis en los indicadores de sobrepeso y obesidad en niñas, niños y adolescentes. El presente informe tiene como fuentes de Información la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar-ENDES del INEI (2007-2022), el Sistema de Información de Estado Nutricional SIEN-HIS (2009-2022) y los resultados de las Encuestas de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional por Etapas de Vida (2015-2021) realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Salud, a través del Centro Nacional de Alimentación, Nutrición y Vida Saludable-CENAN

Metodología de desarrollo de Zucar, una aplicación para dispositivo móvil en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Development methodology of Zucar, an application for mobile devices in type 2 diabetic patients

Se describe el desarrollo de una aplicación para dispositivo móvil (app) para realizar planes de alimentación a corto plazo durante la consulta nutricional en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Adherencia al consumo de suplementos de hierro y factores asociados en gestantes peruanas / Adherence to iron supplements consumption and associated factors in Peruvian pregnant women

Introducción: La anemia durante el embarazo se considera un problema de salud pública. La estrategia para su reducción incluye la administración de suplementos de hierro. Objetivo: Analizar la adherencia al suplemento de hierro en gestantes atendidas en los establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de vigilancia centinela de adherencia a sales de hierro en 1038 gestantes del Perú, atendidas en hospitales, centros de salud y puestos de salud, que recibieron suplementos de hierro. Se aplicó una entrevista estructurada para medir los factores a la adherencia y se determinó adherencia cuando el consumo de suplementos fuera > 75 por ciento. Se aplicó la estadística descriptiva y regresión logística. Resultados: El 42,3 por ciento de las gestantes fueron adherentes al suplemento de hierro. Se asociaron a la adherencia: tener educación universitaria (ORa 3,4; IC 95 por ciento 1,5:7,7), consumir alimentos ricos en hierro (ORa 1,6; IC 95 por ciento 1,1:2,5), no suspender el tratamiento por molestias (ORa: 2,8 IC 95 por ciento 1,7:4,6) y residir en una altitud entre 1001 m s. n. m. a 2000 m s. n. m. (ORa 4,0; IC 95 por ciento 1,6:10,1). Estos factores explican entre el 12 por ciento y el 16 por ciento de la adherencia, y fueron predictivos para identificar adherencia en gestantes con un área bajo la curva del 70,4 por ciento. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con sales de hierro en gestante es insuficiente, por lo que debe incluirse en su dieta, de manera integral y simultánea, el consumo de alimentos ricos en hierro y otros fortificados dirigidos básicamente a las embarazadas. Además, se deben trazar estrategias de salud que permitan identificar determinantes sociales, como el nivel educativo, que inciden en la adherencia al tratamiento, con vista a disminuir su influencia(AU)

Introduction: Anemia during pregnancy is considered a public health problem. The strategy for its reduction includes iron supplementation. Objective: Analyze adherence to iron supplements in pregnant women treated in health facilities of the Peruvian Ministry of Health. Methods: A cross-sectional sentinel surveillance study of adherence to iron salts was conducted in 1038 pregnant women from Peru, who were treated in hospitals, health centers and health posts, and who received iron supplements. A structured interview was applied to measure the factors to adherence, and adherence was determined when supplement consumption was > 75percent. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied. Results: 42.3percent of the pregnant women were adherents to the iron supplement. Adherence was associated with: having a university education (ORa 3.4; CI 95percent 1.5:7.7), consumption of foods rich in iron (ORa 1.6; 95percent CI 1.1:2.5), do not discontinue the treatment due to discomfort (ORa: 2.8 CI 95percent 1.7:4.6) and living at an altitude between 1001 m.a.s.l to 2000 m.a.s.l (ORa 4.0; CI 95percent 1.6:10.1). These factors explain between 12percent and 16percent of the adherence rates, and were predictive to identify adherence in pregnant women with an area under the curve of 70.4percent. Conclusions: Treatment with iron salts in pregnant women is insufficient, so the consumption of foods rich in iron and other fortified foods basically aimed at pregnant women should be included in their diet, in a comprehensive and simultaneous way. In addition, health strategies must be drawn up to identify social determinants, such as educational level, that affect adherence to treatment, with a view to reduce their influence(AU)

Anemia en gestantes con y sin talla baja / Anemia in pregnant women with and without short stature

Introducción: La anemia es un problema de salud pública, más grave durante el embarazo, y no se cuenta con información en mujeres de talla baja. Objetivo: Comparar la proporción de anemia en gestantes con y sin talla baja. Métodos: Estudio trasversal donde se evaluaron 1 555 847 registros de gestantes procedentes del Sistema de Información del Estado Nutricional del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Salud entre 2009 a 2013, atendidas en establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Se evaluaron gestantes con talla baja (≤140 cm) y anemia (Hb<11 g/dL) con hemoglobina corregida para la altitud. Resultados: El 2,2 por ciento presentó talla baja. El 89,6 por ciento tenía entre 15 a 35 años. Entre las gestantes con talla baja el 30,1-33,7 por ciento tenían anemia, y entre el 25,1 -27,5 por ciento en gestantes sin talla baja. Se asociaron a gestantes con talla baja y anemia, la edad entre 11 a 14 años (RP: 2,2 IC95 por ciento 1,9-2,6), tercer trimestre del embarazo (RP: 1,2 IC95 pr ciento 1,1-1,2), atendida en puesto de salud (RP: 1,3 IC95 por ciento 1,3-1,4), residir en la sierra (RP:2,4 IC95 por ciento 2,3-2,5), del ámbito rural (RP: 1,9 IC95 pr ciento 1,8-2,0), quintil 1 (RP: 2,3 IC95 por ciento 2,2-2,4) y altitud entre 3 001 a 4 000 metros sobre el nivel del mar (RP: 2,5 IC95 por ciento 2,5-2,7). Conclusiones: Las gestantes con talla baja presentan generalmente mayor proporción de anemia que aquellas sin talla baja, y se relaciona principalmente, con la adolescencia y residir en altitudes de la sierra rural y quintil 1 de pobreza(AU)

Introduction: Anemia is a public health problem, more serious during pregnancy, and information in this sense regarding women of short stature is not available. Objective: To compare the proportion of anemia in pregnant women with and without short stature. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which were used 1 555 847 records of pregnant women from the System of Information on Nutrition Status of the Food and Nutrition Center of the National Health Institute from 2009 to 2013 . These women had been evaluated in health facilities of the Peruvian Ministry of Health. Pregnant women with short stature (≤140 cm) and anemia (Hb<11 g/dL) were evaluated, with hemoglobin corrected for altitude. Results: 2.2 percent presented short stature. 89.6 percent were from 15 to 35 years old. 30.1 to 33.7 percent of the pregnant women with short stature presented anemia, and 25.1 to 27.5 percent of pregnant women without short stature. In this study were enrolled pregnant women with short stature and anemia, age from 11 to 14 years (PR: 2.2 CI 95 percent 1.9-2.6), being in the third trimester of pregnancy (PR: 1.2 CI 95 percent 1.1-1.2), whom were attended at a health post (PR: 1.3 IC95 percent 1.3-1.4), living in the mountains (RP: 2.4 IC95 percent 2.3-2.5), in rural areas (RP: 1.9 IC95 percent 1.8-2.0), quintile 1 (RP: 2,3 IC95 percent 2,2-2,4) and with an altitude from 3 001 to 4 000 meters above the sea level (RP: 2,5 IC95 percent 2.5-2.7). Conclusions: Pregnant women with short stature have a higher proportion of anemia than those without short stature, which is mainly associated with adolescence, living in rural areas of the highlands and with quintile 1 of poverty(AU)

Anemia en gestantes con y sin talla baja / Anemia in pregnant women with and without short stature

Introducción: La anemia es un problema de salud pública, más grave durante el embarazo, y no se cuenta con información en mujeres de talla baja. Objetivo: Comparar la proporción de anemia en gestantes con y sin talla baja. Métodos: Estudio trasversal donde se evaluaron 1 555 847 registros de gestantes procedentes del Sistema de Información del Estado Nutricional del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición del Instituto Nacional de Salud entre 2009 a 2013, atendidas en establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Se evaluaron gestantes con talla baja (≤140 cm) y anemia (Hb<11 g/dL) con hemoglobina corregida para la altitud. Resultados: El 2,2 por ciento presentó talla baja. El 89,6 por ciento tenía entre 15 a 35 años. Entre las gestantes con talla baja el 30,1-33,7 por ciento tenían anemia, y entre el 25,1 -27,5 por ciento en gestantes sin talla baja. Se asociaron a gestantes con talla baja y anemia, la edad entre 11 a 14 años (RP: 2,2 IC95 por ciento 1,9-2,6), tercer trimestre del embarazo (RP: 1,2 IC95 pr ciento 1,1-1,2), atendida en puesto de salud (RP: 1,3 IC95 por ciento 1,3-1,4), residir en la sierra (RP:2,4 IC95 por ciento 2,3-2,5), del ámbito rural (RP: 1,9 IC95 pr ciento 1,8-2,0), quintil 1 (RP: 2,3 IC95 por ciento 2,2-2,4) y altitud entre 3 001 a 4 000 metros sobre el nivel del mar (RP: 2,5 IC95 por ciento 2,5-2,7). Conclusiones: Las gestantes con talla baja presentan generalmente mayor proporción de anemia que aquellas sin talla baja, y se relaciona principalmente, con la adolescencia y residir en altitudes de la sierra rural y quintil 1 de pobreza(AU)

Introduction: Anemia is a public health problem, more serious during pregnancy, and information in this sense regarding women of short stature is not available. Objective: To compare the proportion of anemia in pregnant women with and without short stature. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in which were used 1 555 847 records of pregnant women from the System of Information on Nutrition Status of the Food and Nutrition Center of the National Health Institute from 2009 to 2013 . These women had been evaluated in health facilities of the Peruvian Ministry of Health. Pregnant women with short stature (≤140 cm) and anemia (Hb<11 g/dL) were evaluated, with hemoglobin corrected for altitude. Results: 2.2 percent presented short stature. 89.6 percent were from 15 to 35 years old. 30.1 to 33.7 percent of the pregnant women with short stature presented anemia, and 25.1 to 27.5 percent of pregnant women without short stature. In this study were enrolled pregnant women with short stature and anemia, age from 11 to 14 years (PR: 2.2 CI 95 percent 1.9-2.6), being in the third trimester of pregnancy (PR: 1.2 CI 95 percent 1.1-1.2), whom were attended at a health post (PR: 1.3 IC95 percent 1.3-1.4), living in the mountains (RP: 2.4 IC95 percent 2.3-2.5), in rural areas (RP: 1.9 IC95 percent 1.8-2.0), quintile 1 (RP: 2,3 IC95 percent 2,2-2,4) and with an altitude from 3 001 to 4 000 meters above the sea level (RP: 2,5 IC95 percent 2.5-2.7). Conclusions: Pregnant women with short stature have a higher proportion of anemia than those without short stature, which is mainly associated with adolescence, living in rural areas of the highlands and with quintile 1 of poverty(AU)

Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú / Bacteriological quality of water for consumption in three Peruvian areas

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú. Materiales y Método Se realizó un estudio transversal. La recolección de datos se realizó en Cajamarca, Huancavelica y Huánuco durante el 2012-2013. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. Incluyó 706 viviendas. Se evalúo presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli mediante el kit Readycult ®. Se recolectó 100 mL de agua utilizada para preparación de alimentos. La determinación de cloro residual se realizó mediante análisis semicuantitativo (Chlorine Test®). Se estableció como concentración ideal de cloro residual ≥0,5 mg/L. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se definió buena calidad bacteriológica: agua con cloro libre adecuado, ausencia de coliformes totales y E. coli. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado del jefe del hogar. Resultados Del total de muestras evaluadas, 78,6 % tuvieron coliformes totales en Cajamarca, 65,5 % en Huancavelica y 64,1 % en Huánuco, El 72,0 % tuvieron E. coli en Cajamarca, 37,4 % en Huancavelica y 17,5 % Huánuco. En Cajamarca, el 8,6 % de las muestras de agua fueron de buena calidad bacteriológica, mientras que en Huancavelica fue 4,3% y en Huánuco, 7,2 %. Conclusiones La mayoría de las muestras de agua tuvieron mala calidad bacteriológica evidenciándose coliformes totales. Las tres cuartas partes de los hogares de Cajamarca, la tercera parte de Huancavelica y casi la quinta parte de Huánuco tuvieron E. coli en el agua de consumo humano.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Huancavelica, Cajamarca and Huánuco during 2012-2013 Material and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. The sample included 706 households. The Readycult ® kit was used to assess the presence of total coliforms and E. coli. 100 mL of water used for food preparation was collected. The determination of residual chlorine was performed by semiquantitative analysis using Chlorine Test Reagent ®. It was established as the ideal residual chlorine concentration ≥0,5 mg/L. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. We calculed percentages and chi square. The informed consent of the head of household is requested. It was defined as good bacteriological quality of water: water sample with adequate free chlorine, in the absence of total coliforms and E. coli. Results The samples tested, 78.6 % had total coliforms in Cajamarca, Huancavelica and 65.5 % at 64.1 % in Huanuco. The 72.0 % had E. coli in Cajamarca, Huancavelica 37.4 % and 17.5 % in Huánuco. In Cajamarca, 8.6 % of the water samples were of good bacteriological quality, while in Huancavelica was 4.3 % and Huanuco, 7.2 %. Conclusions Most of the water samples were of poor bacteriological quality. Most of the water samples had total coliforms. Three-quarters of households in Cajamarca, Huancavelica third and almost one fifth of Huanuco had the presence of E. coli in drinking water.(AU)

Adherence to multiple micronutrient powders and associated factors in children aged 6 to 35 months treated in sentinel health facilities, Ministry of Health of Peru. / Adherencia a multimicronutrientes y factores asociados en niños de 6 a 35 meses de sitios centinela, Ministerio de Salud, Perú.

INTRODUCTION:: Anemia in children is a public health issue, and the current strategies include treatment and iron supplementation, but their level of adherence or compliance is unknown. OBJECTIVE:: To consider the adherence to multiple micronutrient powders and the associated factors. METHODS:: Epidemiological study of active surveillance through sentinel facilities in 2,024 children aged 6 to 35 months treated in health facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru, from October to December 2014. Household visits were conducted in which counting of multiple micronutrient powders was applied and determined an adherence of consumption ≥ 90% envelopes, besides a form on the associated factors (anemia knowledge, iron-rich food, side effects, dosage regimen, drugs used, and motivation) was applied. Descriptive statistics, χ² test, Odds Ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and binary logistic regression or adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) were used. RESULTS:: Of all, 79.1% participants were aged 6 to 23 months; 75.9% received multiple micronutrient powders; and the adherence was equivalent to 24.4% (95%CI 22.3 - 26.6). The factors: continue supplementation (OR = 3.5; 95%CI 1.7 - 7.5); no nausea (OR = 3.0; 95%CI 2.0 - 4.3); no use of antibiotics (OR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.7 - 3.6); and intention to continue treatment (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.3 - 4.1) were associated with adherence. The variables: thought of continuing treatment (aOR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 6.1); presence of side effects, but no discontinuation of the treatment (aOR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.4 - 4.3); no use of antibiotics (aOR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.1 - 3.4); and belief that not only drugs cure anemia (aOR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.0 - 2.6) were associated in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION:: There was a low prevalence of adherence to a demanding cut-off point (≥ 90% of envelopes of multiple micronutrient powders), and the associated factors are associated with absence of infections, side effects, and mother's beliefs.

Adherencia a multimicronutrientes y factores asociados en niños de 6 a 35 meses de sitios centinela, Ministerio de Salud, Perú / Adherence to multiple micronutrient powders and associated factors in children aged 6 to 35 months treated in sentinel health facilities, Ministry of Health of Peru

RESUMEN: Introducción: La anemia en el niño es un problema de salud pública, las estrategias actuales incluyen el tratamiento y suplementación con hierro, pero se desconoce su nivel de adherencia o cumplimiento. Objetivo: Considerar la adherencia a los multimicronutrientes y los factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico de vigilancia activa por sitios centinela en 2.024 niños entre los 6 hasta los 35 meses atendidos en establecimientos de salud del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, entre octubre a diciembre de 2014. Se realizaron visitas domiciliarias, en las cuales se aplicaron el conteo de multimicronutrientes, que determinó la adherencia al consumo ≥ 90% de sobres, y un formulario sobre los factores asociados (conocimiento sobre anemia, alimentos ricos en hierro, efectos secundarios, esquema de dosis, medicamentos consumidos y motivación). Se emplearon estadísticas descriptivas, el test del χ², Odds Ratio con IC95% y la regresión logística binaria u OR ajustado (ORa). Resultados: 79,1% tenían entre 6 a 23 meses, 75,9% recibieron multimicronutrientes y la adherencia fue del 24,4% (IC95% 22,3 - 26,6). Los factores: seguir con la suplementación (OR = 3,5; IC95% 1,7 - 7,5); no tener náuseas (OR = 3,0; IC95% 2,0 - 4,3); no tomar antibióticos (OR = 2,5; IC95% 1,7 - 3,6) e intenciones de seguir con el tratamiento (OR = 2,3; IC95% 1,3 - 4,1) se asociaron a la adherencia. El análisis multivariado asoció pensar que debe continuar con el tratamiento (ORa = 2,6; IC95% 1,1 - 6,1); si presentó algún efecto secundario, no suprimió el tratamiento (ORa = 2,5; IC95% 1,4 - 4,3), el niño no tomó antibióticos (ORa = 2,0; IC95% 1,1 - 3,4) y creencia que anemia no solo se cura con medicamentos (ORa = 1,6; IC95% 1,0 - 2,6). Conclusión: Hubo una baja prevalencia de adherencia para un punto de corte exigente (≥ 90% sobres de multimicronutrientes consumidos) y los factores asociados están relacionados con ausencia de infecciones, efectos secundarios y creencias de la madre.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Anemia in children is a public health issue, and the current strategies include treatment and iron supplementation, but their level of adherence or compliance is unknown. Objective: To consider the adherence to multiple micronutrient powders and the associated factors. Methods: Epidemiological study of active surveillance through sentinel facilities in 2,024 children aged 6 to 35 months treated in health facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru, from October to December 2014. Household visits were conducted in which counting of multiple micronutrient powders was applied and determined an adherence of consumption ≥ 90% envelopes, besides a form on the associated factors (anemia knowledge, iron-rich food, side effects, dosage regimen, drugs used, and motivation) was applied. Descriptive statistics, χ² test, Odds Ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and binary logistic regression or adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) were used. Results: Of all, 79.1% participants were aged 6 to 23 months; 75.9% received multiple micronutrient powders; and the adherence was equivalent to 24.4% (95%CI 22.3 - 26.6). The factors: continue supplementation (OR = 3.5; 95%CI 1.7 - 7.5); no nausea (OR = 3.0; 95%CI 2.0 - 4.3); no use of antibiotics (OR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.7 - 3.6); and intention to continue treatment (OR = 2.3; 95%CI 1.3 - 4.1) were associated with adherence. The variables: thought of continuing treatment (aOR = 2.6; 95%CI 1.1 - 6.1); presence of side effects, but no discontinuation of the treatment (aOR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.4 - 4.3); no use of antibiotics (aOR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.1 - 3.4); and belief that not only drugs cure anemia (aOR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.0 - 2.6) were associated in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: There was a low prevalence of adherence to a demanding cut-off point (≥ 90% of envelopes of multiple micronutrient powders), and the associated factors are associated with absence of infections, side effects, and mother's beliefs.

[Bacteriological quality of water for consumption in three Peruvian areas]. / Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the bacteriological quality of drinking water in Huancavelica, Cajamarca and Huánuco during 2012-2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratified and multistage. The sample included 706 households. The Readycult ® kit was used to assess the presence of total coliforms and E. coli. 100 mL of water used for food preparation was collected. The determination of residual chlorine was performed by semiquantitative analysis using Chlorine Test Reagent ®. It was established as the ideal residual chlorine concentration ≥0,5 mg/L. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. We calculed percentages and chi square. The informed consent of the head of household is requested. It was defined as good bacteriological quality of water: water sample with adequate free chlorine, in the absence of total coliforms and E. coli. RESULTS: The samples tested, 78.6 % had total coliforms in Cajamarca, Huancavelica and 65.5 % at 64.1 % in Huanuco. The 72.0 % had E. coli in Cajamarca, Huancavelica 37.4 % and 17.5 % in Huánuco. In Cajamarca, 8.6 % of the water samples were of good bacteriological quality, while in Huancavelica was 4.3 % and Huanuco, 7.2 %. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the water samples were of poor bacteriological quality. Most of the water samples had total coliforms. Three-quarters of households in Cajamarca, Huancavelica third and almost one fifth of Huanuco had the presence of E. coli in drinking water.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo en tres regiones del Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal. La recolección de datos se realizó en Cajamarca, Huancavelica y Huánuco durante el 2012-2013. El muestreo fue probabilístico, estratificado multietápico. Incluyó 706 viviendas. Se evalúo presencia de coliformes totales y E. coli mediante el kit Readycult ®. Se recolectó 100 mL de agua utilizada para preparación de alimentos. La determinación de cloro residual se realizó mediante análisis semicuantitativo (Chlorine Test®). Se estableció como concentración ideal de cloro residual ≥0,5 mg/L. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante muestras complejas con factor de ponderación. Se calcularon porcentajes y chi cuadrado. Se definió buena calidad bacteriológica: agua con cloro libre adecuado, ausencia de coliformes totales y E. coli. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado del jefe del hogar. RESULTADOS: Del total de muestras evaluadas, 78,6 % tuvieron coliformes totales en Cajamarca, 65,5 % en Huancavelica y 64,1 % en Huánuco, El 72,0 % tuvieron E. coli en Cajamarca, 37,4 % en Huancavelica y 17,5 % Huánuco. En Cajamarca, el 8,6 % de las muestras de agua fueron de buena calidad bacteriológica, mientras que en Huancavelica fue 4,3% y en Huánuco, 7,2 %. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de las muestras de agua tuvieron mala calidad bacteriológica evidenciándose coliformes totales. Las tres cuartas partes de los hogares de Cajamarca, la tercera parte de Huancavelica y casi la quinta parte de Huánuco tuvieron E. coli en el agua de consumo humano.

Diversidad alimentaria en los niños peruanos de 6 a 35 meses / Peruvian household dietary diversity in children between 6 to 35 months

Introducción. La diversidad alimentaria estima la calidad de la dieta del niño. Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad alimentaria (DA) y la desnutrición crónica (DC) en niños peruanos. Diseño. Se realizó un estudio transversal, durante el 2012-2013. Lugar. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú. Participantes. Niños entre 6 a 35 meses que residen en los hogares peruanos. Intervenciones. Muestreo probabilístico, estratificado y multietápico. La muestra incluyó 13216 viviendas, que incluyó 1 315 niños. Se definió DA: ingesta de 4 a 7 grupos de alimentos durante el día anterior, según criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). El procesamiento se realizó mediante muestras complejas, ajustado por ponderación. Se calculó porcentajes, chi cuadrado y regresión logística. Se solicitó el consentimiento informado escrito de los padres. Principales medidas de resultados. Diversidad alimentaria. Resultados. EI75,5% de los niños tuvieron DA. Los niños (78,5%) tuvieron mayor DA que las niñas (72,5%). Los niños que habitan en el área urbana (76,5%) y pobres (80,2%) tuvieron mayor DA. La carne fue el cuarto grupo de alimento consumido. La DA estuvo asociada a la DC (p>0,05). La edad entre 6 a 11 meses fue un factor protector de DC. El sexo femenino, el área rural, vivir en la sierra, selva, el nivel educativo primario del jefe del hogar, la pobreza estuvieron asociados a la DC. Conclusiones. Las tres cuartas partes de los niños peruanos entre 6 a 35 meses tuvieron diversidad alimentaria adecuada. La DA se asoció a la desnutrición crónica, aunque no fue significativa esta asociación.

Introduction. Household dietary diversity is key element in the quality of the diet in children. Objective. To estimate household dietary diversity and chronic malnutrition (CM) in Peruvian children. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012-2013. Setting. National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru. Participants. Children between 6 to 35 months living in Peruvian households. Interventions. Probabilistic, stratified and multistage sampling. The sample included 13216 households with 1 315 children. Dietary diversity (DO) was defined as 4-7 intake of food groups during the previous day by the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. An analysis of complex samples was made in SPSS and the weighting factor was adjusted. Percentages, chi square and OR were calculated. Written informed consent of the parents was requested. Main outcome measures. Dietary diversity. Results. 75.5% of children received from 4 to more food groups. Children (78.5%) had higher frequency of DO than girls (72.5%). Children living in urban areas had increased DO. Poor children had high DO (80.2%). Meat consumption was fourth in the order of most foods consumed by children. The DO was associated with the OC (p> 0.05). Age 6-11 was protective factor of OC. The girls, rural areas, children living in the mountains, jungle, the primary education level, poverty were associated with OC. Conclusions. Three quarters of Peruvian children age 6-35 months had adequate household dietary diversity. The DO was associated with CM although the association was not significant.

[Nutritional status associated with demographic characteristics in older Peruvian adults]. / Estado nutricional asociado a características sociodemográficas en el adulto mayor peruano.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the nutritional status in older adults and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, stratifi and multistage. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) according to the classifi of nutritional status for the elderly from the Ministry of Health of Peru. The statistical analysis considered the necessary weight for complex samples. RESULTS: The study included 7,267 older adults. 26.8% of participants were underweight, 21.7% overweight, 10.6% obese and 40.8% normal. The average age in the sample was 70.1 ± 8.3 years. Illiteracy (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.0), primary education (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9), extreme poverty (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in rural areas (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5-2.1), living in the mountains (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.2) or jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2) were found associated with underweight. Females (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.1), living in urban areas (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.5), living in the coastal region (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2- 1.8); and not classifi as poor (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3-2.9) were associated with overweight. Female sex (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.3-4.1), primary education (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.5-4.0) and secondary (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4); live in urban areas (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.6-2.9), inhabiting the coast (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4), Metro (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.2) and jungle (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2), and not classifi as poor (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.8-7.0) were associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that both underweight and overweight are common in the elderly population studied.

[Anemia and nutritional status of infants from two to five months of age treated in facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru, 2012]. / Anemia y estado nutricional en lactantes de dos a cinco meses atendidos en establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, 2012.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the characteristics of the levels of anemia in infants from two to five months of age treated in facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru during 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study uses the nutritional status information system of the National Center for Food and Nutrition, National Institute of Health of Peru in 2012. Records of 7,513 infants from two to five months of age treated in small outpatient clinics, centers and hospitals of the Ministry of Health of Peru's 25 regions were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression techniques were used for data analysis. RESULTS: 10.2% (95% CI 9.5-10.9) of the infants had anemia, with frequency differences by month of age (p<0.001), altitude, (p<0.001) regions (p<0.001) and type of facility (p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with anemia were: age of 4 months (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.0-1.5), age of 5 months (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.6), obesity (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-1.0) and chronic malnutrition (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.6). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of anemia and chronic malnutrition before 6 months of age was evidenced, as well as that the probability of anemia increases with age and is associated with some components of nutritional status.

[Levels of anemia and hemoglobin in pregnant adolescents who attended health care facilities of Ministry of Health of Peru, 2009-2012]. / Niveles de hemoglobina y anemia en gestantes adolescentes atendidas en establecimientos del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, 2009-2012.

OBJECTIVES: To determine hemoglobin levels and anemia in pregnant adolescents who attended the health care facilities of the Ministry of Health of Peru between the years 2009 and 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of secondary data analysis using the Information System of the Nutritional Status of Children and Pregnant Women (SIEN). 265,788 records of pregnant women aged 10 to 19 years were reviewed. Hemoglobin levels (g/dL) and the percentage of anemia in the first, second and third trimesters were measured. Descriptive statistics with confidence intervals at 95% were applied. RESULTS: 3.4% of pregnant women were aged 10 to 14 years (early adolescence), 21.6% between 15 to 16 years (middle adolescence) and 75% between 17 to 19 years (late adolescence). Hemoglobin levels in pregnant adolescents were 11.6 ± 1.3 g/dL in 2009 and 11.5 ± 1.3 g/dL during the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The overall incidence of anemia for 2009 was 25.1% (95% CI 24.4-25.8); for 2010 was 26.0% (95% CI 25.3-26.6) for 2011 was 26.4% (95% CI 25.8-27.1) and 25.2% for 2012 (95% CI 24.6-25.9). CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin levels were on average lower for pregnant residents in high Andean areas. About a quarter of pregnant adolescents in our sample had anemia.