Parental stress and life satisfaction: A comparative study of social services users and nonusers from a gender perspective.

The psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) scale have not been verified on the Spanish population. Similarly, the literature on gender differences and parental stress is inconclusive, and there is little evidence of their relationship with life satisfaction. To analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the PSS scale, (2) to examine possible gender differences, and (3) to study the relationship between parental stress (PS) and parental rewards (PR) and satisfaction with life (SWL) attending to the possible moderating effect of gender. These objectives were examined in samples comprising Social Services Users (SSU) (N = 525; 78.3% female; Mage = 38.3) and non-SSU users (N = 421; 41.1% male; Mage = 37.08). A CFA corroborated a two-factor structure: PS and PR. In the SSU sample, mothers showed higher PS and lower PR. However, PR was also higher in mothers from the non-SSU sample compared to fathers. PR and PS were directly related to SWL in the SSU sample. However, gender moderated the relationship between PR and SWL in the non-SSU sample in the case of mothers. The results are discussed considering gender roles and the characteristics of both samples.

Is the Predisposition to Have More Children Beneficial among Parents with Only One Child? Evidence from Spanish Parents.

The fertility deficit in many European countries is related to a low rate of second births. Understanding the factors associated with the predisposition of one-child parents to have more children could contribute to the search for solutions to this social problem. Although previous evidence highlights the role of employment and social factors, psychological factors have been poorly investigated. This study examines the relationship between different psychosocial factors (rumination, personality, life satisfaction, perfectionism, social support, parental stress, guilt linked to work-family conflict, age and child temperament) and parents' predisposition to have more children. The sample consisted of 96 one-child Spanish parents whose child was in early childhood education (59.3% women; Mage = 37.41). The results show that one-child parents with the predisposition to have more children, compared to those without a predisposition to have more children, showed higher levels of life satisfaction, extroversion and adaptive perfectionism but lower levels of rumination and parental stress. The social implications of these findings and how they may affect parenting today are discussed.

Positive Peer Perception, Social Anxiety and Classroom Social Adjustment as Risk Factors in Peer Victimization: A Multilevel Study.

OBJECTIVE: Individual risks factors of peer victimization have been widely identified in children and adolescents. However, little is known about how the classroom context may increase or decrease the frequency of victimization. The present short-term prospective longitudinal study used a a person-by-environment approach to examine whether peer perception and social anxiety, along with class social adjustment levels as a moderator, affect the likelihood of peer victimization over time. METHOD: These effects were modelled using a representative sample of 2,512 Andalusian (Southern Spain) (52% girls) aged 10 to 16 years old (M = 12.81; SD = 1.69 at Wave 1). Classroom social adjustment was assessed by within-classroom standard deviation in social adjustment. RESULTS: Multilevel modeling indicated a negative relationship between peer perception at W1 and peer victimization at W2, as well as a positive association with social anxiety at W1, after controlling for gender, age and victimization at W1. The direct association between peer perception and peer victimization was intensified by class social adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide a more nuanced understanding of the influence of cognitive, emotional, and social variables when trying to address vulnerability to victimization.

Positive Peer Perception, Social Anxiety and Classroom Social Adjustment as Risk Factors in Peer Victimization: A Multilevel Study / Percepción Positiva de los Iguales, Ansiedad Social y Ajuste Social enel Aula Como Factores de Riesgo de la Victimización Entre Escolares:un Estudio Multinivel

Objective: Individual risks factors of peer victimization have been widelyidentified in children and adolescents. However, little is known abouthow the classroom context may increase or decrease the frequency ofvictimization. The present short-term prospective longitudinal study useda a person-by-environment approach to examine whether peer perceptionand social anxiety, along with class social adjustment levels as a moderator,affect the likelihood of peer victimization over time. Method: Theseeffects were modelled using a representative sample of 2,512 Andalusian(Southern Spain) (52% girls) aged 10 to 16 years old (M = 12.81; SD =1.69 at Wave 1). Classroom social adjustment was assessed by within-classroom standard deviation in social adjustment. Results: Multilevelmodeling indicated a negative relationship between peer perception at W1and peer victimization at W2, as well as a positive association with socialanxiety at W1, after controlling for gender, age and victimization at W1.The direct association between peer perception and peer victimization wasintensified by class social adjustment. Conclusions: The results provide amore nuanced understanding of the influence of cognitive, emotional, andsocial variables when trying to address vulnerability to victimization

Objetivo: factores individuales de riesgo de lavictimización entre iguales han sido ampliamente identificados. Poco essabido sobre cómo el contexto del aula puede influir en la victimización.El presente estudio longitudinal prospectivo a corto plazo examinó, desdeun enfoque individuo-contexto, si la percepción de los iguales, la ansiedadsocial y los niveles de ajuste social de clase como moderador influyen enla probabilidad ser víctimas a lo largo del tiempo. Método: se contó unamuestra representativa andaluza (sur de España) de 2.512 escolares (52%chicas) entre 10 y 16 años (M = 12,81; DT = 1,69 en Tiempo 1). El ajustesocial en el aula se evaluó mediante la desviación típica de la variable.Resultados: la modelización multinivel indicó una relación negativaentre la percepción positiva de los iguales en T1 y la victimización enT2, y positiva con la ansiedad social en T1, controlando el sexo, la edady la victimización en T1. La asociación directa entre percepción de losiguales y victimización se intensificó por el nivel de ajuste social de laclase. Conclusiones: estos resultados proporcionan una comprensión másmatizada de la influencia de variables cognitivas, emocionales y socialespara abordar la vulnerabilidad a la victimización.

Work-Family Guilt in Spanish Parents: Analysis of the Measurement, Antecedents and Outcomes from a Gender Perspective.

This research work had three objectives: (1) to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Work-Family Guilt Scale, (2) to examine its invariance according to gender, and (3) to study the relationship between work-family guilt (WFG) and the different proposed antecedent (e.g., hours spent working, social support, rumination, and personality) or consequential factors (e.g., life satisfaction), noting any gender differences. The incidental sample comprised 225 parents who were in paid work and had at least one child attending nursery school (49.1% women; age of total sample = 36.88 on average). Multiple-group and confirmatory factor analyses, correlations, multiple regression, and moderation analyses were carried out. The WFGS reflected the same factorial structure in men and women, with two main factors: work interfering with family guilt (WIFG) and family interfering with work guilt (FIWG). No gender differences were found. The discrepancy associated with perfectionism was the only variable that was found to be a predictor of FIWG. The major predictors of WIFG were brooding from rumination and the number of hours spent working. WIFG was also associated with lower life satisfaction in women. The implications of these results are discussed, stressing the need to promote work-family reconciliation policies.

Percepción y Motivación Social: Elementos Predictores de la Ansiedad y el Ajuste Social en Adolescentes / Perception and social motivation: Predictive elements of social anxiety and adjustment in adolescents

La percepción de los iguales y las metas sociales tienen un papel clave en el comportamiento social. No obstante, su influencia en el desarrollo de ansiedad social o su impacto en el ajuste social durante la adolescencia no ha sido examinada con profundidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la relación de la percepción de los iguales y las metas sociales con la ansiedad y el ajuste social. Los participantes fueron 848 adolescentes españoles (47.5 % chicas) de entre 12 y 17 años (M = 13.58, DT = 1.247). Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales indicaron que la percepción positiva de los iguales y las metas de desarrollo social influyen directamente en el ajuste social, mientras que la percepción negativa y las metas de evitación social se vinculan a la ansiedad social. Esta evidencia destaca la importancia de potenciar el planteamiento de metas de desarrollo social y la percepción positiva de los iguales

Previous research suggests that peer perception and social goals have an important role in social behavior. However, their influence on social anxiety or their impact on social adjustment during adolescence has not been examined indepth. The aim of this study was to test the relationship of peer perception and social goals with social anxiety and social adjustment. The sample was composed of 848 Spanish adolescents (47.5% women) aged between 12 and 17 years(M = 13.58, SD = 1.247). Structural equation modeling indicated that peer perception and social development goals have a direct effect on social adjustment, whereas a negative peer perception and social demonstration-avoidance goals were linked to social anxiety. These results highlight the importance of encouraging the setting of social development goals and positive perception of peers

Parenting practices and adolescent social anxiety: A direct or indirect relationship?

According to existing evidence, parental educational practices and social anxiety are to some degree connected. However, the possibility that this relationship is an indirect one and is mediated by individual factors such as self-esteem or emotional regulation has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the relationship between maternal and paternal educational practices and social anxiety, and test both the direct and the indirect pathways. METHOD: The representative sample consisted of 2,060 Andalusian students (47.7% girls, M age = 14.34) who filled in various self-reports. RESULTS: The structural equation models confirmed that a direct relationship, with a low effect size, exists between parental educational practices and social anxiety and that there is also an indirect relationship, mediated by negative self-esteem and emotional suppression (the emotional regulation strategy), which accounted here for 49.1% of the variance in social anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Parental education practices seem to act as a family asset which either promotes or hinders the development of basic attitudes and competencies such as self-esteem or emotional regulation and, by doing this, either encourages or prevents the emergence of problems such as social anxiety.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: La evidencia previa ha demostrado una modesta relación entre las prácticas educativas parentales y la ansiedad social. No se ha explorado, sin embargo, la posibilidad de que dicha relación sea indirecta y se encuentre mediada por factores individuales como la autoestima o la regulación emocional. Consecuentemente, el objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer la relación entre las prácticas educativas maternas y paternas y la ansiedad social, testando tanto la vía directa, como la indirecta. Método: La muestra representativa estuvo compuesta por 2.060 estudiantes andaluces (47,7% chicas; M edad = 14,34) que completaron distintos autoinformes. Resultados: Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron una relación directa entre las prácticas educativas parentales y la ansiedad social con un bajo tamaño del efecto y también una relación indirecta mediada por la autoestima negativa y la estrategia de regulación emocional, supresión emocional, que consiguió explicar hasta un 49,1% de la varianza de la ansiedad social. Conclusiones: Las prácticas educativas parentales parecen actuar como un activo familiar que promueve o dificulta el desarrollo de actitudes y competencias fundamentales como son la autoestima o la regulación emocional y, a través de ellas, favorece o previene la aparición de problemas como la ansiedad social.

Parenting practices and adolescent social anxiety: A direct or indirect relationship? / Prácticas educativas parentales y ansiedad social en adolescentes: ¿una relación directa o indirecta?

Background/Objectives: According to existing evidence, parental educational practices and social anxiety are to some degree connected. However, the possibility that this relationship is an indirect one and is mediated by individual factors such as self-esteem or emotional regulation has not yet been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the relationship between maternal and paternal educational practices and social anxiety, and test both the direct and the indirect pathways. Method: The representative sample consisted of 2,060 Andalusian students (47.7% girls, Mage = 14.34) who filled in various self-reports. Results: The structural equation models confirmed that a direct relationship, with a low effect size, exists between parental educational practices and social anxiety and that there is also an indirect relationship, mediated by negative self-esteem and emotional suppression (the emotional regulation strategy), which accounted here for 49.1% of the variance in social anxiety. Conclusions: Parental education practices seem to act as a family asset which either promotes or hinders the development of basic attitudes and competencies such as self-esteem or emotional regulation and, by doing this, either encourages or prevents the emergence of problems such as social anxiety

Antecedentes/Objetivo: La evidencia previa ha demostrado una modesta relación entre las prácticas educativas parentales y la ansiedad social. No se ha explorado, sin embargo, la posibilidad de que dicha relación sea indirecta y se encuentre mediada por factores individuales como la autoestima o la regulación emocional. Consecuentemente, el objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer la relación entre las prácticas educativas maternas y paternas y la ansiedad social, testando tanto la vía directa, como la indirecta. Método: La muestra representativa estuvo compuesta por 2.060 estudiantes andaluces (47,7% chicas; Medad = 14,34) que completaron distintos autoinformes. Resultados: Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron una relación directa entre las prácticas educativas parentales y la ansiedad social con un bajo tamaño del efecto y también una relación indirecta mediada por la autoestima negativa y la estrategia de regulación emocional, supresión emocional, que consiguió explicar hasta un 49,1% de la varianza de la ansiedad social. Conclusiones: Las prácticas educativas parentales parecen actuar como un activo familiar que promueve o dificulta el desarrollo de actitudes y competencias fundamentales como son la autoestima o la regulación emocional y, a través de ellas, favorece o previene la aparición de problemas como la ansiedad social

Multidimensional social competence in research on bullying involvement: A cross-cultural study / La competencia social multidimensional en la investigación sobre el acoso escolar: un estudio transcultural

This study tested the cross-cultural robustness of the Adolescent Multidimensional Social Competence Questionnaire (AMSC-Q) and examined the relationship between social competence (SC) and bullying involvement. The sample was composed of 4207 secondary school students from Spain, Colombia and Ireland. The analyses revealed that the AMSC-Q showed five factors (social and normative adjustment, prosocial behaviour, social efficacy and cognitive reappraisal) which were invariant across participants in the three countries. SEM revealed an inverse relationship between normative and social adjustment and a direct relationship of social efficacy with bullying aggression. Victimization was explained by the direct influence of prosocial behaviours and social efficacy and the inverse influence of social and normative adjustment. Although the models were homogeneous between countries, the relationships between SC dimensions and bullying aggression and victimization were stronger in Colombia

En este estudio se analizó la robustez transcultural del "Cuestionario multidimensional de competencia social para adolescentes" (AMSC-Q) y se examino la relación entre la competencia social (CS) y la implicación en el acoso escolar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 4207 estudiantes de educación secundaria de España, Colombia e Irlanda. Los análisis revelaron que el AMSC-Q se compone de cinco factores (ajuste social y normativo, conducta prosocial, eficacia social y reevaluación cognitiva) que se mostraron invariantes entre los participantes de todos los países. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) indico una relación inversa entre el ajuste social y normativo y la agresión, y una relación directa entre la agresión y la eficacia social. La victimización fue explicada por la influencia directa del comportamiento prosocial y la eficacia social, y la influencia inversa del ajuste social y normativo. Aunque los modelos fueron homogeneos entre paises, las relaciones entre las dimensiones de la CS y la agresión y victimización en el acoso escolar fueron mas fuertes en Colombia

Parenting Practices as Risk or Preventive Factors for Adolescent Involvement in Cyberbullying: Contribution of Children and Parent Gender.

Literature points out the role of parenting on adolescent cyberbullying involvement. However, it is necessary to clarify how gender affects this relationship. The aim of this study has been to examine the relation between the adolescents' perception about parenting practices, and their involvement in cyberbullying, bearing in mind both girls' and boys' gender and progenitors' gender. The sample comprised 2060 Spanish secondary school students (47.9% girls; Mage = 14.34). Two-way ANOVA and binary logistic regression analyses were carried out. An effect of the interaction between sex and cyberbullying roles in maternal affection and communication, inductive discipline, and psychological control, as well as paternal promotion of autonomy and psychological control, was found. In general, it can be observed that the more negative results were found in cyber-aggressors, especially when this role is assumed by girls. The results of logistic regression analysis suggest that parenting practices explain better cyberbullying involvement in girls compared to boys, finding some important differences between both sexes regarding protective and risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of parenting practices to explain cyberbullying involvement, which supports the necessity of including family among the addresses of intervention programs.

Conflíctívídad parental, divorcio y ansiedad infantil / Parental Conflict, Divorce and Childhood Anxiety / Conjunto de conflitos parentais, divorcio e ansiedade infantil

Objetivo. Examinar la relación entre el nivel de ansiedad infantil, la conflictividad parental y la situación de divorcio de los progenitores, teniendo en cuenta el sexo y el ciclo educativo de los menores. Método. El diseño del estudio fue transversal, ex post facto retrospectivo, un grupo, múltiples medidas. Participaron 94 escolares de educación primaria de Cádiz (52.13% niños y 47.87% niñas; edad media 8.24 años), quienes respondieron al autoinforme Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children y a otras cuestiones para delimitar la relación de pareja entre sus progenitores. Resultados. Los resultados de la prueba t-student no indicaron diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad entre los escolares en función de la situación de divorcio o separación marital. El grado de conflictividad parental sí determinó la presencia de diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad infantil, siendo las niñas, al describir la relación entre sus progenitores como altamente conflictiva, las que reflejaron la mayor ansiedad. Conclusión. Se discute la importancia que la relación de pareja tiene en el propio desarrollo familiar y en el bienestar psicosocial infantil, destacando la necesidad de conseguir una relación pacífica y armónica entre los progenitores para favorecer la estabilidad emocional de los menores.

Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between child anxiety, parental conflict and divorce, taking into account gender and education level of children. Method. The study had a transversal, retrospective, ex post facto, group, and multiple measures design. Ninety-four primary schoolchildren of Cádiz, Spain, (52.13% male and 47.87% female; average = 8.24) filled out the self-report Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children and answered other questions to define the relationship between their parents. Results. t-student results showed no differences in anxiety levels among schoolchildren whose parents were divorced or married. However, the level of parental conflict determined the presence of differences in levels of child anxiety; the girls who described the relationship between their parents as highly conflictive were those who reflected the greatest increase in anxiety. Conclusion. The importance of family relationships on children's development and psychosocial well-being is discussed, highlighting the need to achieve a peaceful and harmonious marital relationship, and to promote emotional stability for the children.

Escopo. O objetivo de este estudo foi examinar a relação entre o nível de ansiedade infantil, os conjuntos de conflitos parentais e a situação de divorcio dos progenitores, levando em conta o sexo e ciclo educativo das crianças. Metodologia. O desenho do estudo foi transversal, ex post fato retrospectivo, um grupo, múltiplas medidas. Participaram 94 escolares de educação primaria de Cádiz (52.13% masculinos e 47.87% femininos; idade média 8.24 anos de idade) responderam ao auto-informe Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children e a outras questões para delimitar a relação de casal entre seus progenitores. Resultados. Os resultados da prova t-student não indicaram diferencias nos níveis de ansiedade entre as crianças em função da situação de divorcio ou separação marital. O nível de conjunto de conflitos parentais determinou sim a presencia de diferencias nos níveis de ansiedade infantil, sendo as crianças femininas que descreveram a relação entre seus progenitores como altamente conflitiva as que reflexaram a maior ansiedade. Conclusão. Foi discutida a importância que a relação de casal tem no próprio desenvolvimento familiar e no bem-estar psicossocial infantil, destacando a necessidade de conseguir uma relação pacífica e harmônica entre os progenitores para favorecer a estabilidade emocional das crianças.

Construct, Measurement and Assessment of Social Competence in Early Adolescence

This study explores differences in the conceptualization of social competence according to the measure used. To do so, the relations of influence of social cognition variables in the development of social competence are analyzed by means of two different scales. The participants included 425 students (49% girls) ranging in age from 10 to 13 years (M= 10.94, SD= .78). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models were performed. The results showed optimal psychometric properties for the Spanish adaptation of the Social Competence Scale (SCS) and the Perceived Social Competence Scale-II (PSCS-II). Development and peer perception goals and popularity and peer support goals were found to have a direct effect on the PSCS-II and the SCS, respectively. The differences observed in the explanatory models are discussed from the perspective of the social competence constructs measured by each scale (AU)

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Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) with Spanish adolescents, comparing a two and a three-dimensional structure;(2) To analyse the relationship between the three-dimensional empathy and social and normative adjustment in school. DESIGN: Transversal and ex post facto retrospective study. Confirmatory factorial analysis, multifactorial invariance analysis and structural equations models were used. PARTICIPANTS: 747 students (51.3% girls) from Cordoba, Spain, aged 12-17 years (M=13.8; SD=1.21). RESULTS: The original two-dimensional structure was confirmed (cognitive empathy, affective empathy), but a three-dimensional structure showed better psychometric properties, highlighting the good fit found in confirmatory factorial analysis and adequate internal consistent valued, measured with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Composite reliability and average variance extracted showed better indices for a three-factor model. The research also showed evidence of measurement invariance across gender. All the factors of the final three-dimensional BES model were direct and significantly associated with social and normative adjustment, being most strongly related to cognitive empathy. CONCLUSIONS: This research supports the advances in neuroscience, developmental psychology and psychopathology through a three-dimensional version of the BES, which represents an improvement in the original two-factorial model. The organisation of empathy in three factors benefits the understanding of social and normative adjustment in adolescents, in which emotional disengagement favours adjusted peer relationships. Psychoeducational interventions aimed at improving the quality of social life in schools should target these components of empathy.

The Mediating Role of Psychological Adjustment between Peer Victimization and Social Adjustment in Adolescence.

There is extensive scientific evidence of the serious psychological and social effects that peer victimization may have on students, among them internalizing problems such as anxiety or negative self-esteem, difficulties related to low self-efficacy and lower levels of social adjustment. Although a direct relationship has been observed between victimization and these effects, it has not yet been analyzed whether there is a relationship of interdependence between all these measures of psychosocial adjustment. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between victimization and difficulties related to social adjustment among high school students. To do so, various explanatory models were tested to determine whether psychological adjustment (negative self-esteem, social anxiety and social self-efficacy) could play a mediating role in this relationship, as suggested by other studies on academic adjustment. The sample comprised 2060 Spanish high school students (47.9% girls; mean age = 14.34). The instruments used were the scale of victimization from European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the negative scale from Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and a general item about social self-efficacy, all of them self-reports. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results confirmed the partial mediating role of negative self-esteem, social anxiety and social self-efficacy between peer victimization and social adjustment and highlight the importance of empowering victimized students to improve their self-esteem and self-efficacy and prevent social anxiety. Such problems lead to the avoidance of social interactions and social reinforcement, thus making it difficult for these students to achieve adequate social adjustment.

Influence of social motivation, self-perception of social efficacy and normative adjustment in the peer setting / Influencia de la motivación social, la percepción de eficacia y el ajuste normativo en el ajuste entre iguales

BACKGROUND: the first objective of this study was to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) in Spanish adolescent students. The second objective sought to analyse the influence of social goals, normative adjustment and selfperception of social efficacy on social adjustment among peers. METHOD: A total of 492 adolescents (54.1% females) attending secondary school (12-17 years; M = 13.8, SD = 1.16) participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed. RESULTS: The validation confirmed the three-factor structure of the original scale: social development goals, social demonstration-approach goals and social demonstration-avoidance goals. The structural equation model indicated that social development goals and normative adjustment have a direct bearing on social adjustment, whereas the social demonstration-approach goals (popularity) and self-perception of social efficacy with peers and teachers exert an indirect influence. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) yielded optimal psychometric properties. Having a positive motivational pattern, engaging in norm-adjusted behaviours and perceiving social efficacy with peers is essential to improving the quality of interpersonal relationships

ANTECEDENTES: el primer objetivo fue adaptar y comprobar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Metas Sociales -Social Achievement Goal- (Ryan & Shim, 2006) en adolescentes españoles escolarizados. El segundo objetivo buscó analizar la influencia de las metas sociales, el ajuste normativo y la autopercepción de eficacia social sobre el ajuste social entre iguales. MÉTODO: participaron 492 adolescentes (54.1% chicas) de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (12-17 años; M= 13.8; DT= 1.16). Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. RESULTADOS: la validación confirmó la estructura de la escala original, en tres factores: metas sociales de desarrollo, metas de popularidad y metas sociales de evitación. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indicó que las metas sociales de desarrollo y el ajuste normativo influyen de manera directa sobre el ajuste social; las metas sociales de popularidad y la autopercepción de eficacia en el desempeño social con compañeros y profesores influyeron indirectamente. CONCLUSIONES: la versión española de la Escala de Metas Sociales -Social Achievement Goal- (Ryan & Shim, 2006) arrojó óptimas propiedades psicométricas. Disponer de un patrón motivacional positivo, mostrar conductas ajustadas a las normas y percibirse eficaz en el desempeño social con los iguales es clave para mejorar la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales

Influence of social motivation, self-perception of social efficacy and normative adjustment in the peer setting.

BACKGROUND: The first objective of this study was to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) in Spanish adolescent students. The second objective sought to analyse the influence of social goals, normative adjustment and self-perception of social efficacy on social adjustment among peers. METHOD: A total of 492 adolescents (54.1% females) attending secondary school (12-17 years; M = 13.8, SD = 1.16) participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed. RESULTS: The validation confirmed the three-factor structure of the original scale: social development goals, social demonstration-approach goals and social demonstration-avoidance goals. The structural equation model indicated that social development goals and normative adjustment have a direct bearing on social adjustment, whereas the social demonstration-approach goals (popularity) and self-perception of social efficacy with peers and teachers exert an indirect influence. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) yielded optimal psychometric properties. Having a positive motivational pattern, engaging in norm-adjusted behaviours and perceiving social efficacy with peers is essential to improving the quality of interpersonal relationships.

Parenting styles and bullying. The mediating role of parental psychological aggression and physical punishment.

Studies concerning parenting styles and disciplinary practices have shown a relationship between both factors and bullying involvement in adolescence. The scarce available evidence suggests that abusive disciplinary practices increase teenagers' vulnerability to abuse in school or the likelihood of them becoming abusers of their peers in the same context. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the indirect effect of parenting styles in adolescents' bullying involvement through disciplinary practices, although a relationship between parenting styles and disciplinary practices has been shown. The aim of this research was to determine the mediating role of punitive parental discipline (physical punishment and psychological aggression) between the dimensions of parents' parenting styles and their children's involvement in bullying victimization and aggression. We used a sample comprising 2060 Spanish high school students (47.9% girls; mean age=14.34). Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data. The results confirmed the mediating role of parental discipline between the parenting practices analyzed and students' aggression and victimization. Significant gender-related differences were found for aggression involvement, where boys were for the most part linked to psychological aggression disciplinary practices and girls to physical punishment. Victimization directly correlated with parental psychological aggression discipline behavior across both sexes. In conclusion, the results seem to suggest that non-democratic parenting styles favor the use of punitive discipline, which increases the risk of adolescents' bullying involvement. Therefore, intervention programs must involve parents to make them aware about the important role they play in this process and to improve their parenting styles.

Los estilos educativos paternos y maternos en la adolescencia y su relación con la resiliencia, el apego y la implicación en acoso escolar / Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescence and its relationship with resilience, attachment and bullying involvemen

El primer objetivo de este trabajo es establecer una clasificación de estilos parentales y el segundo examinar la relación entre los estilos materno, paterno y la coherencia entre ambos, y el ajuste adolescente, evaluado mediante la resiliencia, el apego y la implicación en bullying. Para ello, una muestra incidental de 626 estudiantes (49.7% chicas) de educación secundaria de la provincia de Córdoba, cumplimentaron la Escala para la evaluación del estilo educativo de padres y madres de adolescentes, el European Bullying Intervention Project Questionaire, la escala de apego CaMir-R y la versión reducida de la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor y Davidson. Los resultados muestran cuatro estilos educativos análogos para madres y padres ('democrático controlador', 'democrático supervisor', 'democrático de baja revelación' y 'moderado'), un estilo 'indiferente' solo hallado en la clasificación paterna y un estilo 'permisivo' solo observado en la categorización materna. Asimismo, se observan diferencias significativas en ajuste adolescente en función del estilo paterno y materno y la coherencia entre ambos, reflejando el mejor ajuste los hijos de padres o madres 'democráticos supervisores' y los que ambos progenitores eran democráticos

The present research has two aims. The first is to create a typology of parenting style, and the second is to explore the relationship between mother´s and father´s parenting styles and the coherence between both, and adolescent adjustment, assessed with the bullying involvement, resilience and attachment. It has been used an incidental sample of 626 high school students (49.7% girls) from Córdoba, who completed the Scale to assessment maternal and paternal parenting style in adolescence, the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the attachment scale CaMir-R and the short version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The results show four parenting styles, which are the same for mothers and fathers ('supervisor democratic', 'controlling democratic', 'democratic of little disclosure' and 'moderately') and one parenting style only for mothers ('permissive') and other, only for fathers ('indifferent'). It was found statistically significant differences in all measures of adolescent adjustment depending on mother´s and father´s parental styles and the coherence between both. The better psychosocial adjustment was observed in adolescents whose father or mother were supervisor democratic and when both parents were democratic

Analysis of Emotion Regulation in Spanish Adolescents: Validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

Emotion regulation (ER) is a basic psychological process that has been broadly linked to psychosocial adjustment. Due to its relationship with psychosocial adjustment, a significant number of instruments have been developed to assess emotion regulation in a reliable and valid manner. Among these, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross and John, 2003) is one of the most widely used, having shown good psychometric properties with adult samples from different cultures. Studies of validation in children and adolescents are, however, scarce and have only been developed for the Australian and Portuguese populations. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the ERQ for use in adolescents and determine possible differences according to the gender and age of young people. The sample consisted of 2060 adolescents (52.1% boys). Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA), multi-group analysis and Two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed and the percentiles calculated. The results of the AFE and CFA corroborated the existence of two factors related to the emotion regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, showing acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Both factors also showed good criterion validity with personality traits, self-esteem, and social anxiety. Differences in cognitive reappraisal were found with regard to age, with younger students exhibiting the greatest mastery of this strategy. Gender differences were observed regarding the expressive suppression strategy, with boys being more likely to use this strategy than girls. A gender-age interaction effect was also observed, revealing that the use of the expressive suppression strategy did not vary by age in girls, and was more widely used by boys aged 12-14 years than those aged 15-16 years. However, we found evidence of measurement invariance across sex and age groups. The results suggest that the ERQ is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to evaluate emotion regulation strategies in adolescents.

Conflictividad escolar en Chile. Comparando la percepción de los miembros de la comunidad educativa / School Conflictivity in Chile. A comparison of the perceptions of members of the Educational Community

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre el estado de la conflictividad en una muestra intencionada de ocho establecimientos de educación primaria de la provincia de Concepción, Octava región, Chile, cuyos alumnos de cursos del 2° ciclo básico tienen un alto índice de vulnerabilidad social. Para la evaluación de la conflictividad se ha considerando la opinión de la totalidad de los miembros de la comunidad educativa de dichos centros: 85 docentes 1385 estudiantes y 686 familiares. Los resultados señalan la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la percepción que los tres colectivos ofrecen de la conflictividad, siendo en la mayoría de los casos el alumnado el que presenta una visión más negativa de esta dimensión y el profesorado la más positiva. Finalmente se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados, resaltando la necesidad de conseguir un consenso por parte de toda la comunidad educativa en la evaluación de la conflictividad, para conocer el verdadero estado de la misma y así llevar a cabo las estrategias pertinentes que permitan conseguir una adecuada convivencia escolar (AU)

This paper presents the results of a study on the state of conflict in an intentional sample of eight institutions of primary education in the province of Concepción, Eighth region, Chile, whose students of the second basic cycle have a high level of social vulnerability. To evaluate conflict, we have evaluated all member of educational community: 85 teachers, 1385 students and 686 relatives. The results indicated the presence of statistically significant differences in the perception of the three groups about the conflicts in those centres. In the most of case, the worst opinion about the state of conflicts, was given by students, while the opinion more positive was given by teachers. Finally, we discussed the implication of those results, remarking the need of obtain agreement between members of educational community about state of conflicts, in order to know the true state of conflicts and make necessary strategies to obtain a good scholar coexistence (AU)